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Pauwels MJ, Xie J, Ceroi A, Balusu S, Castelein J, Van Wonterghem E, Van Imschoot G, Ward A, Menheniott TR, Gustafsson O, Combes F, El Andaloussi S, Sanders NN, Mäger I, Van Hoecke L, Vandenbroucke RE. Choroid plexus-derived extracellular vesicles exhibit brain targeting characteristics. Biomaterials 2022; 290:121830. [PMID: 36302306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The brain is protected against invading organisms and other unwanted substances by tightly regulated barriers. However, these central nervous system (CNS) barriers impede the delivery of drugs into the brain via the blood circulation and are therefore considered major hurdles in the treatment of neurological disorders. Consequently, there is a high need for efficient delivery systems that are able to cross these strict barriers. While most research focuses on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the design of drug delivery platforms that are able to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, formed by a single layer of choroid plexus epithelial cells, remains a largely unexplored domain. The discovery that extracellular vesicles (EVs) make up a natural mechanism for information transfer between cells and across cell layers, has stimulated interest in their potential use as drug delivery platform. Here, we report that choroid plexus epithelial cell-derived EVs exhibit the capacity to home to the brain after peripheral administration. Moreover, these vesicles are able to functionally deliver cargo into the brain. Our findings underline the therapeutic potential of choroid plexus-derived EVs as a brain drug delivery vehicle via targeting of the blood-CSF interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Pauwels
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Junhua Xie
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adam Ceroi
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sriram Balusu
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas Castelein
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Wonterghem
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Imschoot
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew Ward
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd. Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Flemington Rd. Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oskar Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francis Combes
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF AS, Sem Sælands V. 2A, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Imre Mäger
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50 411, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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Noye EC, Bekkering S, Limawan AP, Nguyen MU, Widiasmoko LK, Lu H, Pepe S, Cheung MM, Menheniott TR, Wallace MJ, Moss TJ, Burgner DP, Short KR. Postnatal inflammation in ApoE-/- mice is associated with immune training and atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1859-1871. [PMID: 34296277 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Preterm birth is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This may reflect a legacy of inflammatory exposures such as chorioamnionitis which complicate pregnancies delivering preterm, or recurrent early-life infections, which are common in preterm infants. We previously reported that experimental chorioamnionitis followed by postnatal inflammation has additive and deleterious effects on atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Here, we aimed to investigate whether innate immune training is a contributory inflammatory mechanism in this murine model of atherosclerosis. METHODS Bone marrow-derived macrophages and peritoneal macrophages were isolated from 13-week-old ApoE-/- mice, previously exposed to prenatal intra-amniotic (experimental choriomanionitis) and/or repeated postnatal (peritoneal) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Innate immune responses were assessed by cytokine responses following ex vivo stimulation with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (LPS, Pam3Cys) and RPMI for 24-h. Bone marrow progenitor populations were studied using flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS Following postnatal LPS exposure, bone marrow-derived macrophages and peritoneal macrophages produced more pro-inflammatory cytokines following TLR stimulation than those from saline-treated controls, characteristic of a trained phenotype. Cytokine production ex vivo correlated with atherosclerosis severity in vivo. Prenatal LPS did not affect cytokine production capacity. Combined prenatal and postnatal LPS exposure was associated with a reduction in populations of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS Postnatal inflammation results in a trained phenotype in atherosclerosis-prone mice that is not enhanced by prenatal inflammation. If analogous mechanisms occur in humans, then there may be novel early life opportunities to reduce CVD risk in infants with early life infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellesandra C Noye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Siroon Bekkering
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P Limawan
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Maria U Nguyen
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Lisa K Widiasmoko
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Hui Lu
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- The Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Salvatore Pepe
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael M Cheung
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan J Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Timothy J Moss
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David P Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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3
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Chung Nien Chin S, O’Connor L, Scurr M, Busada JT, Graham AN, Alipour Talesh G, Tran CP, Sarkar S, Minamoto T, Giraud AS, Cidlowski JA, Sutton P, Menheniott TR. Coordinate expression loss of GKN1 and GKN2 in gastric cancer via impairment of a glucocorticoid-responsive enhancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G175-G188. [PMID: 32538140 PMCID: PMC9373792 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00019.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrokines (GKNs) are anti-inflammatory proteins secreted by gastric epithelial (surface mucous and pit) cells, with their aberrant loss of expression causally linked to premalignant inflammation and gastric cancer (GC). Transcriptional mechanisms accounting for GKN expression loss have not been elucidated. Using human clinical cohorts, mouse transgenics, bioinformatics, and transfection/reporter assays, we report a novel mechanism of GKN gene transcriptional regulation and its impairment in GC. GKN1/GKN2 loss is highly coordinated, with both genes showing parallel downregulation during human and mouse GC development, suggesting joint transcriptional control. In BAC transgenic studies, we defined a 152-kb genomic region surrounding the human GKN1/GKN2 genes sufficient to direct their tissue- and lineage-restricted expression. A screen of the 152-kb region for candidate regulatory elements identified a DNase I hypersensitive site (CR2) located 4 kb upstream of the GKN1 gene. CR2 showed overlapping enrichment of enhancer-related histone marks (H3K27Ac), a consensus binding site (GRE) for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), strong GR occupancy in ChIP-seq data sets and, critically, exhibited dexamethasone-sensitive enhancer activity in reporter assays. Strikingly, GR showed progressive expression loss, paralleling that of GKN1/2, in human and mouse GC, suggesting desensitized glucocorticoid signaling as a mechanism underlying GKN loss. Finally, mouse adrenalectomy studies revealed a critical role for endogenous glucocorticoids in sustaining correct expression (and anti-inflammatory restraint) of GKNs in vivo. Together, these data link the coordinate expression of GKNs to a glucocorticoid-responsive and likely shared transcriptional enhancer mechanism, with its compromised activation contributing to dual GKN loss during GC progression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gastrokine 2 (GKN2) is an anti-inflammatory protein produced by the gastric epithelium. GKN2 expression is progressively lost during gastric cancer (GC), which is believed to play a casual role in GC development. Here, we use bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic studies to identify a glucocorticoid-responsive enhancer element that likely governs expression of GKN1/GKN2, which, via parallel expression loss of the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid receptor, reveals a novel mechanism to explain the loss of GKN2 during GC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise O’Connor
