Development of second primary malignancy in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a nationwide population-based study

The risk and distribution of second primary cancers according to subsite of primary stomach cancer: a retrospective cohort population-based study

Background

The development of second primary cancers (SPCs) following a diagnosis of stomach cancer presents a significant clinical challenge, with varying risks depending on the anatomic subsite of the primary tumor, patient demographics, and treatment modalities. This study aims to assess the risk of SPCs in stomach cancer survivors, focusing on differences across anatomic subsites, sex, age, and treatment periods.

Methods

The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from stomach cancer patients, analyzing the incidence of SPCs based on the anatomic location of the primary tumor, with stratifications by sex, age, latency period, and year of diagnosis. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated to compare the observed SPC rates with those expected in the general population.

Results

Elevated stomach SPC risk was observed across most anatomic subsites, particularly in the body (SIR 8.84) and fundus (SIR 7.34). Females exhibited higher SIRs compared to males, especially in the fundus (SIR 13.33 for females vs. 4.55 for males). Younger patients (<50 years) had significantly higher SPC risks, particularly for cancers originating in the fundus (SIR 49.56). Notably, patients diagnosed after 2010 showed the highest SIRs, indicating a potential impact of advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Nonstomach SPCs, including colorectal, lung, and thyroid cancers, were significantly elevated, with distinct patterns based on the primary tumor site.

Conclusions

The study highlights the critical role of primary tumor location, sex, age, and treatment era in determining SPC risk in stomach cancer survivors. These findings underscore the need for tailored surveillance strategies to manage long-term cancer risks in this population.

Risk of second primary cancers in nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients by primary lymph node location: a retrospective cohort population-based study

Background

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a diverse group of blood cancers with increasing incidence and survival rates due to advancements in treatment and early detection. However, NHL survivors are at significant risk of developing second primary cancers, which can adversely impact their long-term survival.

Methods

This retrospective population-based cohort study utilized data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, covering 17 geographic areas in the United States from 2000 to 2021. The authors included patients diagnosed with nodal NHL as a first primary cancer and excluded those diagnosed at autopsy or via death certificate only. Standardized Incidence Ratios, Absolute Excess Risks, and Person-Years at Risk were calculated to evaluate the risk of developing SPCs according to the primary lymph node site and stratified by latency periods following the initial NHL diagnosis.

Results

The cohort included 54 012 NHL patients. The authors' results showed that for most SPCs, the risk of development was different for different primary NHL lymph node locations. The highest risks were observed for thyroid cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Notably, the risk for thyroid cancer was highest in the first year post-diagnosis, while hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma showed elevated risks in the intermediate and late latency periods.

Conclusion

NHL survivors are at an increased risk of developing SPCs, influenced by the primary lymph node site and latency period. These findings highlight the need for tailored surveillance strategies and preventive measures to mitigate the long-term risks of SPCs in NHL survivors. Further research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to develop targeted interventions for this high-risk population.

A case of concurrent follicular lymphoma and lung cancer requiring differentiation from lymph node metastasis

Lung cancer complicated by follicular lymphoma has rarely been reported in the literature. A 69-year-old male with an abnormal shadow on a chest radiograph was referred to our hospital. A mass in the right lung was seen on chest computed tomography (CT). Positron emission tomography-CT showed fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation in the esophagus and multiple intra-abdominal lymph nodes, in addition to the right lung lesion. The lung lesion was diagnosed as a pulmonary adenocarcinoma after biopsy. Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopies did not reveal the presence of a tumor. Open lymph node biopsy was performed to determine the course of treatment, leading to a diagnosis of follicular lymphoma. The patient finally underwent radical resection for lung cancer; the follicular lymphoma was judged to be low-grade and was followed up. When complications involving other organs are detected during systemic examination of a patient with lung cancer, it is necessary to distinguish between metastasis to other organs and complications of other malignant diseases, as this will greatly influence the treatment strategy.

Lifetime risks of second primary malignancies after pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma

OBJECTIVES

Survivors after pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are with lifetime risk for second primary malignancy (SPM). This necessitates a thorough analysis to better understand the potential long-term health implications for these individuals.

