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Flecher MC, Balabram D, Salles YA, Souza FR, Estrela-Lima A, Nakagaki KYR, Cassali GD. Evaluation of immunophenotype and inflammation in canine mammary neoplasms with solid arrangement. J Comp Pathol 2024; 213:1-9. [PMID: 39018987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Morphological and immunohistochemical studies of solid arrangement canine mammary carcinomas have shown that the different histological types may be characterized by proliferation of epithelial and/or myoepithelial cells. However, little is known about immunophenotypes and the importance of inflammation as prognostic factors in these neoplasms. The objective of the present study was to characterize the immunophenotype and degree of inflammation in the solid type of canine mammary neoplasm and to investigate their association with metastasis, Ki-67 index, tumour size, necrosis and survival. Sixty-five carcinomas with solid pattern, basaloid carcinomas, solid papillary carcinomas, malignant adenomyoepitheliomas (MAMEs) or malignant myoepitheliomas (MMEs) were investigated. Luminal A, luminal B HER2 negative and HER2 positive, HER2 overexpressed and triple negative immunophenotypes were immunolabelled as were Ki-67 protein and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Histological peritumoural and intratumoural inflammatory infiltrates were graded (distribution × intensity) and the presence of necrosis identified. We found a statistical difference between histological types and immunophenotypes, with MME and MAME having a higher occurrence of luminal A, whereas most neoplasms had the luminal B HER-negative immunophenotype. There was no correlation between immunophenotype and degree of peri- and intratumoural inflammation, nodal metastasis, necrosis or tumour size. An increased degree of peri- and intratumoural inflammation was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, and more severe intratumoural inflammation was associated with the presence of tumour necrosis. Tumour size, Ki-67 index and Cox-2 score were not associated with inflammation in either peri- or intratumoural regions. No difference was observed in survival in relation to immunophenotype or degree of inflammation, but the Cox regression model revealed that nodal metastasis influenced the risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra C Flecher
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, 29101-420, Brazil
| | - Débora Balabram
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil
| | - Yasmin A Salles
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, 29101-420, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Souza
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Estrela-Lima
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 401170-110, Brazil
| | - Karen Y R Nakagaki
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of General Pathology/Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-091, Brazil.
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Molina OE, LaRue H, Simonyan D, Hovington H, Vittrant B, Têtu B, Fradet V, Lacombe L, Bergeron A, Fradet Y. Regulatory and memory T lymphocytes infiltrating prostate tumors predict long term clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372837. [PMID: 38887294 PMCID: PMC11180786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The localization, density but mostly the phenotype of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) provide important information on the initial interaction between the host immune system and the tumor. Our objective was to assess the prognostic significance of T (CD3+), T regulatory (Treg) (FoxP3+) and T memory (Tmem) (CD45RO+) infiltrating lymphocytes and of genes associated with TIL in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess the infiltration of CD3+, FoxP3+ and CD45RO+ cells in the tumor area, tumor margin and adjacent normal-like epithelium of a series of 98 PCa samples with long clinical follow-up. Expression of a panel of 31 TIL-associated genes was analyzed by Taqman Low-Density Array (TLDA) technology in another series of 50 tumors with long clinical follow-up. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to determine association of these markers with biochemical recurrence (BCR), need for definitive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or lethal PCa. Results TIL subtypes were present at different densities in the tumor, tumor margin and adjacent normal-like epithelium, but their density and phenotype in the tumor area were the most predictive of clinical outcomes. In multivariate analyses, a high density of Treg (high FoxP3+/CD3+ cell ratio) predicted a higher risk for need of definitive ADT (HR=7.69, p=0.001) and lethal PCa (HR=4.37, p=0.04). Conversely, a high density of Tmem (high CD45RO+/CD3+ cell ratio) predicted a reduced risk of lethal PCa (HR=0.06, p=0.04). TLDA analyses showed that a high expression of FoxP3 was associated with a higher risk of lethal PCa (HR=5.26, p=0.02). Expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3 and LAG-3 were correlated with that of FoxP3. Amongst these, only a high expression of TIM-3 was associated with a significant higher risk for definitive ADT in univariate Cox regression analysis (HR=3.11, p=0.01). Conclusion These results show that the proportion of Treg and Tmem found within the tumor area is a strong and independent predictor of late systemic progression of PCa. Our results also suggest that inhibition of TIM-3 might be a potential approach to counter the immunosuppressive functions of Treg in order to improve the anti-tumor immune response against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Eduardo Molina
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène LaRue
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David Simonyan
- Plateforme de recherche clinique et évaluative, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Hovington
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin Vittrant
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de pathologie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Bergeron
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Axe oncologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Xiao M, Tu L, Zhou T, He Y, Li X, Zuo Q. Predictive model based on multiple immunofluorescence quantitative analysis for pathological complete response to neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1396439. [PMID: 38887237 PMCID: PMC11180808 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1396439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to establish a prediction model for neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (NICT) in lung squamous cell carcinoma to guide clinical treatment. Methods This retrospective study included 50 patients diagnosed with lung squamous cell carcinoma who received NICT. The patients were divided into the pathological complete response (PCR) group and the non-PCR group. HE staining and multiple immunofluorescence (mIF) techniques were utilized to analyze the differences in the immune microenvironment between these groups. LASSO regression and optimal subset regression were employed to identify the most significant variables and construct a prediction model. Results The PCR group showed higher densities of lymphocyte nuclei and karyorrhexis based on HE staining. Furthermore, based on mIF analysis, the PCR group showed higher cell densities of CD8+, PD-L1+, and CD8+PD-L1+ in the tumor region, while showing lower cell densities of CD3+Foxp3+, Foxp3+, and CD163+. Logistic univariate analysis revealed CD8+PD-L1+, PD-L1+, CD8+, CD4+LAG-3+, lymphocyte nuclei, and karyorrhexis as significant factors influencing PCR. By using diverse screening methods, the three most relevant variables (CD8+, PD-L1+, and CD8+PD-L1+ in the tumor region) were selected to establish the prediction model. The model exhibited excellent performance in both the training set (AUC=0.965) and the validation set (AUC=0.786). In the validation set, In comparison to the conventional TPS scoring criteria, the model attained superior accuracy (0.85), specificity(0.67), and sensitivity (0.92). Conclusion NICT treatment might induce anti-tumor effects by enriching immune cells and reactivating exhausted T cells. CD8+, PD-L1+, and CD8+PD-L1+ cell abundances within the tumor region have been closely associated with therapeutic efficacy. Incorporating these three variables into a predictive model allows accurate forecasting of treatment outcomes and provides a reliable basis for selecting NICT treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaohui Li
- The Geriatric Respiratory Department, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiunan Zuo
- The Geriatric Respiratory Department, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Yehan Z, Sheng Q, Hong Y, Jiayu L, Jun H, Juan J, Min S, Jiaxin Y, Shangzhi H, Yi W, Qifeng W, Xuefeng L, Wenwu H, Xueyan C, Yang L, Zongyao H. To develop a prognostic model for neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy efficacy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by analyzing the immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1312380. [PMID: 38726002 PMCID: PMC11079241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1312380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The choice of neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is controversial. This study aims to provide a basis for clinical treatment selection by establishing a predictive model for the efficacy of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (NICT). Methods A retrospective analysis of 30 patients was conducted, divided into Response and Non-response groups based on whether they achieved major pathological remission (MPR). Differences in genes and immune microenvironment between the two groups were analyzed through next-generation sequencing (NGS) and multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF). Variables most closely related to therapeutic efficacy were selected through LASSO regression and ROC curves to establish a predictive model. An additional 48 patients were prospectively collected as a validation set to verify the model's effectiveness. Results NGS suggested seven differential genes (ATM, ATR, BIVM-ERCC5, MAP3K1, PRG, RBM10, and TSHR) between the two groups (P < 0.05). mIF indicated significant differences in the quantity and location of CD3+, PD-L1+, CD3+PD-L1+, CD4+PD-1+, CD4+LAG-3+, CD8+LAG-3+, LAG-3+ between the two groups before treatment (P < 0.05). Dynamic mIF analysis also indicated that CD3+, CD8+, and CD20+ all increased after treatment in both groups, with a more significant increase in CD8+ and CD20+ in the Response group (P < 0.05), and a more significant decrease in PD-L1+ (P < 0.05). The three variables most closely related to therapeutic efficacy were selected through LASSO regression and ROC curves: Tumor area PD-L1+ (AUC= 0.881), CD3+PD-L1+ (AUC= 0.833), and CD3+ (AUC= 0.826), and a predictive model was established. The model showed high performance in both the training set (AUC= 0.938) and the validation set (AUC= 0.832). Compared to the traditional CPS scoring criteria, the model showed significant improvements in accuracy (83.3% vs 70.8%), sensitivity (0.625 vs 0.312), and specificity (0.937 vs 0.906). Conclusion NICT treatment may exert anti-tumor effects by enriching immune cells and activating exhausted T cells. Tumor area CD3+, PD-L1+, and CD3+PD-L1+ are closely related to therapeutic efficacy. The model containing these three variables can accurately predict treatment outcomes, providing a reliable basis for the selection of neoadjuvant treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yehan