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan T. Busada
- 2Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alison N. Graham
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ghazal Alipour Talesh
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,3Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chau P. Tran
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sohinee Sarkar
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- 3Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,4Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- 2Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Philip Sutton
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,4Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- 1Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,4Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Buzzelli JN, O'Connor L, Scurr M, Chung Nien Chin S, Catubig A, Ng GZ, Oshima M, Oshima H, Giraud AS, Sutton P, Judd LM, Menheniott TR. Overexpression of IL-11 promotes premalignant gastric epithelial hyperplasia in isolation from germline gp130-JAK-STAT driver mutations. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G251-G262. [PMID: 30520693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00304.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the cytokine IL-11 is elevated in human Helicobacter pylori infection and progressively increases with worsening gastric pathology. Additionally, IL-11 is required for tumor development in STAT3-dependent murine models of gastric cancer (GC) and, when administered acutely, causes resolving atrophic gastritis. However, it is unclear whether locally elevated IL-11 ligand expression can, in isolation from oncogenic gp130-JAK-STAT pathway mutations, initiate GC pathogenesis. Here we developed a transgenic mouse model of stomach-specific (keratin 19 promoter) IL-11 ligand overexpression. Keratin 19 promoter-IL-11 transgenic ( K19-IL11Tg) mice showed specific IL-11 overexpression in gastric corpus and antrum but not elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract or in other tissues. K19-IL11Tg mice developed spontaneous premalignant disease of the gastric epithelium, progressing from atrophic gastritis to TFF2-positive metaplasia and severe epithelial hyperplasia, including adenoma-like lesions in a subset of older (1 yr old) animals. Although locally advanced, the hyperplastic lesions remained noninvasive. H. pylori infection in K19-IL11Tg mice accelerated some aspects of the premalignant phenotype. Finally, K19-IL11Tg mice had splenomegaly in association with elevated serum IL-11, with spleens showing an expanded myeloid compartment. Our results provide direct in vivo functional evidence that stomach-specific overexpression of IL-11, in isolation from germline gp130-JAK-STAT3 genetic drivers, is sufficient for premalignant progression. These findings have important functional implications for human GC, in which frequent IL-11 overexpression occurs in the reported absence of somatic mutations in gp130 signaling components. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide direct in vivo functional evidence that stomach-specific overexpression of the cytokine IL-11, in isolation from gp130-JAK-STAT3 pathway mutations, can trigger spontaneous atrophic gastritis progressing to locally advanced epithelial hyperplasia (but not dysplasia or carcinoma), which does not require, but may be accelerated by, concomitant Helicobacter pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon N Buzzelli
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - Louise O'Connor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - Sharleen Chung Nien Chin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - Angelique Catubig
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - Garrett Z Ng
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan
| | - Andrew S Giraud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - Louise M Judd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
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5
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Ng GZ, Menheniott TR, Every AL, Stent A, Judd LM, Chionh YT, Dhar P, Komen JC, Giraud AS, Wang TC, McGuckin MA, Sutton P. The MUC1 mucin protects against Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis in mice by regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Gut 2016; 65:1087-99. [PMID: 26079943 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mucin MUC1, best known for providing an epithelial barrier, is an important protective host factor in both humans and mice during Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. This study aimed to identify the long-term consequences of MUC1 deficiency on H. pylori pathogenesis and the mechanism by which MUC1 protects against H. pylori gastritis. DESIGN Wildtype and Muc1(-/-) mice were infected for up to 9 months, and the gastric pathology, immunological response and epigenetic changes assessed. The effects of MUC1 on the inflammasome, a potent inflammatory pathway, were examined in macrophages and H. pylori-infected mice deficient in both MUC1 and inflammasome components. RESULTS Muc1(-/-) mice began to die 6 months after challenge, indicating Muc1 deficiency made H. pylori a lethal infection. Surprisingly, chimaeric mouse infections revealed MUC1 expression by haematopoietic-derived immune cells limits H. pylori-induced gastritis. Gastritis in infected Muc1(-/-) mice was associated with elevated interleukin (IL)-1β and epigenetic changes in their gastric mucosa similar to those in transgenic mice overexpressing gastric IL-1β, implicating MUC1 regulation of an inflammasome. In support of this, infected Muc1(-/-)Casp1(-/-) mice did not develop severe gastritis. Further, MUC1 regulated Nlrp3 expression via an nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent pathway and reduced NF-κB pathway activation via inhibition of IRAK4 phosphorylation. The importance of this regulation was proven using Muc1(-/-)Nlrp3(-/-) mice, which did not develop severe gastritis. CONCLUSIONS MUC1 is an important, previously unidentified negative regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome. H. pylori activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is normally tightly regulated by MUC1, and loss of this critical regulation results in the development of severe pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Z Ng
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison L Every
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Stent
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M Judd
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yok Teng Chionh
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Poshmaal Dhar
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jasper C Komen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S Giraud
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Michael A McGuckin
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Menheniott TR, O'Connor L, Chionh YT, Däbritz J, Scurr M, Rollo BN, Ng GZ, Jacobs S, Catubig A, Kurklu B, Mercer S, Minamoto T, Ong DE, Ferrero RL, Fox JG, Wang TC, Sutton P, Judd LM, Giraud AS. Loss of gastrokine-2 drives premalignant gastric inflammation and tumor progression. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1383-400. [PMID: 26974160 DOI: 10.1172/jci82655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mucosal inflammation is associated with a greater risk of gastric cancer (GC) and, therefore, requires tight control by suppressive counter mechanisms. Gastrokine-2 (GKN2) belongs to a family of secreted proteins expressed within normal gastric mucosal cells. GKN2 expression is frequently lost during GC progression, suggesting an inhibitory role; however, a causal link remains unsubstantiated. Here, we developed Gkn2 knockout and transgenic overexpressing mice to investigate the functional impact of GKN2 loss in GC pathogenesis. In mouse models of GC, decreased GKN2 expression correlated with gastric pathology that paralleled human GC progression. At baseline, Gkn2 knockout mice exhibited defective gastric epithelial differentiation but not malignant progression. Conversely, Gkn2 knockout in the IL-11/STAT3-dependent gp130F/F GC model caused tumorigenesis of the proximal stomach. Additionally, gastric immunopathology was accelerated in Helicobacter pylori-infected Gkn2 knockout mice and was associated with augmented T helper cell type 1 (Th1) but not Th17 immunity. Heightened Th1 responses in Gkn2 knockout mice were linked to deregulated mucosal innate immunity and impaired myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation. Finally, transgenic overexpression of human gastrokines (GKNs) attenuated gastric tumor growth in gp130F/F mice. Together, these results reveal an antiinflammatory role for GKN2, provide in vivo evidence that links GKN2 loss to GC pathogenesis, and suggest GKN restoration as a strategy to restrain GC progression.