METHODS

We used a US-wide population-based cancer registry data to quantify the SPM risk and identify its incidence patterns among pediatric lymphoma patients.

RESULTS

We observed 4.74-fold (95% CI 4.27-5.25) and 3.40-fold (95% CI 2.78-4.10) increased risks of SPM in survivors after pediatric HL and NHL, respectively. Through over 40 years' follow-up, the cumulative incidence of SPM for pediatric lymphoma was persistently increasing, and here we firstly report the high 40-year cumulative incidence rates of SPM, 22.2% for HL and 12.6% for NHL, suggesting that SPM accounts for a great proportion of deaths among survivors. Of 6805 pediatric lymphomas, 462 (6.36%) developed a SPM, especially second breast and thyroid cancer, followed by hematologic neoplasms including leukemia and NHL. The competing risk analysis demonstrated gender, lymphoma subtype and radiotherapy were significantly associated with SPM. Different risk patterns of SPM were identified between pediatric HL and NHL. Chemotherapy accelerated SPM development but did not increase its incidence risk.

CONCLUSION

Overall, patients after pediatric lymphoma can be with high lifetime risk of SPM, and more attention should be paid to SPM-related signs for early detection and intervention.

Second primary malignancies in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: epidemiology and risk factors

With the advancements in therapeutics for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), the long-term survival of patients with NHL has markedly increased. Second primary malignancies (SPMs) have become an increasingly relevant long-term concern for NHL survivors. The etiology of SPMs is multifactorial and involves multiple steps. Germline alterations, immune dysregulation, and clonal hematopoiesis contribute to the accumulation of intrinsic adverse factors, and external factors such as lifestyle; exposure to infectious factors; and late effects of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, high-dose therapy, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation further increase SPM risk. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs) are a devastating complication of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. However, as targeted therapies begin to replace cytotoxic chemotherapy, the incidence of t-MNs is likely to decline, particularly for indolent B-cell NHL.

Risk and prognosis of secondary breast cancer after radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a massive population-based analysis

PURPOSE

One of the best ways to control non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) locally is radiation therapy (RT), which is a crucial component of care for many patients. There has not been any research on the risk and prognosis of secondary breast cancer (SBC) in females with NHL receiving RT.

METHODS

In our study, females with NHL as their initial cancer diagnosis were included from 1975 to 2018 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Using Fine and Gray's competing risk regression assess the cumulative incidence of SBC. The standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and radiation-attributed risk (RR) for SBC were assessed using Poisson regression analysis. We evaluated the overall survival (OS) of SBC patients using the Kaplan-Meier technique.

RESULTS

Of the 41,983 females with NHL, 10,070 received RT and 320 (3.18%) developed SBC. 31,913 females did not receive RT and 805 (2.52%) developed SBC. RT was significantly related with a greater chance of acquiring SBC in the Fine-Gray competing risk regression (adjusted hazard ratios (HR) = 1.14; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.09-1.30; P = 0.011). When an NHL diagnosis was made at an older age, the dynamic SIR and RR for SBC also declined over time. Regarding general survivability, there was not statistically significant (P = 0.970) after propensity score matching (PSM).

CONCLUSIONS

RT is an independent risk factor for SBC in females with NHL. Special attention should be paid to the monitoring of breast cancer indicators in them, especially young.

Synchronous mantle cell lymphoma bone marrow involvement complicated with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: A case report and literature review

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with an advanced stage; it occurs frequently and affects the lymph nodes, spleen, blood and bone marrow. The synchronous occurrence of MCL bone marrow involvement (MCLBMI) and malignant tumors is extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, synchronous extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) and MCLBMI have not been previously reported. In the present study, a rare case of ES-SCLC with synchronous MCLBMI is reported in a 59-year-old man. The patient received cisplatin, etoposide, dexamethasone and rituximab chemotherapy for the treatment of both malignancies. The follow-up computed tomography scan disclosed regression of the left upper lobe mass and the routine blood test indicated that the platelet count was gradually increasing to normal levels. Following therapy, the patient achieved a partial response. The experience in this case report indicated that the treatment of synchronous SCLC and MCLBMI requires consideration of the respective patient clinical features, biological behavior and cumulative toxicity of the treatment regimens administered for both malignant tumors. The present study demonstrated that thrombocytopenia was not a chemotherapy contraindication, thus providing a new treatment option for this type of patient.