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Jiayu
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hou Jun
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Juan
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Min
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Jiaxin
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Shangzhi
- Department of Endoscopy Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Yi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Qifeng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Leng Xuefeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - He Wenwu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Liu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huang Zongyao
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Dimitrakopoulos FI, Goussia A, Koliou GA, Dadouli K, Batistatou A, Kourea HP, Bobos M, Arapantoni-Dadioti P, Tzaida O, Koletsa T, Chrisafi S, Sotiropoulou M, Papoudou-Bai A, Nicolaou I, Charchanti A, Mauri D, Aravantinos G, Binas I, Res E, Psyrri A, Pectasides D, Bafaloukos D, Koumarianou A, Bompolaki I, Rigakos G, Karanikiotis C, Koutras A, Zagouri F, Gogas H, Fountzilas G. Ten-year clinical outcome, toxicity and compliance of dose-dense sequential adjuvant administration of cyclophosphamide & epirubicin followed by docetaxel in patients with early breast cancer: A hellenic cooperative oncology group observational study (HE 10/10) with concurrent investigation of significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Breast 2024; 73:103668. [PMID: 38176305 PMCID: PMC10791571 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2023.103668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dose-dense sequential (dds) chemotherapy has changed the clinical outcome of patients with early breast cancer (BC). To investigate the impact of dose intensity (DI) in the adjuvant setting of BC, this observational trial (HE 10/10) was conducted assessing the long-term survival outcome, safety and toxicity of a currently widely used chemotherapeutic regimen. In addition, the prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes were also evaluated in the same cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS Totally, 1054 patients were prospectively enrolled in the current study with 1024 patients being eligible, while adequate tissue was available for 596 of them. TILs, CD8+ lymphocytes in intratumoral areas in contact with malignant cells (iCD8), CD8+ lymphocytes in tumor stroma (sCD8) as well as the total number of CD8+ lymphocytes within the tumor area (total CD8) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Within a median follow-up of 125.18 months, a total of 200 disease-free survival (DFS) events (19.5%) were reported. Importantly, the 10-year DFS and OS rates were 78.4% (95% CI 75.0-81.5) and 81.7% (95% CI 79.0-84.1), respectively. Interestingly, higher CD8+ T cells as well as TILs in the tumor microenvironment were associated with an improved long-term survival outcome. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study confirms the significance of dds adjuvant chemotherapeutic regimen in terms of long-term survival outcome, safety and toxicity as well as the prognostic significance of TILs and infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes in BC patients with early-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteinos-Ioannis Dimitrakopoulos
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Patras "Panagia the Help", University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Anna Goussia
- Department of Pathology, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Pathology, German Oncology Center, Limassol, Cyprus
| | | | - Katerina Dadouli
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anna Batistatou
- Department of Pathology, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Helen P Kourea
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Patras, Rion, Greece
| | - Mattheos Bobos
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Olympia Tzaida
- Department of Pathology, Metaxas Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Triantafyllia Koletsa
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Chrisafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Irene Nicolaou
- Department of Histopathology, Agii Anargiri Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Charchanti
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Davide Mauri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Aravantinos
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Agii Anargiri Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Binas
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Metropolitan Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Eleni Res
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Agii Anargiri Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Pectasides
- Oncology Section, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokratio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anna Koumarianou
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Rigakos
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Angelos Koutras
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Patras "Panagia the Help", University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Flora Zagouri
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National Andistrian U Kapodniversity of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Medical Oncology, German Oncology Center, Limassol, Cyprus
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Fan X, Nijman HW, de Bruyn M, Elsinga PH. ImmunoPET provides a novel way to visualize the CD103 + tissue-resident memory T cell to predict the response of immune checkpoint inhibitors. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:5. [PMID: 38182929 PMCID: PMC10769965 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made significant progress in oncotherapy improving survival of patients. However, the benefits are limited to only a small subgroup of patients who could achieve durable responses. Early prediction of response may enable treatment optimization and patient stratification. Therefore, developing appropriate biomarkers is critical to monitoring efficacy and assessing patient response to ICIs. MAIN BODY Herein, we first introduce a new potential biomarker, CD103, expressed on tissue-resident memory T cells, and discuss the potential application of CD103 PET imaging in predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. In addition, we describe the current targets of ImmunoPET and compare these targets with CD103. To assess the benefit of PET imaging, a comparative analysis between ImmunoPET and other imaging techniques commonly employed for tumor diagnosis was performed. Additionally, we compare ImmunoPET and immunohistochemistry (IHC), a widely utilized clinical method for biomarker identification with respect to visualizing the immune targets. CONCLUSION CD103 ImmunoPET is a promising method for determining tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) load and response to ICIs, thereby addressing the lack of reliable biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy. Compared to general T cell markers, CD103 is a specific marker for tissue-resident memory T cells, which number increases during successful ICI therapy. ImmunoPET offers noninvasive, dynamic imaging of specific markers, complemented by detailed molecular information from immunohistochemistry (IHC). Radiomics can extract quantitative features from traditional imaging methods, while near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging aids tumor detection during surgery. In the era of precision medicine, combining such methods will offer a more comprehensive approach to cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Fan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wu L, Chen M, Lin Y, Zeng B, Guo W, Chen L, Li Y, Yu L, Li J, Chen X, Zhang W, Li S, Cai W, Zhang K, Jin X, Huang J, Lin Q, Yang Y, Fu F, Wang C. Prognostic Value of Immunohistochemistry-based Subtyping Before and After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Triple-negative Breast Cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:27-35. [PMID: 38117286 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
To assess the predictive and prognostic value of a subtyping method based on immunohistochemistry in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). This study included patients with TNBC treated with anthracycline- and taxane-based NAC and curative surgery. Immunohistochemical (IHC) subtyping was performed using core needle biopsy specimens before NAC (pre-NAC) and residual tumors after NAC (post-NAC). Logistic regression was performed to identify predictive biomarkers of pathological complete response (pCR). Invasive disease-free survival (iDFS), distant disease-free survival (DDFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression. A total of 230 patients were followed up for a median of 59 months. Clinical lymph node status and the pre-NAC subtype were independent predictors of pCR (P=0.006 and 0.005, respectively). The pre-NAC subtype was an independent prognostic factor for long-term survival (iDFS: P < 0.001, DDFS: P=0.010, and OS: P=0.044). Among patients with residual disease (RD) after NAC, approximately 45% of tumors changed their IHC subtype. Furthermore, the post-NAC subtype, but not the pre-NAC subtype, was strongly associated with the survival of patients with RD (iDFS: P < 0.001, DDFS: P=0.005, and OS: P=0.006). The IHC subtype predicted response to NAC and long-term survival in patients with early TNBC. In patients with RD, almost 45% of the tumors changed subtype after NAC. The IHC subtype should be considered when planning additional therapies pre- and post-NAC.