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Judd LM, Heine RG, Menheniott TR, Buzzelli J, O'Brien-Simpson N, Pavlic D, O'Connor L, Al Gazali K, Hamilton O, Scurr M, Collison AM, Mattes J, Allen KJ, Giraud AS. Elevated IL-33 expression is associated with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis, and exogenous IL-33 promotes eosinophilic esophagitis development in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G13-25. [PMID: 26514775 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00290.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We tested whether the T helper (Th) type 2 (Th2) cell agonist and allergenic ligand IL-33 was associated with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) development in a pediatric cohort and whether IL-33 protein could induce disease symptoms in mice. Biopsies from EoE patients or controls were used to measure IL-33 mRNA and protein expression. Increased expression of IL-33 mRNA was found in the esophageal mucosa in EoE. IL-33 protein was detected in cells negative for CD45, mast cells, and epithelial cell markers near blood vessels. Circulating levels of IL-33 were not increased. The time course for IL-33 gene expression was quantified in an established Aspergillus fumigatus allergen mouse model of EoE. Because IL-33 induction was transient in this model and chronicity of IL-33 expression has been demonstrated in humans, naive mice were treated with recombinant IL-33 for 1 wk and esophageal pathology was evaluated. IL-33 application produced changes consistent with phenotypically early EoE, including transmural eosinophilia, mucosal hyperproliferation, and upregulation of eosinophilic genes and chemokines. Th2 cytokines, including IL-13, along with innate lymphoid cell group 2, Th1/17, and M2 macrophage marker genes, were increased after IL-33 application. IL-33-induced eosinophilia was ablated in IL-13 null mice. In addition, IL-33 induced a profound inhibition of the regulatory T cell gene signature. We conclude that IL-33 gene expression is associated with pediatric EoE development and that application of recombinant protein in mice phenocopies the early clinical phase of the human disease in an IL-13-dependent manner. IL-33 inhibition of esophageal regulatory T cell function may induce loss of antigenic tolerance, thereby providing a mechanistic rationale for EoE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Judd
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - R G Heine
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - T R Menheniott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Buzzelli
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - N O'Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Center, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - D Pavlic
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L O'Connor
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Al Gazali
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - O Hamilton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Scurr
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - A M Collison
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Mattes
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K J Allen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - A S Giraud
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
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8
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Rollo BN, Zhang D, Stamp LA, Menheniott TR, Stathopoulos L, Denham M, Dottori M, King SK, Hutson JM, Newgreen DF. Enteric Neural Cells From Hirschsprung Disease Patients Form Ganglia in Autologous Aneuronal Colon. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 2:92-109. [PMID: 28174705 PMCID: PMC4980742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is caused by failure of cells derived from the neural crest (NC) to colonize the distal bowel in early embryogenesis, resulting in absence of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and failure of intestinal transit postnatally. Treatment is by distal bowel resection, but neural cell replacement may be an alternative. We tested whether aneuronal (aganglionic) colon tissue from patients may be colonized by autologous ENS-derived cells. METHODS Cells were obtained and cryopreserved from 31 HSCR patients from the proximal resection margin of colon, and ENS cells were isolated using flow cytometry for the NC marker p75 (nine patients). Aneuronal colon tissue was obtained from the distal resection margin (23 patients). ENS cells were assessed for NC markers immunohistologically and by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and mitosis was detected by ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine labeling. The ability of human HSCR postnatal ENS-derived cells to colonize the embryonic intestine was demonstrated by organ coculture with avian embryo gut, and the ability of human postnatal HSCR aneuronal colon muscle to support ENS formation was tested by organ coculture with embryonic mouse ENS cells. Finally, the ability of HSCR patient ENS cells to colonize autologous aneuronal colon muscle tissue was assessed. RESULTS ENS-derived p75-sorted cells from patients expressed multiple NC progenitor and differentiation markers and proliferated in culture under conditions simulating Wnt signaling. In organ culture, patient ENS cells migrated appropriately in aneural quail embryo gut, and mouse embryo ENS cells rapidly spread, differentiated, and extended axons in patient aneuronal colon muscle tissue. Postnatal ENS cells derived from HSCR patients colonized autologous aneuronal colon tissue in cocultures, proliferating and differentiating as neurons and glia. CONCLUSIONS NC-lineage cells can be obtained from HSCR patient colon and can form ENS-like structures in aneuronal colonic muscle from the same patient.
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Key Words
- Aganglionosis
- CHIR-99021, 6-[2-[[4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]ethylamino]pyridine-3-carbonitrile
- Cell Therapy
- ENC, enteric neural crest
- ENS, enteric nervous system
- EdU, ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine
- Enteric Nervous System
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- HNK1, human natural killer-1
- HSCR, Hirschsprung disease
- Hirschsprung Disease
- MTR, MitoTracker Red
- Megacolon
- NC, neural crest
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- RCH, Royal Children’s Hospital
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- SOX10, sex-determining region Y–box 10
- TUJ1, neuron-specific class III β-tubulin
- eGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- nTCM, neural tissue culture medium
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Rollo
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Benjamin N. Rollo, PhD, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. fax: +61-3-9348-1391.Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteThe Royal Children’s HospitalFlemington RoadParkvilleVictoria 3052Australia
| | - Dongcheng Zhang
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lincon A. Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lefteris Stathopoulos
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Denham
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Centre for Neural Engineering, NICTA, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sebastian K. King
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M. Hutson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donald F. Newgreen
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Menheniott TR, Judd LM, Giraud AS. STAT3: a critical component in the response to Helicobacter pylori infection. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1570-82. [PMID: 26332850 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 imparts a profound influence on both the epithelial and immune components of the gastric mucosa, and through regulation of key intracellular signal transduction events, is well placed to control inflammatory and oncogenic outcomes in the context of Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection. Here we review the roles of STAT3 in the host immune response to H. pylori infection, from both gastric mucosal and systemic perspectives, as well as alluding more specifically to STAT3-dependent mechanisms that might be exploited as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M Judd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S Giraud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Ferrón SR, Radford EJ, Domingo-Muelas A, Kleine I, Ramme A, Gray D, Sandovici I, Constancia M, Ward A, Menheniott TR, Ferguson-Smith AC. Differential genomic imprinting regulates paracrine and autocrine roles of IGF2 in mouse adult neurogenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8265. [PMID: 26369386 PMCID: PMC4579569 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is implicated in the control of gene dosage in neurogenic niches. Here we address the importance of Igf2 imprinting for murine adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus in vivo. In the SVZ, paracrine IGF2 is a cerebrospinal fluid and endothelial-derived neurogenic factor requiring biallelic expression, with mutants having reduced activation of the stem cell pool and impaired olfactory bulb neurogenesis. In contrast, Igf2 is imprinted in the hippocampus acting as an autocrine factor expressed in neural stem cells (NSCs) solely from the paternal allele. Conditional mutagenesis of Igf2 in blood vessels confirms that endothelial-derived IGF2 contributes to NSC maintenance in SVZ but not in the SGZ, and that this is regulated by the biallelic expression of IGF2 in the vascular compartment. Our findings indicate that a regulatory decision to imprint or not is a functionally important mechanism of transcriptional dosage control in adult neurogenesis. Selective biallelic expression of certain genes through genomic imprinting are known to play a role in controlling neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. Here the authors investigate the role of imprinting in the dosage control of Igf2 and its relevance for the function of IGF2 as a neurogenic regulator in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Ferrón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner, 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - E J Radford