Incidence and time trends of second primary malignancies after non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a Swedish population-based study

We observed stable excess rates of secondary malignancies over time among lymphoma patients compared with the general population.

In follicular lymphoma, decreasing rates of secondary myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia were observed after 2009.

Considering treatment changes and an improved prognosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) over time, knowledge regarding long-term health outcomes, including late effects of treatment, has become increasingly important. We report on time trends of second primary malignancies (SPMs) in Swedish NHL patients, encompassing the years before as well as after the introduction of anti-CD20 antibody therapy. We identified NHL patients in the Swedish Cancer Register 1993 to 2014 and matched comparators from the Swedish Total Population Register. The matched cohort was followed through 2017. By linking to the Swedish Lymphoma Register, subcohort analyses by NHL subtype were performed. Flexible parametric survival models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of SPM among patients and comparators. Among 32 100 NHL patients, 3619 solid tumors and 217 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases were observed, corresponding to a 40% higher rate of solid tumors (HR_{solid tumors} = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.4-1.5) and a 5-fold higher rate of MDS/AML (HR_MDS/AML = 5.2; 95% CI, 4.4-6.2) than for comparators. Overall, the observed excess risks for solid tumors or MDS/AML remained stable over the study period, except for follicular lymphoma, where the excess rate of MDS/AML attenuated with time (P for trend = .012). We conclude that NHL survivors have an increased risk of both solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, in particular MDS/AML. Stable excess risks over time indicate that contemporary treatment standards are not associated with modified SPM risk. Encouragingly, decreasing rates of MDS/AML were noted among patients with follicular lymphoma, possibly due to the increasing use of nonchemotherapy-based treatments.

Second primary malignancies after ocular adnexal lymphoma diagnosis

BACKGROUND

Although studies have investigated the risk of second primary malignancies (SPMs) associated with lymphoma of various sites, limited studies have investigated this risk in patients with lymphoma originating within the ocular adnexa. We conducted a retrospective study to assess incidence of secondary malignancies in patients with a prior diagnosis of ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) and to determine latency periods and age-groups at increased risk for SPM occurrence.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis was performed on data obtained from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 9 database. Patients with an initial primary malignancy diagnosis of OAL between 1973 and 2015 were included in the study. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and excess absolute risks (EAR) compared to a SEER reference population with similar sex, race, age, and calendar year were computed for SPMs. Excess absolute risk is per 10,000 individuals; alpha of 0.05 was used.

RESULTS

Of 1834 patients with primary ocular adnexal lymphoma, 279 developed a secondary malignancy during average follow-up of 110.03 months (+/- 88.46), denoting higher incidence than expected (SIR 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.35; EAR 30.56). Amongst the primary lymphoma cohort, 98.7% (1810/1834) of patients had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and amongst those that developed secondary malignancies, 99.6% (278/279) had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Patients exhibited increased incidence of lymphohematopoietic and non-lymphohematopoietic second malignancies and no secondary malignancies of the eye or orbit. Patients had increased incidence of secondary malignancies in the first year (SIR 2.07; 95% CI, 1.49 to 2.79; EAR 150.37) and 1-5 years following lymphoma diagnosis (SIR 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.51; EAR 34.89). Patients with various OAL subtypes demonstrated differing patterns of site-specific and overall SPM risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with prior diagnosis of ocular adnexal lymphoma possess increased risk of hematologic and non-hematologic secondary malignancies. Risk of secondary malignancy could vary by lymphoma subtype. Patients with ocular adnexal lymphoma may benefit from regular surveillance to promote early detection of second primary malignancies.

Patterns of previous and secondary malignancies in patients with multiple myeloma

OBJECTIVES

In contrast to secondary primary malignancies (SPM) following multiple myeloma (MM), less is known about previous malignancies. We therefore conducted a population-based study to assess the patterns of previous malignancies in MM patients as well as the risk for SPM.