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Tong F, Lu G, Zang J, Hao D, Xu W, Chen J, Ding Q, Xiong H. FKBP5 associated CD8 T cell infiltration is a novel prognostic biomarker in luminal B breast cancer. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231211771. [PMID: 37987640 PMCID: PMC10664447 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231211771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between FKBP prolyl isomerase 5 (FKBP5) gene expression and CD8 T cells in tumour progression and immunology of the luminal B subtype of breast cancer (LBBC) using bioinformatics analyses. METHODS The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2, Human Protein Atlas and breast cancer gene-expression miner v4.5 databases were used for data mining and analysing FKBP5, its co-expressed genes and CD8 T cell-related markers. The Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource 2.0 database was used for analysing the correlation and prognosis of FKBP5 and CD8 T cell infiltration level in LBBC. RESULTS Upregulated FKBP5 expression was correlated with improved survival in LBBC. Upregulated FKBP5-related CD8 T cell markers were also demonstrated to be significantly correlated with better survival in LBBC and might play a role in the biological activity of FKBP5. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that FKBP5 and its associated CD8 T cell infiltration are potential benign prognostic indicators for LBBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Long you County, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Genlin Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Long you County, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie Zang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhejiang Putuo Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dingji Hao
- Department of Thyroid Breast Hernia Surgery, Tonglu County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wangjue Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The People's Hospital of Long you County, Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jida Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiong Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Zhejiang Putuo Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hanchu Xiong
- Cancer Centre, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Gandhi S, Opyrchal M, Grimm MJ, Slomba RT, Kokolus KM, Witkiewicz A, Attwood K, Groman A, Williams L, Tarquini ML, Wallace PK, Soh KT, Minderman H, Maguire O, O'Connor TL, Early AP, Levine EG, Kalinski P. Systemic infusion of TLR3-ligand and IFN-α in patients with breast cancer reprograms local tumor microenvironments for selective CTL influx. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007381. [PMID: 37963636 PMCID: PMC10649898 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) predicts the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. The ability of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligands, interferons (IFNs) and COX2 inhibitors to synergistically induce CTL-attracting chemokines (but not regulatory T cell (Treg)-attractants) in the TME, but not in healthy tissues, observed in our preclinical studies, suggested that their systemic application can reprogram local TMEs. METHODS Six evaluable patients (33-69 years) with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer received six doses of systemic chemokine-modulating (CKM) regimen composed of TLR3 ligand (rintatolimod; 200 mg; intravenous), IFN-α2b (20 MU/m2; intravenous) and COX2 inhibitor (celecoxib; 2×200 mg; oral) over 2 weeks. The predetermined primary endpoint was the intratumoral change in the expression of CTL marker, CD8α, in the post-CKM versus pre-CKM tumor biopsies. Patients received follow-up pembrolizumab (200 mg, intravenously, every 3 weeks), starting 3-8 days after completion of CKM. RESULTS Post-CKM biopsies showed selectively increased CTL markers CD8α (average 10.2-fold, median 5.5-fold, p=0.034) and granzyme B (GZMB; 6.1-fold, median 5.8-fold, p=0.02), but not FOXP3 (Treg marker) relative to HPRT1 expression, resulting in the increases in average CD8α/FOXP3 ratio and GZMB/FOXP3 ratio. CKM increased intratumoral CTL-attractants CCL5 and CXCL10, but not Treg-attractants CCL22 or CXCL12. In contrast, CD8+ T cells and their CXCR3+ subset showed transient decreases in blood. One clinical response (breast tumor autoamputation) and three stable diseases were observed. The patient with clinical response remains disease free, with a follow-up of 46 months as of data cut-off. CONCLUSIONS Short-term systemic CKM selectively increases CTL numbers and CTL/Treg ratios in the TME, while transiently decreasing CTL numbers in the blood. Transient effects of CKM suggest that its simultaneous application with checkpoint blockade and other forms of immunotherapy may be needed for optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gandhi
- Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mateusz Opyrchal
- Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Melissa J Grimm
- Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ronald T Slomba
- Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen M Kokolus
- Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Agnieszka Witkiewicz
- Advanced Tissue Imaging Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Adrienne Groman
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lauren Williams
- Clinical Research Services, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mary Lynne Tarquini
- Clinical Research Services, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Flow & Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kah Teong Soh
- Flow & Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow & Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow & Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tracey L O'Connor
- Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Amy P Early
- Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ellis G Levine
- Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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10
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Aldrees R, Siegal GP, Wei S. The Peritumoral CD8 + /FOXP3 + Cell Ratio Has Prognostic Value in Triple-negative Breast Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2023; 31:621-628. [PMID: 37615661 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Compelling data has demonstrated the prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype generally associated with a poor clinical outcome but highly heterogeneous in nature. There have been limited studies investigating the importance of subsets of T cells in TILs. Further, the significance of intratumoral versus peritumoral TILs remains controversial. We examined the prognostic value of tumor-associated CD8 + cytotoxic T cells and FOXP3 + regulatory T cells in 35 chemotherapy-naive TNBC cases with a tumor-host interface in the tissue sections. The CD8 + and FOXP3 + cell count was expressed by immunoreactive cells per high-power field in an average of 10 high-power fields. There was a wide range of CD8 + and FOXP3 + T cells within the peritumoral and intratumoral stroma. Both CD8 + and FOXP3 + TILs were significantly higher at the former location as compared with the latter ( P <0.0001 and 0.003, respectively). The numbers of CD8 + and FOXP3 + T cells, either within peritumoral or intratumoral stroma, were not significantly associated with distant relapse-free or disease-specific survival. However, the peritumoral CD8 + /FOXP3 + ratio of TILs was significantly associated with prolonged relapse-free survival ( P =0.04) and disease-specific survival ( P =0.02). This association was not observed with the CD8 + /FOXP3 + ratio of intratumoral TILs. These observations suggest that the immunologic balance in the tumor microenvironment might determine antitumor immunity. Further, the peritumoral TILs appear to play a more important role in the progression of TNBC when compared with the intratumoral TILs, thus reaffirming the necessity of revisiting the method for the assessment of TILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Aldrees
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gene P Siegal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
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11