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - A Domingo-Muelas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner, 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - I Kleine
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - A Ramme
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner, 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - D Gray
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - I Sandovici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - M Constancia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - A Ward
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - T R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - A C Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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11
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Rollo BN, Zhang D, Simkin JE, Menheniott TR, Newgreen DF. Why are enteric ganglia so small? Role of differential adhesion of enteric neurons and enteric neural crest cells. F1000Res 2015; 4:113. [PMID: 26064478 PMCID: PMC4448751 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6370.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of a vast number of unusually small ganglia compared to other peripheral ganglia. Each ENS ganglion at mid-gestation has a core of neurons and a shell of mesenchymal precursor/glia-like enteric neural crest (ENC) cells. To study ENS cell ganglionation we isolated midgut ENS cells by HNK-1 fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from E5 and E8 quail embryos, and from E9 chick embryos. We performed cell-cell aggregation assays which revealed a developmentally regulated functional increase in ENS cell adhesive function, requiring both Ca
2+ -dependent and independent adhesion. This was consistent with N-cadherin and NCAM labelling. Neurons sorted to the core of aggregates, surrounded by outer ENC cells, showing that neurons had higher adhesion than ENC cells. The outer surface of aggregates became relatively non-adhesive, correlating with low levels of NCAM and N-cadherin on this surface of the outer non-neuronal ENC cells. Aggregation assays showed that ENS cells FACS selected for NCAM-high and enriched for enteric neurons formed larger and more coherent aggregates than unsorted ENS cells. In contrast, ENS cells of the NCAM-low FACS fraction formed small, disorganised aggregates. This suggests a novel mechanism for control of ENS ganglion morphogenesis where i) differential adhesion of ENS neurons and ENC cells controls the core/shell ganglionic structure and ii) the ratio of neurons to ENC cells dictates the equilibrium ganglion size by generation of an outer non-adhesive surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Rollo
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Dongcheng Zhang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Johanna E Simkin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Donald F Newgreen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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12
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Buzzelli JN, Chalinor HV, Pavlic DI, Sutton P, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Judd LM. IL33 Is a Stomach Alarmin That Initiates a Skewed Th2 Response to Injury and Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:203-221.e3. [PMID: 28210674 PMCID: PMC5301136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)33 is a recently described alarmin that is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and potently activates Th2 immunity. It may play a pivotal role during Helicobacter pylori infection. Here, we delineate the role of IL33 in the normal gastric mucosa and in response to gastropathy. METHODS IL33 expression was evaluated in mice and human biopsy specimens infected with H pylori and in mice after dosing with aspirin. IL33 expression was localized in the gastric mucosa using immunofluorescence. Mice were given 1 or 7 daily doses of recombinant IL33 (1 μg/dose), and the stomach and the spleen responses were quantified morphologically, by flow cytometry and using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS In mice, the IL33 protein was localized to the nucleus of a subpopulation of surface mucus cells, and co-localized with the surface mucus cell markers Ulex Europaeus 1 (UEA1), and Mucin 5AC (Muc5AC). A small proportion of IL33-positive epithelial cells also were Ki-67 positive. IL33 and its receptor Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (ST2) were increased 4-fold after acute (1-day) H pylori infection, however, this increase was not apparent after 7 days and IL33 expression was reduced 2-fold after 2 months. Similarly, human biopsy specimens positive for H pylori had a reduced IL33 expression. Chronic IL33 treatment in mice caused systemic activation of innate lymphoid cell 2 and polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype. In the stomach, IL33-treated mice developed transmural inflammation and mucous metaplasia that was mediated by Th2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. Rag-1-/- mice, lacking mature lymphocytes, were protected from IL33-induced gastric pathology. CONCLUSIONS IL33 is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and promotes the activation of T helper 2-cytokine-expressing cells. The loss of IL33 expression after prolonged H pylori infection may be permissive for the T helper 1-biased immune response observed during H pylori infection and subsequent precancerous progression.
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Key Words
- AB, Alcian blue
- DC, dendritic cell
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gastric Cancer
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Helicobacter pylori
- IL, interleukin
- IL33
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- Inflammatory Response
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PAS, periodic acid–Schiff
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SMC, surface mucus cells
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- SS1, Sydney strain 1
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TFF, trefoil factor
- Th, T-helper
- WT, wild type
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon N. Buzzelli
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather V. Chalinor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel I. Pavlic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Louise Judd, PhD, Royal Children’s Hospital–Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052. fax: (61) 3-9936-6528.
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13
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Däbritz J, Weinhage T, Varga G, Wirth T, Ehrchen JM, Judd LM, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Foell D. Myeloid regulatory cells: cross talk of innate and adaptive immunity to maintain the intestinal immune homeostasis in inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Cell Pediatr 2015. [PMCID: PMC4715060 DOI: 10.1186/2194-7791-2-s1-a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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14
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Judd LM, Chalinor HV, Walduck A, Pavlic DI, Däbritz J, Dubeykovskaya Z, Wang TC, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS. TFF2 deficiency exacerbates weight loss and alters immune cell and cytokine profiles in DSS colitis, and this cannot be rescued by wild-type bone marrow. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G12-24. [PMID: 25324506 PMCID: PMC9925116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00172.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The trefoil factor TFF2 is a member of a tripartite family of small proteins that is produced by the stomach and the colon. Recombinant TFF2, when applied intrarectally in a rodent model of hapten colitis, hastens mucosal healing and reduces inflammatory indexes. Additionally, TFF2 is expressed in immune organs, supporting a potential immunomodulatory and reparative role in the bowel. In this study we confirm that TFF2 is expressed in the colon and is specifically enriched in epithelial cells relative to colonic leukocytes. TFF2-deficient, but not TFF1-deficient, mice exhibit a more severe response to acute or chronic dextran sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis that correlates with a 50% loss of expression of TFF3, the principal colonic trefoil. In addition, the response to acute colitis is associated with altered expression of IL-6 and IL-33, but not other inflammatory cytokines. While TFF2 can reduce macrophage responsiveness and block inflammatory cell recruitment to the colon, the major role in limiting the susceptibility to acute colitis appears to be maintenance of barrier function. Bone marrow transfer experiments demonstrate that leukocyte expression of TFF2 is not sufficient for prevention of colitis induction but, rather, that the gastrointestinal epithelium is the primary source of TFF2. Together, these findings illustrate that epithelial TFF2 is an important endogenous regulator of gut mucosal homeostasis that can modulate immune and epithelial compartments. Because of its extreme stability, even in the corrosive gut lumen, TFF2 is an attractive candidate as an oral therapeutic scaffold for future drug development in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Judd