METHODS

Using data from the Cancer Registry of Norway, we included 9574 MM patients and 37 810 matched control subjects. The association between previous malignancies and a subsequent diagnosis of MM was analysed by a logistic regression model and the risk for SPM by a Cox model.

RESULTS

A previous diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) (OR 3.57; 95% CI:1.45-8.80) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (OR 3.66; 95% CI: 1.40-9.55) was associated with the subsequent development of MM. For MPN, the association with MM was explained by an excess of primary myelofibrosis (PMF) in the MM group. The overall incidence of a previous malignancy was not different between MM patients and the control subjects (OR 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87-1.00). MM patients had an increased risk for secondary acute myelogenous leukaemia/myelodysplastic syndromes (HR 6.1, 95% CI: 3.9-9.5).

CONCLUSIONS

A previous diagnosis of HL and PMF was associated with a subsequent diagnosis of MM, whereas the overall incidence of previous cancers was not increased for MM patients.

The impact of prior malignancies on the development of second malignancies and survival in follicular lymphoma: A population-based study

We assessed the impact of a prior malignancy diagnosis (PMD) - as a potential proxy for genetic cancer susceptibility - on the development of a second primary malignancy (SPM) and mortality in follicular lymphoma (FL) patients. From the nationwide Netherlands Cancer Registry, we selected all adult FL patients diagnosed in 1994-2012 (n = 8028) and PMDs and SPMs relative to FL, with follow-up until 2017. We constructed two Fine and Gray models - with death as a competing risk - to assess the association between a PMD and SPM incidence. A PMD was associated with an increased incidence of SPMs (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.64) - especially carcinomas of the respiratory tract (SHR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.10-3.05) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SHR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.01-2.45) - and a higher risk of mortality in a multivariable model (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.19-1.71). However, when additionally adjusted for the receipt of systemic therapy and/or radiotherapy before FL diagnosis, only patients who received such therapies had an increased incidence of SPMs (SHR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.02-1.93). In conclusion, patients with a PMD had a higher rate of SPMs and mortality than those without a PMD, which might have resulted from therapy-related carcinogenesis.

Long-term outcome of patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with blinatumomab

Blinatumomab, the first-in-class CD3/CD19 bispecific T-cell engager antibody construct, has recently been approved for treating patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the clinical proof of concept of blinatumomab efficacy was initially demonstrated in patients with R/R B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) in the MT103-104 phase 1 dose-escalation and expansion trial (NCT00274742), which defined 60 µg/m² per day as the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The clinically most relevant adverse effects were neurologic symptoms and cytokine release syndrome. Currently, there are no data on long-term outcomes and toxicity for B-NHL patients receiving blinatumomab treatment, so we performed a single-center, long-term follow-up analysis of 38 patients who participated in the MT103-104 phase 1 trial. We found no evidence for long-term toxicities, especially no blinatumomab-induced neurocognitive impairments. For the entire study population, the median overall survival (OS) was 4.6 years. Remarkably, patients who had received ≥60 µg/m² per day and responded to blinatumomab achieved a median OS of 7.7 years. Of note, 6 of the surviving patients treated at the MTD have been treatment-free for more than 7 years. In contrast, patients who were treated at dose levels below the MTD had a median OS of only 1.1 years. These results indicate that 60 µg/m² per day seems to represent the targeted dose level of blinatumomab required for durable remission in R/R B-NHL. Here, we provide the first clinical evidence that blinatumomab lacks long-term toxicity and has the potential to induce sustained remissions in patients with R/R B-NHL.

Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Cancer Survivors with Other Types of Primary Tumors

BACKGROUND

The clinical characteristics and outcomes of secondary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cancer survivors with other prior malignancies remain poorly understood. We aimed to depict the features of HCC patients with other prior cancer and to examine the prognostic effect of prior cancer in those patients.

METHODS

All patients diagnosed with HCC between 2004 and 2014 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis were conducted to determine survival differences and impact of prior cancer history.