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Li J, Yao J, Qi L. Identification of TUBB2A as a Cancer-Immunity Cycle-Related Therapeutic Target in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00880-2. [PMID: 37742297 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a malignant subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of ER, PR, and HER2. We aimed to explore target gene from the perspective of cancer-immunity cycle, providing insights into treatment of TNBC. METHODS We obtained TNBC samples from METABRIC database and downloaded 4 datasets from GEO database, as well as an IMvigor210 dataset. WGCNA was applied to screen genes associated with cancer-immunity cycle in TNBC. GO, KEGG and GSEA analyses were performed to explore the target gene's potential functions and pathways. The binding motifs with transcription factors were predicted with FIMO. Immune infiltration analysis was conducted by CIBERSORT. RESULTS TUBB2A was screened out as our target gene which was negatively correlated with T cell recruitment in cancer-immunity cycle. TUBB2A expressed higher in TNBC samples than in normal samples. High expression of TUBB2A was associated with poor prognosis of TNBC. 12 transcription factors and 5 miRNAs might regulate TUBB2A's expression. The infiltration ratios of 7 types of immune cells such as CD8+ T cells, naive CD4+ T cells and activated memory CD4+ T cells were significantly lower in TUBB2A high expression group. TUBB2A was a potential drug target. CONCLUSION We screened a cancer-immunity cycle-related gene TUBB2A which was negatively correlated with T cell recruiting in TNBC. TUBB2A expressed higher in TNBC samples than in normal samples, associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- Department of Head and Neck, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Qi
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan, Huawei South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Wu Y, Ai H, Xi Y, Tan J, Qu Y, Xu J, Luo F, Dou C. Osteoclast-derived apoptotic bodies inhibit naive CD8 + T cell activation via Siglec15, promoting breast cancer secondary metastasis. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101165. [PMID: 37607544 PMCID: PMC10518580 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The bone microenvironment promotes cancer cell proliferation and dissemination. During periodic bone remodeling, osteoclasts undergo apoptosis, producing large numbers of apoptotic bodies (ABs). However, the biological role of osteoclast-derived ABs, which are residents of the bone-tumor niche, remains largely unknown. Here, we discover that AB-null MRL/lpr mice show resistance to breast cancer cell implantation, with more CD8+ T cell infiltrations and a higher survival rate. We uncover that the membranous Siglec15 on osteoclast-derived ABs binds with sialylated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and blocks downstream co-stimulatory signaling, leading to the inhibition of naive CD8+ T cell activation. In addition, our study shows that treatment with Siglec15 neutralizing antibodies significantly reduces the incidence of secondary metastases and improves the survival rate of mice with advanced breast cancer bone metastasis. Our findings reveal the immunosuppressive function of osteoclast-derived ABs in the bone-tumor niche and demonstrate the potential of Siglec15 as a common target for anti-resorption and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongbo Ai
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuhang Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiulin Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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13
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Gonzàlez-Farré M, Gibert J, Santiago-Díaz P, Menéndez S, Monzonis X, Olivares F, Riera X, López D, Torner A, Casado B, Bellosillo B, Lloveras B, Casadevall D, Rovira A, Servitja S, Albanell J, Vázquez I, Comerma L. Characterization and spatial distribution of the immune cell infiltrate in triple-negative breast cancer: a novel classification based on plasma cells and CD8+ T cells. Hum Pathol 2023; 139:91-105. [PMID: 37517596 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) are a robust prognostic and predictive biomarker in triple-negative breast carcinoma. However, the sTIL compartment comprises different cell populations. The aim of the study is to characterize the distribution of T cells (CD3+ and CD8+), B cells, and plasma cells and explore their association with outcome in the surgical specimen of 62 patients. Furthermore, programmed death ligand 1 expression and the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are explored. Patients with higher sTILs achieve better progression-free survival (PFS) (P = .0013), and tumors have more plasma cells in the infiltrate. Specifically, higher counts of T cells (both CD3+ and CD8+) have better PFS (P = .002 and P = .0086, respectively) as it is observed in tumors with higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the tumor core (P = .035). Higher infiltration by B cells and plasma cells shows a positive tendency toward increased PFS (P = .06 and P = .058). Programmed death ligand 1 (SP142) is positive in 56% of tumors. Tumors with at least 1 TLS (42%) show higher CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor core and the sTIL value doubles compared to tumors devoid of TLSs [sTIL mean: 36 ± 11% and 18 ± 5% (CI [Confidence Interval]: 95%), respectively]. Our study demonstrates that the characterization of the immune cell infiltration is as relevant as its distribution. Moreover, the importance of considering different immune cell types for classification is emphasized. Therefore, a new classification of triple-negative breast carcinoma immune infiltration with CD8+ T cell and plasma cell densities in the tumor core and infiltrative margin is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Gonzàlez-Farré
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Gibert
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Menéndez
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Monzonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xènia Riera
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David López
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torner
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Casado
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bellosillo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), University Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Lloveras
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), University Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Casadevall
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sònia Servitja
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Biomedical Network Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), University Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivonne Vázquez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Comerma
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Sun GY, Zhang J, Wang BZ, Jing H, Fang H, Tang Y, Song YW, Jin J, Liu YP, Tang Y, Qi SN, Chen B, Lu NN, Li N, Li YX, Ying JM, Wang SL. The prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, programmed cell death protein-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 in Stage I-III triple-negative breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:2044-2053. [PMID: 36966236 PMCID: PMC10205737 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02218-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) represent a robust biological prognostic biomarker in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, the contribution of different subsets of immune cells is unclear. We investigated the prognostic value of immune markers, including stromal TILs (sTILs), CD8+T and FOPX3+T cells, PD-1 and PD-L1 in non-metastatic TNBC. METHODS In total, 259 patients with Stage I-III TNBC were reviewed. The density of sTILs along with the presence of total (t), stromal (s), and intratumoral (i) CD8+T cells and FOPX3+T cells were evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical staining of PD-1, PD-L1 was also conducted. RESULTS All immune markers were positively correlated with each other (P < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, sTILs (P = 0.046), tCD8+T cells (P = 0.024), iCD8+T cells (P = 0.050) and PD-1 (P = 0.039) were identified as independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival (DFS). Further analysis showed that tCD8+T cells (P = 0.026), iCD8+T cells (P = 0.017) and PD-1 (P = 0.037) increased the prognostic value for DFS beyond that of the classic clinicopathological factors and sTILs. CONCLUSIONS In addition to sTILs, inclusion of tCD8+T, iCD8+T cells, or PD-1 may further refine the prognostic model for non-metastatic TNBC beyond that including classical factors alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, 350014, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Nan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Ning-Ning Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Ying
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China.
| | - Shu-Lian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China.