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather V. Chalinor
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Daniel I. Pavlic
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Däbritz
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zinaida Dubeykovskaya
- 3Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Centre, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- 3Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Centre, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Kurklu B, Whitehead RH, Ong EK, Minamoto T, Fox JG, Mann JR, Judd LM, Giraud AS, Menheniott TR. Lineage-specific RUNX3 hypomethylation marks the preneoplastic immune component of gastric cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:2856-66. [PMID: 25088199 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Runt domain transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is widely regarded as a tumour-suppressor gene inactivated by DNA hypermethylation of its canonical CpG (cytidine-phosphate-guanidine) island (CGI) promoter in gastric cancer (GC). Absence of RUNX3 expression from normal gastric epithelial cells (GECs), the progenitors to GC, coupled with frequent RUNX3 overexpression in GC progression, challenge this longstanding paradigm. However, epigenetic models to better describe RUNX3 deregulation in GC have not emerged. Here, we identify lineage-specific DNA methylation at an alternate, non-CGI promoter (P1) as a new mechanism of RUNX3 epigenetic control. In normal GECs, P1 was hypermethylated and repressed, whereas in immune lineages P1 was hypomethylated and widely expressed. In human GC development, we detected aberrant P1 hypomethylation signatures associated with the early inflammatory, preneoplastic and tumour stages. Aberrant P1 hypomethylation was fully recapitulated in mouse models of gastric inflammation and tumorigenesis. Cell sorting showed that P1 hypomethylation reflects altered cell-type composition of the gastric epithelium/tumour microenvironment caused by immune cell recruitment, not methylation loss. Finally, via long-term culture of gastric tumour epithelium, we revealed that de novo methylation of the RUNX3 canonical CGI promoter is a bystander effect of oncogenic immortalization and not likely causal in GC pathogenesis as previously argued. We propose a new model of RUNX3 epigenetic control in cancer, based on immune-specific, non-CGI promoter hypomethylation. This novel epigenetic signature may have utility in early detection of GC and possibly other epithelial cancers with premalignant immune involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kurklu
- 1] Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R H Whitehead
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E K Ong
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J R Mann
- 1] Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - L M Judd
- 1] Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A S Giraud
- 1] Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - T R Menheniott
- 1] Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Menheniott TR, Kurklu B, Giraud AS. Gastrokines: stomach-specific proteins with putative homeostatic and tumor suppressor roles. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G109-21. [PMID: 23154977 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00374.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, a new family of stomach-specific proteins has been recognized. Known as "gastrokines" (GKNs), these secreted proteins are products of gastric mucus-producing cell lineages. GKNs are highly conserved in physical structure, and emerging data point to convergent functions in the modulation of gastric mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. While GKNs are highly prevalent in the normal stomach, frequent loss of GKN expression in gastric cancers, coupled with established antiproliferative activity, suggests putative tumor suppressor roles. Conversely, ectopic expression of GKNs in reparative lesions of Crohn's disease alludes to additional activity in epithelial wound healing and/or repair. Modes of action remain unsolved, but the recent demonstration of a GKN2-trefoil factor 1 heterodimer implicates functional interplay with trefoil factors. This review aims to provide a historical account of GKN biology and encapsulate the rapidly accumulating evidence supporting roles in gastric epithelial homeostasis and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd., Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
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17
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Howlett M, Chalinor HV, Buzzelli JN, Nguyen N, van Driel IR, Bell KM, Fox JG, Dimitriadis E, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Judd LM. IL-11 is a parietal cell cytokine that induces atrophic gastritis. Gut 2012; 61:1398-409. [PMID: 22180059 PMCID: PMC3471558 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS IL-is important in gastric damage, mucosal repair and gastric cancer progression. We analysed IL-11 expression in H.pylori infected mouse stomach, the site of gastric IL-11 expression in mice and humans, and the effect of exogenous IL-11 on gastric mucosal homeostasis. METHODS IL-11 protein was localised in mouse and human stomach. The impact of chronic, exogenous IL-11 on normal mouse stomach was examined histologically and transcriptionally by microarray, confirmed by mRNA and protein analysis. Functional impact of IL-11 on gastric acid secretion was determined. RESULTS In mice infected with H.pylori, IL-11 was increased in fundic mucosa with temporal expression similar to IL-1b. IL-11 protein was localised predominantly to parietal cells in mouse and human stomach. Application of exogenous IL-11 to resulted in fundic parietal and chief cell loss, hyperplasia, mucous cell metaplasia and inflammation. Coincident with cellular changes were an increased gastric pH, altered parietal cell ultrastructure and altered gene expression, particularly genes involved in immune response and ion transport which could result in compromised acid secretion. We confirmed that a single dose of IL-11 effectively ablated the gastric response to histamine. CONCLUSIONS IL-11 is a parietal cell cytokine that blocks gastric acid secretion, likely via reducing expression of parietal cell ion transport genes, CCKb and histamine H2 receptors. IL-11 expression is increased in H. pylori infected mouse stomach and treatment of wild type mice with IL-11 induced changes in the gastric fundic mucosa reminiscent of chronic atrophic gastritis, a precursor to gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meegan Howlett
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather V Chalinor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jon N Buzzelli
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nhung Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio 21 Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian R van Driel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio 21 Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina M Bell
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Fox
- MIT, Department of Comparative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Dimitriadis
- Prince Henrys Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S Giraud
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M Judd
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION STAT3 is a key transcription factor for many regulatory factors that modulate gene transcription. Particularly important are cytokines and growth factors that maintain homeostasis by regulating immunocytes, stromal and epithelial cells. Dysregulation of STAT3 by constitutive activation plays an important role in the initiation of inflammation and cellular transformation in numerous cancers, especially of epithelial origin. This review focuses on STAT3 drive in gastric cancer initiation and progression, with emphasis on its activation by cytokines, and how targeting the primary drivers or gastric STAT3 therapeutically may prevent or slow stomach cancer development. AREAS COVERED This review will discuss the mechanics of STAT3 signalling, how constitutive STAT3 activation promotes gastric tumourigenesis in both human adenocarcinomas and mouse models, the nature of the upstream regulators of STAT3, and their association with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection, STAT3-activated genes that promote transformation and progression, and finally the development and use of STAT3 and upstream cytokine inhibitors as therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION Chronic STAT3 activation is a key event in gastric cancer induction and progression. Specific targeting of stomach epithelial STAT3 or blocking IL-11Rα/gp130 and/or EGFR signal transduction in chronic gastric inflammation and metaplasia may be therapeutically effective in preventing gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Giraud
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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19