RESULTS

In total, 32,343 eligible patients with HCC were included in the current study, and 2830 (8.7%) of those patients had prior cancer. Patients who had prior cancer were older and more frequently at localized or regional stages of HCC compared to those without a history of cancer. No differences in overall or cancer-specific survival rates were observed among patients with or without prior cancer, as revealed by the Kaplan-Meier curves. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, a history of cancer was not a prognostic factor for worse overall (HR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.94-1.03, P = 0.577) or HCC-specific (HR = 1.01, 95%CI 0.96-1.06, P = 0.802) survival after adjustment for various covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

Subsequent HCC in cancer survivors has several different clinical characteristics compared with primary HCC. A history of prior cancer did not significantly contribute to a worse prognosis for subsequent HCC.

Second primary malignancies among cancer patients

Background

Rate of second primary malignancies (SPM) is steadily increasing over the last decades. New therapies, early diagnostic markers, screening tests for a larger number of individuals contribute to the increase prevalence of SPM. In the current study, we try to described the demographic composition of SPM victims, distribution of primary sites, and the impact of related factors on prognosis.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study identifying patients over the age of 18 who were diagnosed with SPM from the 16 most common cancer sites between 2000 and 2013 from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the relationship between different factors associated to the prognosis of SPM. Standard incidence rate of multiple primary (MP-SIR) was also calculated.

Results

A total of 303,753 patients were diagnosis with SPM and 76,168 of whom (25.08%) were included in our analytic cohort. Patients with prostate cancer was vulnerable to SPM, accounting for 34.59%, and SPM was prone to occur in lung and bronchus, accounting for 24.90%. The heat map shows that esophagus cancer survivors have the highest risk of developing stomachache tumors (SIR =5.08). The result of Cox regression suggests that a history of liver was associated with the shortest survival time (HR =1.64, 95% CI, 1.54-1.75, P<0.001).

Conclusions

With the advancement of medical standards, the survival time of cancer patients is prolonged, but the occurrence of SPM is also increasing, and the prognosis is not optimistic. More attention needs to be invested in the prevention and treatment of SPM.

Compliance with cancer screening and influenza vaccination guidelines in non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors

PURPOSE

Compliance with US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) age-appropriate cancer screening and immunization guidelines in lymphoma survivors is not known. We sought to measure compliance in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) survivors and identify any differences based on patient, disease, and treatment characteristics.

METHODS

Eligible NHL survivors were identified from the Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER) prospective cohort study. Survivors self-reported colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer screening and influenza immunization in a questionnaire 3 years post-diagnosis (FU3). The USPSTF guidelines were used to define compliance. Chi-square tests were used to compare characteristics of compliant versus non-compliant survivors.

RESULTS

A total of 1833 MER participants from 2005 to 2012 completed a FU3. Rates of breast and prostate cancer screening were 96% and 72%, respectively. No differences in compliance based on patient or disease characteristics or treatment were observed. Ninety-two percent of survivors were compliant with colorectal cancer screening. Older age, indolent lymphoma histology, and 2008-2012 year of diagnosis were associated with higher compliance. Eighty-two percent of survivors were compliant with influenza vaccination and older age was associated with higher compliance.

CONCLUSION

NHL survivors have high compliance with USPSTF recommendations for cancer screening and immunization. Survivors who are younger or have aggressive lymphomas are less likely to meet the colorectal cancer screening guidelines. Older survivors are more likely to receive influenza vaccination.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Measures to further improve preventive care for NHL survivors, especially those younger in age, are necessary.

Risk for malignancies of infectious etiology among adult survivors of specific non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes