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15
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Lian W, Yang P, Li L, Chen D, Wang C. A ceRNA network-mediated over-expression of cuproptosis-related gene SLC31A1 correlates with poor prognosis and positive immune infiltration in breast cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1194046. [PMID: 37275369 PMCID: PMC10234574 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1194046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Solute carrier family 31 member 1(SLC31A1) has been reported as the copper importer, and was identified to be involved in the process of "cuproptosis". However, the mechanism of SLC31A1 in breast cancer remains unclear. Methods We examined the expression of SLC31A1 mRNA in breast cancer tissues and cell lines using Real-time PCR. The data for this study were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and analyzed via R 3.6.3. TIMER, UALCAN, GEPIA2, STRING, Metascape, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, starBase and miRNet websites were used for a comprehensive analysis of SLC31A1. Results Our study suggested that SLC31A1 mRNA was over-expressed in breast tumor tissue and breast cancer cell lines, and which was closely related to poor relapse-free survival (RFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). In addition, we constructed a co-expression network of SLC31A1. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that they were mainly involved in copper ion transport. Interestingly, SLC31A1 expression was positively associated with all m6A-related genes, especially with YTHDF3 (r = 0.479). Importantly, the LINC00511/miR-29c-3p/SLC31A1 axis was identified as the most potential pathway promoting breast cancer progress by affecting copper transport. Furthermore, the expression level of SLC31A1 in breast cancer was positively correlated with tumor immune cell infiltration, immune cell biomarkers and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF). Conclusion Up-regulation of SLC31A1 expression and regulation of copper ion transport mediated by LINC00511-miR-29-3p axis is related to poor prognosis and positively correlated with tumor immune infiltration in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Lian
- Department of Breast Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Liangqiang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Debo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Ren X, Song Y, Pang J, Chen L, Zhou L, Liang Z, Wu H. Prognostic value of various immune cells and Immunoscore in triple-negative breast cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1137561. [PMID: 37090736 PMCID: PMC10117828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1137561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the expression status and prognostic role of various immunoregulatory cells and test in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).MethodsThe expression of five markers (CD3/CD4/CD8/CD19/CD163) of tumor immune cells was evaluated retrospectively in tumor sections from 68 consecutive cases of TNBC by immunohistochemistry. Computational image analysis was used to quantify the density and distribution of each immune marker within the tumor region, tumor invasive margin, and expression hotspots. Immunoscores were calculated using an automated approach. Other clinical characteristics were also analyzed.ResultsFor all patients, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that high CD3+ signals in the tumor region (disease-free survival (DFS), P=0.0014; overall survival (OS), P=0.0031) and total region (DFS, P=0.0014; OS, P=0.0031) were significantly associated with better survival. High CD4+ levels in the tumor region and total regions were significantly associated with better survival (P<0.05). For Hotspot analysis, CD3+ was associated with significantly better survival for all Top1, Top2, and Top3 densities (DFS and OS, P<0.05). High CD4+ levels were significantly associated with better prognosis for Top1 and Top3 densities (DFS and OS, P<0.05). For stage IIB and IIIC patients, CD3+ in the tumor region and all Top hotspots was found to be significantly correlated with survival (DFS and OS, P<0.05). CD4+ cells were significantly associated with survival in the tumor region, total region, and Top3 density (DFS, P=0.0213; OS, P=0.0728). CD8+ cells were significantly associated with survival in the invasive margin, Top2 density, and Top3 density. Spatial parameter analysis showed that high colocalization of tumor cells and immune cells (CD3+, CD4+, or CD8+) was significantly associated with patient survival.ConclusionComputational image analysis is a reliable tool for evaluating the density and distribution of immune regulatory cells and for calculating the Immunoscore in TNBC. The Immunoscore retains its prognostic significance in TNBC later than IIB stage breast cancer. Future studies are required to confirm its potential to predict tumor responses to chemotherapy and immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ren
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Pang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Longyun Chen
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liangrui Zhou
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Liang, ; Huanwen Wu,
| | - Huanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiyong Liang, ; Huanwen Wu,
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Meyer-Lindemann U, Moggio A, Dutsch A, Kessler T, Sager HB. The Impact of Exercise on Immunity, Metabolism, and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3394. [PMID: 36834808 PMCID: PMC9967592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise represents an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy beneficially modifying the course of multiple diseases. The protective mechanisms of exercise are manifold; primarily, they are elicited by alterations in metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Exercise intensity and duration strongly influence the provoked response. This narrative review aims to provide comprehensive up-to-date insights into the beneficial effects of physical exercise by illustrating the impact of moderate and vigorous exercise on innate and adaptive immunity. Specifically, we describe qualitative and quantitative changes in different leukocyte subsets while distinguishing between acute and chronic exercise effects. Further, we elaborate on how exercise modifies the progression of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death worldwide, representing a prime example of a disease triggered by metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Here, we describe how exercise counteracts causal contributors and thereby improves outcomes. In addition, we identify gaps that still need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Meyer-Lindemann
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Moggio
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dutsch
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik B. Sager
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
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18
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Zhang L, Wei Y, He Y, Wang X, Huang Z, Sun L, Chen J, Zhu Q, Zhou X. Clinical implication and immunological landscape analyses of ANLN in pan-cancer: A new target for cancer research. Cancer Med 2023; 12:4907-4920. [PMID: 36030492 PMCID: PMC9972146 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anillin is a F-actin binding protein (ANLN) mainly involved in the process of cytokinesis and known to be dysregulated in diverse cancers. However, the role of ANLN in pan-cancer prognosis and tumor immunity remains unclear. METHODS Gene expression profiles of 31 solid tumors were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. ANLN mRNA and protein expression were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Protein expression of ANLN was further confirmed in Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis were utilized to assess the prognostic value of ANLN in pan-cancer. The correlation between ANLN and different immune gene markers and infiltration cells was analyzed via ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT. A BLCA immunotherapy cohort: IMvigor (210) was used to confirm the role of ANLN in immune response. RESULTS ANLN upregulation was detected in 21 types of cancers and was associated with poor overall survival (OS), disease-free interval (DFI), and progression-free interval (PFI) in most cancers except in THYM (Thymoma). Additionally, correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive association between ANLN expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), immune cells infiltration. and immune checkpoint genes in various cancers. The BLCA immunotherapy cohort confirmed that patients with higher ANLN level had better immune responses and longer OS. CONCLUSION ANLN may serve as a prognostic biomarker for pan-cancer. ANLN upregulation is associated with higher TMB, MSI, and immune cell infiltration in multiple types of tumors, shedding new light for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaping Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zebo Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Libing Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Medical Center of Soochow University), Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyi Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Mutka M, Joensuu K, Eray M, Heikkilä P. Quantities of CD3+, CD8+ and CD56+ lymphocytes decline in breast cancer recurrences while CD4+ remain similar. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:3. [PMID: 36627701 PMCID: PMC9830729 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much is known about tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (Tils) in primary breast cancer, as this has been the focus of much research in recent years, but regarding recurrent breast cancer, only few studies have been done. Our aim was to compare the quantities of Tils in primary breast carcinomas and their corresponding recurrences and to analyze the differences in the tumor Tils compositions in correlations with recurrence-free times and the clinicopathology of the tumor. METHODS One hundred thirty-seven breast cancer patients self-paired for primary- tumor-recurrence were divided into three groups based on the length of the recurrence-free interval. H&E-staining and immunohistochemical staining with antiCD3, antiCD4, antiCD8 and antiCD56 were performed. Differences in Tils between primaries and recurrences, between the recurrence-free interval groups, and between different clinicopathologic parameters were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Fewer stromal CD3+, CD8+ and CD56+ lymphocytes were found at recurrences compared to the primaries. No significant change in the percentage of CD4+ stromal lymphocytes. ER-negative primaries, PR-negative or HER2-positive tumors had more Tils in some subgroups. Ductal primaries had more Tils than lobular primaries and G3 tumors had more Tils than lower-grade tumors. The corresponding differences at recurrences could either not be detected or they were reversed. The fastest recurring group had generally more Tils than the slower groups. CONCLUSIONS CD4+ cell numbers did not decline from primary to recurrence in contrast to all other subclasses of lymphocytes. The proportion of CD4+ cells was higher in recurrences than in primaries. Tumors with a higher grade and proliferation rate had higher percentages of Tils. HER2+ and hormone receptor negative tumors tended to have higher Tils scores. In recurrences these differences were not seen or they were reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Mutka
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Joensuu
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mine Eray
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Heikkilä
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Shojaei S, Aznab M, Rahimi A, Ahmadi SM, Eslampia K, Golpazir A, Iravani M. Evaluation of the Role of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and CD8 + Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in the Survival of Patients with Breast Cancer. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2023; 17:9-17. [PMID: 37638284 PMCID: PMC10448926 DOI: 10.18502/ijhoscr.v17i1.11708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) and the number of CD8+ T cells in breast cancer and their relationship with the other clinicopathological factors, and overall survival (OS) was investigated. Materials and Methods: The studied samples were breast cancer patients (2005-2017) referring to the medical oncology departments for treatment. Pathologic samples of breast cancer patients were evaluated in terms of TIL and positive immunohistochemical staining for CD8 cytotoxic cells. Results: 299 patients were entered into the study, three were male and 296 female. Their mean follow-up period was 61 months. Statistical findings indicated that lymph involvement is more accompanied by low TIL within the tumor (0.011). Correlations were observed between the estrogen, progesterone receptors, P53 state, and TIL, which were significant by P-value<0.049, P-value=0.024, P-value =0.002, respectively. With any Ki67 value, the number of patients with less than 30% TIL was more considerable than the other two groups with lymphocyte cut-off of 30-50% and more than 50%. Comparison of the OS of patients with positive and negative CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes in 45 patients with lymphocyte infiltration of equal or more than 40% showed that the OS results were in favor of patients with CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocyte (0.022). Out of 299 patients, 17 died. Conclusion: Our findings showed that in cases of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes in tumors, the OS of the patients will be enhanced which can act as an independent factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mozaffar Aznab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Talaghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Department of Clinical Psychology School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Arash Golpazir
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Surgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Prognostic and Predictive Significance of Stromal Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (sTILs) in ER-Positive/HER2-Negative Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194844. [PMID: 36230767 PMCID: PMC9564297 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is less known for breast cancer patients with the estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor-negative (HER−) subtype. Here, we explored the prognostic and predictive value of TILs regarding distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) in 763 postmenopausal patients randomized to receive tamoxifen vs. no systemic treatment. TILs were assessed in whole section tumor samples stained with H&E and divided into low (<10%), intermediate (10−39%), or high (≥40%). High TILs were associated with poor prognostic variables and good prognoses for all patients, but not within the ER+/HER2− group. Within the ER+/HER2− group, high gene expression of CD19 and PD-L1 and high IMMUNE1 score indicated good prognosis in multivariable analysis while high CD8 and CD19 gene expression and high IMMUNE1 score were associated with less tamoxifen benefit. These results indicate that within the ER+/HER2− subtype there could be subsets of patients where expression of specific TIL markers might be used to reveal candidates for immune therapy interventions upon failure of the endocrine therapy.