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Lee KS, Kalantzis A, Jackson CB, O'Connor L, Murata-Kamiya N, Hatakeyama M, Judd LM, Giraud AS, Menheniott TR. Helicobacter pylori CagA triggers expression of the bactericidal lectin REG3γ via gastric STAT3 activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30786. [PMID: 22312430 PMCID: PMC3270022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of what is known about the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cytotoxin, CagA, pertains to a much-vaunted role as a determinant of gastric inflammation and cancer. Little attention has been devoted to potential roles of CagA in the majority of H. pylori infected individuals not showing oncogenic progression, particularly in relation to host tolerance. Regenerating islet-derived (REG)3γ encodes a secreted C-type lectin that exerts direct bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria in the intestine. Here, we extend this paradigm of lectin-mediated innate immunity, showing that REG3γ expression is triggered by CagA in the H. pylori-infected stomach. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In human gastric mucosal tissues, REG3γ expression was significantly increased in CagA-positive, compared to CagA-negative H. pylori infected individuals. Using transfected CagA-inducible gastric MKN28 cells, we recapitulated REG3γ induction in vitro, also showing that tyrosine phosphorylated, not unphosphorylated CagA triggers REG3γ transcription. In concert with induced REG3γ, pro-inflammatory signalling downstream of the gp130 cytokine co-receptor via the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and transcription of two cognate ligands, interleukin(IL)-11 and IL-6, were significantly increased. Exogenous IL-11, but not IL-6, directly stimulated STAT3 activation and REG3γ transcription. STAT3 siRNA knockdown or IL-11 receptor blockade respectively abrogated or subdued CagA-dependent REG3γ mRNA induction, thus demonstrating a requirement for uncompromised signalling via the IL-11/STAT3 pathway. Inhibition of the gp130-related SHP2-(Ras)-ERK pathway did not affect CagA-dependent REG3γ induction, but strengthened STAT3 activation as well as augmenting transcription of mucosal innate immune regulators, IL-6, IL-8 and interferon-response factor (IRF)1. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results support a model of CagA-directed REG3γ expression in gastric epithelial cells via activation of the IL-11/gp130/STAT3 pathway. This response might allow Gram-negative H. pylori to manipulate host immunity to favour its own survival, by reducing the fitness of co-habiting Gram-positive bacteria with which it competes for resources in the gastric mucosal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Syin Lee
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anastasia Kalantzis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cameron B. Jackson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Louise O'Connor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kamlua S, Patrakitkomjorn S, Jearanaikoon P, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Limpaiboon T. A novel TFF2 splice variant (∆EX2TFF2) correlates with longer overall survival time in cholangiocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2011; 27:1207-12. [PMID: 22159958 PMCID: PMC3583483 DOI: 10.3892/or.2011.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) is a member of trefoil factor family found to be overexpressed in many cancers including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The majority of studies have focused on wild-type TFF2 (wtTFF2) expression, but information regarding alternative splicing variants of TFF2 mRNA has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to identify and quantify a novel TFF2 splice variant in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Seventy-eight tumors and 15 normal adjacent tissues were quantified for the expression of the TFF2 splice variant relative to wild-type (wt) TFF2 mRNA using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). The ratio of TFF2 splice variant against wtTFF2 was analyzed for associations with clinical parameters. We found a novel TFF2 splice variant, exon 2 skipping (∆EX2TFF2), resulting in a stop codon (TAG) at exon 1. The ∆EX2TFF2/wtTFF2 ratio in tumors was significantly higher than in normal tissue (P<0.01). Interestingly, high ∆EX2TFF2/wtTFF2 ratio was significantly associated with good prognosis compared with low ratio (P=0.017). In contrast, the presence of wtTFF2 protein was associated with poor survival of CCA patients (P=0.034). This is the first report of a trefoil factor splice variant and its potential application as a prognostic biomarker in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surasee Kamlua
- Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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21
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Kosriwong K, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Jearanaikoon P, Sripa B, Limpaiboon T. Trefoil factors: Tumor progression markers and mitogens via EGFR/MAPK activation in cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1631-41. [PMID: 21472131 PMCID: PMC3070136 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i12.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate trefoil factor (TFF) gene copy number, mRNA and protein expression as potential biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
METHODS: TFF mRNA levels, gene copy number and protein expression were determined respectively by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry in bile duct epithelium biopsies collected from individuals with CCA, precancerous bile duct dysplasia and from disease-free controls. The functional impact of recombinant human (rh)TFF2 peptide treatment on proliferation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was assessed in the CCA cell line, KMBC, by viable cell counting and immunoblotting, respectively.
RESULTS: TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 mRNA expression was significantly increased in CCA tissue compared to disease-free controls, and was unrelated to gene copy number. TFF1 immunoreactivity was strongly increased in both dysplasia and CCA, whereas TFF2 immunoreactivity was increased only in CCA compared to disease-free controls. By contrast, TFF3 immunoreactivity was moderately decreased in dysplasia and further decreased in CCA. Kaplan-Meier analysis found no association of TFF mRNA, protein and copy number with age, gender, histological subtype, and patient survival time. Treatment of KMBC cells with rhTFF2 stimulated proliferation, triggered phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream extracellular signal related kinase (ERK), whereas co-incubation with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PD153035, blocked rhTFF2-dependent proliferation and EGFR/ERK responses.
CONCLUSION: TFF mRNA/protein expression is indicative of CCA tumor progression, but not predictive for histological sub-type or survival time. TFF2 is mitogenic in CCA via EGFR/MAPK activation.
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22
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Tomita H, Takaishi S, Menheniott TR, Yang X, Shibata W, Jin G, Betz KS, Kawakami K, Minamoto T, Tomasetto C, Rio MC, Lerkowit N, Varro A, Giraud AS, Wang TC. Inhibition of gastric carcinogenesis by the hormone gastrin is mediated by suppression of TFF1 epigenetic silencing. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:879-91. [PMID: 21111741 PMCID: PMC3049860 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epigenetic alterations have been correlated with field cancerization in human patients, but evidence from experimental models that specific epigenetic changes can initiate cancer has been lacking. Although hormones have been associated with cancer risk, the mechanisms have not been determined. The peptide hormone gastrin exerts a suppressive effect on antral gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-dependent gastric cancer was investigated in hypergastrinemic (INS-GAS), gastrin-deficient (GAS(-/-)), Tff1-deficient (Tff1(+/-)), and wild-type (WT) mice. Epigenetic alterations of the trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) tumor suppressor gene were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Human intestinal-type gastric cancers in the antrum exhibited progressive TFF1 repression and promoter hypermethylation. Mice treated with MNU exhibited a field defect characterized by widespread Tff1 repression associated with histone H3 lysine 9 methylation and H3 deacetylation at the Tff1 promoter in epithelial cells. In MNU-induced advanced cancers, DNA methylation at the Tff1 promoter was observed. Tumor induction and Tff1 repression were increased in MNU-treated mice by Helicobacter infection. Hypergastrinemia suppressed MNU-dependent tumor initiation and progression in a manner that correlated with gene silencing and epigenetic alterations of Tff1. In contrast, homozygous gastrin-deficient and heterozygous Tff1-deficient mice showed enhanced MNU-dependent field defects and cancer initiation compared with WT mice. In gastric cancer cells, gastrin stimulation partially reversed the epigenetic silencing in the TFF1 promoter. CONCLUSIONS Initiation of antral gastric cancer is associated with progressive epigenetic silencing of TFF1, which can be suppressed by the hormone gastrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tomita
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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23