Infectious agents have been identified in the etiology of certain non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes and solid tumors. The impact of this shared etiology on risk for second cancers in NHL survivors has not been comprehensively studied. We used US population-based cancer registry data to quantify risk of solid malignancies associated with infectious etiology among 127 044 adult 1-year survivors of the 4 most common NHL subtypes diagnosed during 2000 to 2014 (mean follow-up, 4.5-5.2 years). Compared with the general population, elevated risks for liver, stomach, and anal cancers were observed among diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) survivors (standardized incidence ratio [SIR], 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46-2.31; SIR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.16-1.94; SIR, 3.71; 95% CI, 2.52-5.27, respectively) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL; SIR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.34-2.83; SIR, 2.78; 95% CI, 2.02-3.74; SIR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.02-4.64, respectively) but not follicular lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Anal cancer risk was particularly elevated among DLBCL survivors with HIV (SIR, 68.34; 95% CI, 37.36-114.66) vs those without (SIR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.22-3.34). The observed patterns are consistent with shared associations between these cancers and hepatitis C virus, Helicobacter pylori, and HIV, respectively. In contrast, risks for cervical and oropharyngeal/tonsil cancers were not elevated among survivors of any NHL subtype, possibly because of the lack of NHL association with human papillomavirus or population-wide screening practices (for cervical cancer). In summary, patterns of elevated second cancer risk differed by NHL subtype. Our results suggest shared infectious etiology has implications for subsequent cancer risks among DLBCL and MZL survivors, which may help inform surveillance for these survivors.

Synchronous Hodgkin lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma: A rare case report and literature review

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a lymphoproliferative disease arising in the lymphoid tissue, which is characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells. Adenocarcinoma is the most frequent pathological type of stomach cancer. Improved survival in HL patients leads to the development of secondary malignancies. However, synchronous occurrence of these 2 malignancies is extremely rare. Here, we present a 45-year-old male complaining of a lymph node mass in the neck, without any abdominal symptoms, diagnosed as HL and gastric adenocarcinoma with hepatitis B carrier status. We treated the patient with 8 courses of pirarubicin bleomycin, vincristine, and dacarbazine (modified ABVD), and 4 courses of capecitabine therapy concurrently along with oral entecavir, as the patient survived longer than 20 months.The prognosis of multiple primary malignancies is poor because therapy is difficult, without a standard treatment. The frequency of multiple primary malignancies is increasing in recent years, and second malignancies in patients with cancer should be taken into consideration.

Second cancer incidence in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma treated with methotrexate with leucovorin rescue, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin regimen with or without rituximab and mediastinal radiotherapy: Results from a monoinstitutional cohort analysis of long-term survivors

Our aim is to assess the incidence of second cancer in long-time surviving primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) patients treated with combined radiochemoimmunotherapy (standard methotrexate with leucovorin rescue, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin with rituximab and mediastinal radiation therapy at a dose of 30 to 36 Gy). For this purpose, 92 points were evaluated. After a median overall survival of 137 months (range 76-212), we recorded second cancer in 3 of 80 long-surviving patients (3.75%) with cumulative incidence of 3.47% at 15 years and 11% at 17 years, with a 17-year second cancer-free survival of 82%. We observed 2 papillary thyroid cancers with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 7.97 and an absolute excess risk (AER) of 17. 84 and 1 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an SIR of 66.53 and an AER of 10.05. No breast cancer occurred. Although we should take into account the limits of the proposed statistical analysis, combined modality treatment was related to a significant SIR and AER for thyroid cancer and acute myeloid leukemia.

Hepatitis C virus - associated B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients are prone to develop bone marrow or various tissue infiltrates with monoclonal B cells, monoclonal B lymphocytosis or different types of B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (BCNHL), of which the most common are splenic marginal zone BCNHL, diffuse large BCNHL and follicular lymphoma. The association between chronic HCV infection and non Hodgkin’s lymphoma has been observed especially in areas with high prevalence of this viral infection. Outside the limitations of some studies that have been conducted, there are also geographic, environmental, and genetic factors that contribute to the epidemiological differences. Various microenvironmental signals, such as cytokines, viral antigenic external stimulation of lymphocyte receptors by HCV antigens, and intercellular interactions contribute to B cell proliferation. HCV lymphotropism and chronic antigenic stimulation are involved in B-lymphocyte expansion, as mixted cryoglobulinemia or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, which can progress to BCNHL. HCV replication in B lymphocytes has oncogenic effect mediated by intracellular HCV proteins. It is also involved in an important induction of reactive oxygen species that can lead to permanent B lymphocyte damage, as DNA mutations, after binding to surface B-cell receptors. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder could appear and it has a multiclonal potentiality that may develop into different types of lymphomas. The hematopoietic stem cell transplant made for lymphoma in HCV-infected patients can increase the risk of earlier progression to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. HCV infected patients with indolent BCNHL who receive antiviral therapy can be potentially cured. Viral clearance was related to lymphoma response, fact that highlights the probable involvement of HCV in lymphomagenesis. Direct acting antiviral drugs could be a solution for the patients who did not tolerate or respond to interferon, as they seem to be safe and highly effective. The use of chemotherapy in combination with rituximab for the treatment of BCNHL in patients infected with HCV can produce liver dysfunction. The addition of immunotherapy with rituximab can increase the viral replication, and severe complications can occure especially in patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus or immune immunodeficiency virus, in those with hepatocarcinoma, cirrhosis, or liver cytolysis. But the final result of standard immunochemotherapy applied to diffuse large BCNHL patients with HCV infection is not notably worse than in those without this viral infection. The treatment of patients chronically infected with HCV and having BCNHL is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach and the risk / benefit ratio of rituximab treatment must be evaluated especially in those with liver cytolysis.