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22
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Lin S, Tan Z, Cui H, Ma Q, Zhao X, Wu J, Dai L, Kang H, Guan F, Dai Z. Identification of glycogene signature as a tool to predict the clinical outcome and immunotherapy response in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:854284. [PMID: 36185271 PMCID: PMC9515430 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.854284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the most important diseases in women around the world. Glycosylation modification correlates with carcinogenesis and roles of glycogenes in the clinical outcome and immune microenvironment of breast cancer are unclear. Methods A total of 1297 breast cancer and normal cases in the TCGA and GTEx databases were enrolled and the transcriptional and survival information were extracted to identify prognostic glycogenes using Univariate Cox, LASSO regression, Multivariate Cox analyses and Kaplan-Meier method. The immune infiltration pattern was explored by the single sample gene set enrichment method. The HLA and immune checkpoint genes expression were also compared in different risk groups. The expressions of a glycogene MGAT5 as well as its products were validated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting in breast cancer tissues and cells. Results A 19-glycogene signature was identified to separate breast cancer patients into high- and low-risk groups with distinct overall survival rates (P < 0.001). Compared with the high-risk group, proportion of naive B cells, plasma cells and CD8+ T cells increased in the low-risk group (P < 0.001). Besides, expressions of HLA and checkpoint genes, such as CD274, CTLA4, LAG3 and TIGIT3, were upregulated in low-risk group. Additionally, highly expressed MGAT5 was validated in breast cancer tissues and cells. Downstream glycosylation products of MGAT5 were all increased in breast cancer. Conclusions We identified a 19-glycogene signature for risk prediction of breast cancer patients. Patients in the low-risk group demonstrated a higher immune infiltration and better immunotherapy response. The validation of MGAT5 protein suggests a probable pathway and target for the development and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zengqi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hanxiao Cui
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qilong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuyan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Luyao Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huafeng Kang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Glycobiology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Guan, ; Zhijun Dai,
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Guan, ; Zhijun Dai,
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Gnosa S, Puig-Blasco L, Piotrowski KB, Freiberg ML, Savickas S, Madsen DH, Auf dem Keller U, Kronqvist P, Kveiborg M. ADAM17-mediated EGFR ligand shedding directs macrophage promoted cancer cell invasion. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155296. [PMID: 35998057 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment have a significant impact on tumor progression. Depending on the signaling environment in the tumor, macrophages can either support or constrain tumor progression. It is therefore of therapeutic interest to identify the tumor-derived factors that control macrophage education. With this aim, we correlated the expression of ADAM proteases, which are key mediators of cell-cell signaling, to the expression of pro-tumorigenic macrophage markers in human cancer cohorts. We identified ADAM17, a sheddase upregulated in many cancer types, as a protein of interest. Depletion of ADAM17 in cancer cell lines reduced the expression of several pro-tumorigenic markers in neighboring macrophages in vitro as well as in mouse models. Moreover, ADAM17-/- educated macrophages demonstrated a reduced ability to induce cancer cell invasion. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and ELISA, we identified HB-EGF and AREG, shed by ADAM17 in the cancer cells, as the implicated molecular mediators of macrophage education. Additionally, RNA-seq and ELISA experiments revealed that ADAM17-dependent HB-EGF-ligand release induces the expression and secretion of CXCL chemokines in macrophages, which in turn stimulates cancer cell invasion.In conclusion, we provide evidence that ADAM17 mediates a paracrine EGFR-ligand-chemokine feedback loop, whereby cancer cells hijack macrophages to promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laia Puig-Blasco
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marie L Freiberg
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simonas Savickas
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel H Madsen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Auf dem Keller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ribeiro R, Carvalho MJ, Goncalves J, Moreira JN. Immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: Insights into tumor immune landscape and therapeutic opportunities. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:903065. [PMID: 36060249 PMCID: PMC9437219 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.903065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a clinically aggressive subtype of breast cancer that represents 15-20% of breast tumors and is more prevalent in young pre-menopausal women. It is the subtype of breast cancers with the highest metastatic potential and recurrence at the first 5 years after diagnosis. In addition, mortality increases when a complete pathological response is not achieved. As TNBC cells lack estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, patients do not respond well to hormone and anti-HER2 therapies, and conventional chemotherapy remains the standard treatment. Despite efforts to develop targeted therapies, this disease continues to have a high unmet medical need, and there is an urgent demand for customized diagnosis and therapeutics. As immunotherapy is changing the paradigm of anticancer treatment, it arises as an alternative treatment for TNBC patients. TNBC is classified as an immunogenic subtype of breast cancer due to its high levels of tumor mutational burden and presence of immune cell infiltrates. This review addresses the implications of these characteristics for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the disease. Herein, the role of immune gene signatures and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as biomarkers in TNBC is reviewed, identifying their application in patient diagnosis and stratification, as well as predictors of efficacy. The expression of PD-L1 expression is already considered to be predictive of response to checkpoint inhibitor therapy, but the challenges regarding its value as biomarker are described. Moreover, the rationales for different formats of immunotherapy against TNBC currently under clinical research are discussed, and major clinical trials are highlighted. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated clinical benefit, particularly in early-stage tumors and when administered in combination with chemotherapy, with several regimens approved by the regulatory authorities. The success of antibody-drug conjugates and research on other emerging approaches, such as vaccines and cell therapies, will also be addressed. These advances give hope on the development of personalized, more effective, and safe treatments, which will improve the survival and quality of life of patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ribeiro
- CNC—Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Coimbra, Portugal
- iMed.ULisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra—University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Carvalho
- Univ Coimbra—University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
- CHUC—Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Department of Gynaecology, Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra—University Clinic of Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- iCBR—Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC—Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Goncalves
- iMed.ULisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra—University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
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The Landscape of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells in Feline Mammary Carcinoma: Pathological and Clinical Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162578. [PMID: 36010653 PMCID: PMC9406662 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) shares key molecular and clinicopathological features with human breast cancer. We have herein studied the inflammatory infiltrate of FMC in order to uncover potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers. To this end, the expression of different markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD56, FoxP3, CD68 and CD163) was analyzed in total, stromal (s) and intratumoral (i) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), in 73 feline mammary carcinomas. The results revealed that higher percentages of sCD8+ TILs were associated with longer disease-free survival (p = 0.05) and overall survival (p = 0.021). Additionally, higher percentages of iCD4+ TILs correlated with positive lymph node status (p = 0.003), whereas CD163+ TAMs were associated with undifferentiated tumors (p = 0.013). In addition, sCD3+ (p = 0.033), sCD8+ (p = 0.044) and sCD68+ (p = 0.023) immune cells were enriched in triple negative normal-like carcinomas compared to other subtypes. Altogether, our results suggest that specific subsets of immune cells may play a major role in clinical outcome of cats with mammary carcinoma, resembling what has been reported in human breast cancer. These data further support the relevance of the feline model in breast cancer studies.