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Peterson AJ, Menheniott TR, O’Connor L, Walduck AK, Fox JG, Kawakami K, Minamoto T, Ong EK, Wang TC, Judd LM, Giraud AS. Helicobacter pylori infection promotes methylation and silencing of trefoil factor 2, leading to gastric tumor development in mice and humans. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:2005-17. [PMID: 20801119 PMCID: PMC3970568 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Trefoil factors (TFFs) regulate mucosal repair and suppress tumor formation in the stomach. Tff1 deficiency results in gastric cancer, whereas Tff2 deficiency increases gastric inflammation. TFF2 expression is frequently lost in gastric neoplasms, but the nature of the silencing mechanism and associated impact on tumorigenesis have not been determined. METHODS We investigated the epigenetic silencing of TFF2 in gastric biopsy specimens from individuals with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, gastric cancer, and disease-free controls. TFF2 function and methylation were manipulated in gastric cancer cell lines. The effects of Tff2 deficiency on tumor growth were investigated in the gp130(F/F) mouse model of gastric cancer. RESULTS In human tissue samples, DNA methylation at the TFF2 promoter began at the time of H pylori infection and increased throughout gastric tumor progression. TFF2 methylation levels were inversely correlated with TFF2 messenger RNA levels and could be used to discriminate between disease-free controls, H pylori-infected, and tumor tissues. Genome demethylation restored TFF2 expression in gastric cancer cell lines, so TFF2 silencing requires methylation. In Tff2-deficient gp130(F/F)/Tff2(-/-) mice, proliferation of mucosal cells and release of T helper cell type-1 (Th-1) 1 cytokines increased, whereas expression of gastric tumor suppressor genes and Th-2 cytokines were reduced, compared with gp130(F/F)controls. The fundus of gp130(F/F)/Tff2(-/-) mice displayed glandular atrophy and metaplasia, indicating accelerated preneoplasia. Experimental H pylori infection in wild-type mice reduced antral expression of Tff2 by increased promoter methylation. CONCLUSIONS TFF2 negatively regulates preneoplastic progression and subsequent tumor development in the stomach, a role that is subverted by promoter methylation during H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Peterson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Louise O’Connor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Anna K. Walduck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kazuyuki Kawakami
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eng Kok Ong
- Sequenom Platform Facility, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Menheniott TR, Peterson AJ, O'Connor L, Lee KS, Kalantzis A, Kondova I, Bontrop RE, Bell KM, Giraud AS. A novel gastrokine, Gkn3, marks gastric atrophy and shows evidence of adaptive gene loss in humans. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1823-35. [PMID: 20138039 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastrokines are stomach mucus cell-secreted proteins; 2 gastrokines are known, GKN1 and GKN2. Gastrokine expression is lost in gastric cancer, indicating a possible function in tumor suppression. We have identified a third gastrokine gene in mammals. METHODS Gkn3 was characterized by studies of molecular structure, evolutionary conservation, and tissue expression as well as transcriptional/translational outcome in mouse genetic models of gastric pathology. The functional consequences of Gkn3 overexpression were evaluated in transfected cell lines. RESULTS Gkn3 encodes a secreted (approximately 19 kilodalton) protein that is co-expressed with trefoil factor (Tff)2 in the distal stomach and discriminates a Griffinia simplicifolia lectin (GS)-II-positive mucus neck cell (MNC) subpopulation in the proximal stomach. In humans, widespread homozygosity for a premature stop codon polymorphism, W59X, has likely rendered GKN3 non-functional. Population genetic analysis revealed an ancestral GKN3 read-through allele that predominates in Africans and indicates the rapid expansion of W59X among non-Africans during recent evolution. Mouse Gkn3 expression is strongly up-regulated in (Tff2-deficient) gastric atrophy, a pre-cancerous state that is typically associated with Helicobacter pylori and marks a non-proliferative, GS-II positive lineage with features of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). Gkn3 overexpression inhibits proliferation in gastric epithelial cell lines, independently of incubation with recombinant human TFF2 or apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Gkn3 encodes a novel, functionally distinct gastrokine that is overexpressed and might restrain epithelial cell proliferation in gastric atrophy. Spread of the human GKN3 stop allele W59X might have been selected for among non-Africans because of its effects on pre-neoplastic outcomes in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Abstract
Choroid plexus epithelial cells form an integral and important part of the barrier between blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Culture of choroid plexus epithelium in vitro has been achieved from several mammalian species and this provides opportunities for the study of choroid plexus development and function, including the capacity of the epithelial cells to control the movement of bioactive molecules, such as novel drug candidates, from the bloodstream to the brain. Here we describe a method for the derivation of primary cell cultures from mouse choroid plexus epithelium, together with characterisation by immunofluorescence using antibodies specific to markers of mature choroid plexus epithelial cells. With this method, relatively pure choroid plexus epithelial cell monolayers are established using the DNA synthesis inhibitor cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), which is cytotoxic to contaminating cell types such as fibroblasts, but not the epithelial cells. These cells are shown to express the diagnostic choroidal marker, transthyretin (TTR), as well as markers of epithelial cell differentiation and are thus suitable for studies that address the transport and barrier functions of the choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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26
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Schulz R, Woodfine K, Menheniott TR, Bourc'his D, Bestor T, Oakey RJ. WAMIDEX: a web atlas of murine genomic imprinting and differential expression. Epigenetics 2008; 3:89-96. [PMID: 18398312 DOI: 10.4161/epi.3.2.5900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse is an established model organism for the study of genomic imprinting. Mice with genetic material originating from only one parent (e.g., mice with uniparental chromosomal duplications) or gene mutations leading to epigenetic deficiencies have proven to be particularly useful tools. In the process of our studies we have accumulated a large set of expression microarray measurements in samples derived from these types of mice. Here, we present the collation of these and third-party microarray data that are relevant to genomic imprinting into a Web Atlas of Murine genomic Imprinting and Differential EXpression (WAMIDEX: https://atlas.genetics.kcl.ac.uk). WAMIDEX integrates the most comprehensive literature-derived catalog of murine imprinted genes to date with a genome browser that makes the microarray data immediately accessible in annotation-rich genomic context. In addition, WAMIDEX exemplifies the use of the self-organizing map method for the discovery of novel imprinted genes from microarray data. The parent-of-origin-specific expression of imprinted genes is frequently limited to specific tissues or developmental stages, a fact that the atlas reflects in its design and data content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Schulz
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College & St Thomas' Hospitals, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Menheniott TR, Woodfine K, Schulz R, Wood AJ, Monk D, Giraud AS, Baldwin HS, Moore GE, Oakey RJ. Genomic imprinting of Dopa decarboxylase in heart and reciprocal allelic expression with neighboring Grb10. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:386-96. [PMID: 17967881 PMCID: PMC2223316 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00862-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining a tissue-specific microarray screen with mouse uniparental duplications, we have identified a novel imprinted gene, Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc), on chromosome 11. Ddc_exon1a is a 2-kb transcript variant that initiates from an alternative first exon in intron 1 of the canonical Ddc transcript and is paternally expressed in trabecular cardiomyocytes of the embryonic and neonatal heart. Ddc displays tight conserved linkage with the maternally expressed and methylated Grb10 gene, suggesting that these reciprocally imprinted genes may be coordinately regulated. In Dnmt3L mutant embryos that lack maternal germ line methylation imprints, we show that Ddc is overexpressed and Grb10 is silenced. Their imprinting is therefore dependent on maternal germ line methylation, but the mechanism at Ddc does not appear to involve differential methylation of the Ddc_exon1a promoter region and may instead be provided by the oocyte mark at Grb10. Our analysis of Ddc redefines the imprinted Grb10 domain on mouse proximal chromosome 11 and identifies Ddc_exon1a as the first example of a heart-specific imprinted gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan R Menheniott
- King's College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 8th Floor Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, England
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28
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Jackson CB, Judd LM, Menheniott TR, Kronborg I, Dow C, Yeomans ND, Boussioutas A, Robb L, Giraud AS. Augmented gp130-mediated cytokine signalling accompanies human gastric cancer progression. J Pathol 2007; 213:140-51. [PMID: 17724739 DOI: 10.1002/path.2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