Long-term complication in follicular lymphoma: assessing the risk of secondary neoplasm in 242 patients treated or not with 90-yttrium-ibritumomab-tiuxetan

BACKGROUND

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients have a 25% increased risk of secondary primary neoplasms (SPNs). Regarding the controversy about the increased risk of SPN in patients exposed to radioimmunotherapy (RIT), we have analyzed this issue in a cohort of follicular lymphoma (FL) patients treated with/without RIT.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective study including all consecutive FL patients diagnosed since 2001 was performed. Demographic, clinical data including the incidence of any kind of neoplasm (excluding basocellular skin carcinoma) were recorded.

RESULTS

A total of 242 patients were registered, male/female: 103/139, mean age: 59.9 yr (15-86), stage IV (57.8%), and Follicular Lymphoma Prognostic Index (FLIPI) low-risk (62.15%) predominance. Ninety-six patients (39.7%) were treated with 90Y-IT. The median follow-up for patients treated or not with 90Y-IT was 61 (8-273) and 38 (1-171) months. With respect to SPN incidence, 38 (15.6%) patients have at least two cancers, in 17 (44.7%), FL was the SPN; for the rest (226), the global incidence of SPNs was 9.3% (21), but there were no differences related to the exposition or not to 90Y-IT (P = 0.26). In seven patients, more than two (2-6) different therapies were registered; four were exposed to fludarabine-based therapy, three to radiotherapy and two to autologous stem-cell transplantation, and in the RIT cohort, two patients developed myelodysplastic syndrome.

CONCLUSION

This is one of the largest single institution reports assessing the risk of SPN in FL patients treated (96) or not (146) with 90Y-IT. It seems that 90Y-IT does not increase significantly the risk of SPN but avoiding its use after fludarabine and other intense cytotoxic schemes is recommended.

Lack of efficacy of imiquimod in patients with basal cell carcinoma previously treated with rituximab for B cell lymphoma: two case reports

Background

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a heterogeneous group, which involve either B or T lymphocytes. The most used treatment is a chemotherapy regimen, which includes cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin and prednisone combined with rituximab - a monoclonal antibody specific for CD20 - an antigen expressed on B lymphocyte membrane. Nonmelanoma skin cancers are the most common forms in patients who have lymphomas.

Case presentation

We reported the cases of two Caucasian men affected by non-Hodgkin disease, treated with chemotherapy and rituximab. After treatment, they both presented superficial basal cell carcinoma and we prescribed imiquimod 5 % cream. Unfortunately, the drug was not effective in either patient and the tumors were excised.

Conclusions

We speculated about the effect of rituximab on B lymphocytes, on a particular population of T cells and on antigen-presenting dendritic cells that may have determined a lower expression of some surface antigens involved in antigen presentation. These cells are the specific targets of imiquimod to promote skin cancer cells apoptosis. A lack of action by imiquimod on skin cancer after treatment with rituximab is likely due to its transitory inhibitory effects on lymphocytes and Langherans cells. Further studies could be useful to understand the mechanism behind the lack of response.