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Mutka M, Virtakoivu R, Joensuu K, Hollmén M, Heikkilä P. Clever-1 positive macrophages in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 195:237-248. [PMID: 35917053 PMCID: PMC9464734 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Common Lymphatic Endothelial and Vascular Endothelial Receptor 1 (Clever-1) is expressed by a subset of immunosuppressive macrophages and targeting the receptor with therapeutic antibodies has been shown to activate T-cell-mediated anti-cancer immunity. The aim of this research was to study Clever-1 expression in breast cancer. Specifically, how Clever-1 + macrophages correlate with clinicopathologic factors, Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and prognosis. Methods Tissue microarray blocks were made from 373 primary breast cancer operation specimens. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E-staining) and immunohistochemical staining with Clever-1, CD3, CD4 and CD8 antibodies were performed. Differences in quantities of Clever-1 + macrophages and TILs were analyzed. Clever-1 + cell numbers were correlated with 25-year follow-up survival data and with breast cancer clinicopathologic parameters. Results Low numbers of intratumoral Clever-1 + cells were found to be an independent adverse prognostic sign. Increased numbers of Clever-1 + cells were found in high grade tumors and hormone receptor negative tumors. Tumors that had higher amounts of Clever-1 + cells also tended to have higher amounts of TILs. Conclusion The association of intratumoral Clever-1 + macrophages with better prognosis might stem from the function of Clever as a scavenger receptor that modulates tumor stroma. The association of Clever-1 + macrophages with high number of TILs and better prognosis indicates that immunosuppression by M2 macrophages is not necessarily dampening adaptive immune responses but instead keeping them in control to avoid excess inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Mutka
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, N00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi Heikkilä
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, N00290, Helsinki, Finland
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PLK1 Is a Potential Prognostic Factor Associated with the Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7848771. [PMID: 35941968 PMCID: PMC9356880 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7848771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
More than 40% of lung cancers are lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) worldwide. However, the prognosis of LUAD is poor for the lack of effective treatment methods. Our study identified PLK1 as a novel prognosis biomarker and treatment target for LUAD. Based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from 551 LUAD cases were analyzed for the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. To explore the biological pathways and the tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) using gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and the CIBERSORT, as well as to analyze DEGs, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Cox regression analysis were performed. Validation of DEGs was achieved through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunoblotting. DEGs associated with the cell cycle were sorted out. Cell cycle scores were positively correlated with age, clinical stages, and metastasis and negatively correlated with overall survival of LUAD patients. PPI and Cox analyses showed that PLK1 could be a prognostic factor for LUAD patients. CIBERSORT analysis revealed a positive correlation between the transcription level of PLK1 and the function of CD8+ and activated memory CD4+ T cells, as well as a negative correlation with activated natural killer cells. Furthermore, PLK1 overexpression increased immune cytotoxicity, as measured by the cytolytic activity score, IFN- score, and IFN- level. There is a strong correlation between PLK1 and key features of TICs, indicating its potential as a promising prognostic biomarker for LUAD.
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Huertas-Caro CA, Ramirez MA, Gonzalez-Torres HJ, Sanabria-Salas MC, Serrano-Gómez SJ. Immune Lymphocyte Infiltrate and its Prognostic Value in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:910976. [PMID: 35924147 PMCID: PMC9342669 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.910976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) occurs more frequently in young (<50 years) non-Hispanic black and Hispanic/Latina women. It is considered the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, although, recently, immune infiltrate has been associated with long-term survival, lower risk of death and recurrence, and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of this review was to evaluate the clinical impact of the immune infiltrate in TNBC by discussing whether its prognostic value varies across different populations. A comprehensive systematic search in databases such as PubMed and Web of Science was conducted to include papers focused on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in TNBC in different population groups and that were published before January 2021. TNBC patients with higher levels of TILs had longer overall survival and disease-free survival times compared with TNBC patients with low TIL levels. Similar results were observed for CD4+, CD8+ TIL populations. On the other hand, patients with high TIL levels showed a higher rate of pathological complete response regardless of the population group (Asian, European, and American). These results altogether suggest that TIL subpopulations might have a prognostic role in TNBC, but the underlying mechanism needs to be elucidated. Although the prognosis value of TILs was not found different between the population groups analyzed in the revised literature, further studies including underrepresented populations with different genetic ancestries are still necessary to conclude in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayra Alejandra Ramirez
- Grupo de investigación en biología del cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Henry J. Gonzalez-Torres
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Silvia J. Serrano-Gómez
- Grupo de apoyo y seguimiento para la investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Silvia J. Serrano-Gómez,
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Ye Z. Identification of T cell-related biomarkers for breast cancer based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis. J Chemother 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35822502 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2022.2097431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy worldwide, with immunotherapy and targeted therapy being key strategies to improving the prognosis. We downloaded mRNA expression dataset of breast cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and divided preprocessed genes into 12 modules based on gene expression profile by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The StromalScore, ImmuneScore and ESTIMATEScore of samples were assessed. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that ImmuneScore was notably correlated with breast cancer patient's prognosis. By analyzing the connectivity between module eigengenes and clinical traits, the gene module closely related to ImmuneScore was obtained. Further, through intramodular gene connectivity and protein-protein interaction network topology analysis of module genes, hub genes (HLA-E, HLA-DPB1 and HLA-DRB1) in immune-related module were screened out. Finally, bioinformatics analysis displayed that HLA-DPB1 and HLA-DRB1 were notably overexpressed and HLA-E was underexpressed in breast cancer tissues. TIMER database analysis showed that three hub gene levels were significantly correlated with infiltration levels of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells. Meanwhile, Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive correlation between three hub genes and those of immune checkpoint genes (LAG3, PD-1, PD-L1). Additionally, prognosis could be effectively evaluated by HLA-DPB1 and HLA-DRB1 levels, and differentially activated signalling pathways between high- and low-expression groups of HLA-E and HLA-DPB1 were obtained by gene set enrichment analysis. To conclude, this study identified three T cell-related biomarkers for breast cancer based on TCGA-BRCA dataset, and the screened genes could provide references for breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkai Ye
- Department of Radiotherapy, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Affiliated Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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30