H. pylori infection accounts for most cases of gastric cancer, but the initiating events remain unclear. The principal H. pylori pathogenicity-associated CagA protein disrupts intracellular SHP-2 signalling pathways including those used by the IL-6 family cytokines, IL-6 and IL-11. Imbalanced IL-6 family cytokine signalling in the gp130(757FF) mouse model of gastric cancer arising from hyperactivation of oncogenic STAT3 after altered SHP-2 : ERK1/2 signalling produces dysplastic antral tumours preceded by gastritis and metaplasia. In a cohort of patient gastric biopsies with known H. pylori and CagA status, we investigated whether (i) STAT3 and ERK1/2 activation is altered in H. pylori-dependent gastritis; (ii) these profiles are more pronounced in CagA+ H. pylori infection; and (iii) the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that activate STAT3 and ERK 1/2 pathways is associated with progression to gastric cancer. IL-6, IL-11, and activated STAT3 and ERK1/2 were quantified in antral biopsies from gastritic stomach, metaplastic tissue, and resected gastric cancer tissues. We observed significantly increased STAT3 and ERK1/2 activation (p = 0.001) in H. pylori-dependent gastritis, which was further enhanced in the presence of CagA+ H. pylori strains. Of known gastric ligands that drive STAT3 activation, IL-6 expression was increased after H. pylori infection and both IL-6 and IL-11 were strongly up-regulated in the gastric cancer biopsies. This suggests a mechanism by which IL-11 drives STAT3 activation and proliferation during gastric cancer progression. We addressed this using an in vitro approach, demonstrating that recombinant human IL-11 activates STAT3 and concomitantly increases proliferation of MKN28 gastric epithelial cells. In summary, we show increased STAT3 and ERK1/2 activation in H. pylori-dependent gastritis that is likely driven in an IL-6-dependent fashion. IL-11 expression is associated with adenocarcinoma development, but not gastritic lesions, and we identify a novel mechanism for IL-11 as a potent inducer of proliferation in the human gastric cancer setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Jackson
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Lab, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne at Western Hospital, Footscray, 3011, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Giraud AS, Jackson C, Menheniott TR, Judd LM. Differentiation of the Gastric Mucosa IV. Role of trefoil peptides and IL-6 cytokine family signaling in gastric homeostasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1-5. [PMID: 16935852 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00382.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric trefoil peptides mediate mucosal repair by stimulating cell migration, inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation, and likely augmenting the barrier function of mucus. One of these, tff1, is a gastric-specific tumor suppressor gene, which when repressed is associated with gastric cancer progression. IL-6 family cytokines play an important role in maintaining gastric homeostasis by regulating tff1 and other mediators of mucosal proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. In this review the signaling cascades downstream of the common IL-6 cytokine family coreceptor gp130 that contribute to control of this homeostasis are described, as are the pathological outcomes of imbalancing these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Giraud
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne at Western Hospital, Footscray, Australia.
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30
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Schulz R, Menheniott TR, Woodfine K, Wood AJ, Choi JD, Oakey RJ. Chromosome-wide identification of novel imprinted genes using microarrays and uniparental disomies. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:e88. [PMID: 16855283 PMCID: PMC1524921 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting refers to a specialized form of epigenetic gene regulation whereby the expression of a given allele is dictated by parental origin. Defining the extent and distribution of imprinting across genomes will be crucial for understanding the roles played by imprinting in normal mammalian growth and development. Using mice carrying uniparental disomies or duplications, microarray screening and stringent bioinformatics, we have developed the first large-scale tissue-specific screen for imprinted gene detection. We quantify the stringency of our methodology and relate it to previous non-tissue-specific large-scale studies. We report the identification in mouse of four brain-specific novel paternally expressed transcripts and an additional three genes that show maternal expression in the placenta. The regions of conserved linkage in the human genome are associated with the Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) where imprinting is known to be a contributing factor. We conclude that large-scale systematic analyses of this genre are necessary for the full impact of genomic imprinting on mammalian gene expression and phenotype to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Schulz
- King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics8th Floor Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics8th Floor Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kathryn Woodfine
- King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics8th Floor Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrew J. Wood
- King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics8th Floor Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Choi
- King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics8th Floor Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rebecca J. Oakey
- King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics8th Floor Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
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31
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Antonellis A, Bennett WR, Menheniott TR, Prasad AB, Lee-Lin SQ, Green ED, Paisley D, Kelsh RN, Pavan WJ, Ward A. Deletion of long-range sequences at Sox10 compromises developmental expression in a mouse model of Waardenburg-Shah (WS4) syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 15:259-71. [PMID: 16330480 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX10 is mutated in the human neurocristopathy Waardenburg-Shah syndrome (WS4), which is characterized by enteric aganglionosis and pigmentation defects. SOX10 directly regulates genes expressed in neural crest lineages, including the enteric ganglia and melanocytes. Although some SOX10 target genes have been reported, the mechanisms by which SOX10 expression is regulated remain elusive. Here, we describe a transgene-insertion mutant mouse line (Hry) that displays partial enteric aganglionosis, a loss of melanocytes, and decreased Sox10 expression in homozygous embryos. Mutation analysis of Sox10 coding sequences was negative, suggesting that non-coding regulatory sequences are disrupted. To isolate the Hry molecular defect, Sox10 genomic sequences were collected from multiple species, comparative sequence analysis was performed and software was designed (ExactPlus) to identify identical sequences shared among species. Mutation analysis of conserved sequences revealed a 15.9 kb deletion located 47.3 kb upstream of Sox10 in Hry mice. ExactPlus revealed three clusters of highly conserved sequences within the deletion, one of which shows strong enhancer potential in cultured melanocytes. These studies: (i) present a novel hypomorphic Sox10 mutation that results in a WS4-like phenotype in mice; (ii) demonstrate that a 15.9 kb deletion underlies the observed phenotype and likely removes sequences essential for Sox10 expression; (iii) combine a novel in silico method for comparative sequence analysis with in vitro functional assays to identify candidate regulatory sequences deleted in this strain. These studies will direct further analyses of Sox10 regulation and provide candidate sequences for mutation detection in WS4 patients lacking a SOX10-coding mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Antonellis
- Geome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Charalambous M, Menheniott TR, Bennett WR, Kelly SM, Dell G, Dandolo L, Ward A. An enhancer element at the Igf2/H19 locus drives gene expression in both imprinted and non-imprinted tissues. Dev Biol 2004; 271:488-97. [PMID: 15223349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) gene encodes a potent growth factor that is expressed in multiple tissues during embryonic development. Expression at this locus is mediated by genomic imprinting. In the developing endodermal tissues, imprinting of Igf2 is mediated by the interaction of a set of enhancers downstream of the linked H19 gene with a differentially methylated domain (DMD) that lies approximately 2-4 kb upstream of H19 that has a boundary or insulator function in the hypomethylated state. In the remainder of tissues that express Igf2 and H19, the cis elements that drive their correct expression and imprinting are not well understood. In addition, enhancers driving expression of Igf2 in the choroid plexus and leptomeninges, tissues where the gene is thought not to be imprinted, have not been isolated. Here we show that biallelic (non-imprinted) expression within the choroid plexus is restricted to the epithelium, and we provide evidence that a conserved intergenic region functions as an enhancer for Igf2 both in tissues where the gene is imprinted, and where Igf2 is biallelically expressed. The presence of an enhancer for imprinted tissues in the intergenic region argues for the existence of imprinting controls distinct from the DMD, which may be provided by differential methylation at sites proximal to Igf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Charalambous
- Developmental Biology Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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