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Zhao Y, Tang Y, Qin H, Feng K, Hu C. The efficient circulating immunoscore predicts prognosis of patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:233. [PMID: 35820903 PMCID: PMC9277963 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoscore from tumor tissues was initially established to evaluate the prognosis of solid tumor patients. However, the feasibility of circulating immune score (cIS) for the prognosis of advanced gastrointestinal cancers (AGC) has not been reported. Material and methods Peripheral venous blood was collected from 64 untreated AGC patients. We utilized flow cytometry to determine several immune cell subpopulations, including CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, NK cells, and CD4 + CD25 + CD127low Tregs. The circulating immune score 1 (cIS1) was assessed according to the proportions of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and NK cell, whereas circulating immune score 2 (cIS2) was derived from the proportions of CD4+, CD8+ T cell, and CD4 + CD25 + CD127low Tregs. The prognostic role of cIS for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox multivariate models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were depicted to compare the prognostic values of cIS1 and cIS2. Results AGC patients with high cIS1(≥ 2) and cIS2(≥ 2) had significantly longer PFS (cIS1: median PFS, 11 vs. 6.7 months, P = 0.001; cIS2: 12 vs. 5.8 months, P < 0.0001) and OS (cIS1: median OS, 12 vs. 7.9 months, P = 0.0004; cIS2: 12.8 vs. 7.4 months, P < 0.0001) than those with low cIS1 and low cIS2. The areas under ROC curves (AUROCs) of cIS1 and cIS2 for OS were 0.526 (95% confidence interval; 95% CI 0.326–0.726) and 0.603 (95% CI 0.427–0.779, P = 0.332), whereas AUROC of cIS2 for PFS was larger than that of cIS1 0.735 (95% CI 0.609–0.837) vs 0.625 (95% CI 0.495–0.743) (P = 0.04)). Conclusion The cIS can be applied to predict the prognosis of untreated AGC patients. Compared with cIS1, cIS2 displayed superior prognostic value for PFS prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanlin Qin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Kehai Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlu Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, People's Republic of China
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31
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Wu H, Wang H, Chen Y. Pan-cancer analysis of tumor mutation burden sensitive tumors reveals tumor-specific subtypes and hub genes related to immune infiltration. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04139-2. [PMID: 35780251 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High tumor mutation burden (TMB) failed to serve as a favorable prognostic biomarker for immunotherapy across all tumors. This study aimed to explore TMB-sensitive tumors on a pan-cancer level and construct their immune infiltration phenotypes in TMB-high groups. METHODS Pan-cancer patients were separated into TMB-high and TMB-low groups based on the median TMB values per tumor. TMB-related genes were identified using differently expressed genes (DEGs) and differently mutated genes (DMGs) between the above two TMB groups. CIBERSORT algorithm was used to estimate the abundance of 22 tumor immune infiltrating cells (TIICs). Consensus clustering analysis was applied to predict molecular subtypes. Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlations between hub genes and TIICs and immunomodulator genes. RESULTS Nine TMB-sensitive tumors were identified by high-frequency of TMB-related genes. A total of 126 tumor-specific hub genes (1 in BLCA, 19 in BRCA, 4 in COAD, 4 in HNSC, 25 in LUAD, 2 in LUSC, 27 in SKCM, 37 in STAD, and 7 UCEC) were identified. In five out of nine TMB-sensitive tumors, the molecular subtypes based on hub gene expression were characterized by TMB values, prognostic values and tumor-specific TIICs levels. In TMB-high groups, hub genes associated immune infiltration phenotypes were constructed with key TIICs and immunomodulators spanning TMB-sensitive tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our tumor-specific analysis revealed hub genes associated immune infiltration features may serve as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers of immunotherapy, providing the potential underlying mechanism of immune infiltration in TMB-high groups across TMB-sensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hanchu Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China.
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Jenkins L, Jungwirth U, Avgustinova A, Iravani M, Mills AP, Haider S, Harper J, Isacke CM. Cancer-associated fibroblasts suppress CD8+ T cell infiltration and confer resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2904-2917. [PMID: 35749591 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) promotes anti-tumor immune responses and can result in durable patient benefit. However, response rates in breast cancer patients remain modest, stimulating efforts to discover novel treatment options. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) represent a major component of the breast tumor microenvironment and have known immunosuppressive functions in addition to their well-established roles in directly promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Here we utilized paired syngeneic mouse mammary carcinoma models to show that CAF abundance is associated with insensitivity to combination αCTLA-4 and αPD-L1 ICB. CAF-rich tumors exhibited an immunologically cold tumor microenvironment, with transcriptomic, flow cytometric, and quantitative histopathological analyses demonstrating a relationship between CAF density and a CD8+ T cell-excluded tumor phenotype. The CAF receptor Endo180 (Mrc2) is predominantly expressed on myofibroblastic CAFs, and its genetic deletion depleted a subset of αSMA-expressing CAFs and impaired tumor progression in vivo. Addition of wild-type, but not Endo180-deficient, CAFs in co-implantation studies restricted CD8+ T cell intratumoral infiltration, and tumors in Endo180 knockout mice exhibited increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and enhanced sensitivity to ICB compared to tumors in wild-type mice. Clinically, in a trial of melanoma patients, high MRC2 mRNA levels in tumors was associated with a poor response to αPD-1 therapy, highlighting the potential benefits of therapeutically targeting a specific CAF subpopulation in breast and other CAF-rich cancers to improve clinical responses to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Jenkins
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Adam P Mills
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Haider
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Harper
- AstraZeneca (United Kingdom), Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Čeprnja T, Mrklić I, Perić Balja M, Marušić Z, Blažićević V, Spagnoli GC, Juretić A, Čapkun V, Tečić Vuger A, Vrdoljak E, Tomić S. Prognostic Significance of Lymphocyte Infiltrate Localization in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060941. [PMID: 35743725 PMCID: PMC9224650 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High infiltration by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is associated with favorable prognosis in different tumor types, but the clinical significance of their spatial localization within the tumor microenvironment is debated. To address this issue, we evaluated the accumulation of intratumoral TILs (itTILs) and stromal TILs (sTILs) in samples from 97 patients with early triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in the center (sTIL central) and periphery (sTIL peripheral) of tumor tissues. Moreover, the presence of primary and secondary lymphoid aggregates (LAs) and the expression levels of the cancer testis antigen (CTA), NY-ESO-1, and PD-L1 were explored. High infiltration by itTILs was observed in 12/97 samples (12.3%), unrelated to age, Ki67 expression, tumor size, histologic type and grade, and LA presence. NY-ESO-1 was expressed in tumor cells in 37 samples (38%), with a trend suggesting a correlation with itTIL infiltration (p = 0.0531). PD-L1 expression was detected in immune cells in 47 samples (49%) and was correlated with histologic grade, sTILs, and LA formation. The presence of primary LAs was significantly correlated with better disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.027). Moreover, no tumor progression was observed during >40 months of clinical follow up in the 12 patients with high itTILs or in the 14 patients with secondary LAs. Thus, careful evaluation of lymphoid infiltrate intratumoral localization might provide important prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Čeprnja
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, University Hospital Center Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.M.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivana Mrklić
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, University Hospital Center Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Melita Perić Balja
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center “Sestre Milosrdnice”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zlatko Marušić
- Department of Pathology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | | | | - Antonio Juretić
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Hospital “Sveti Duh”, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Vesna Čapkun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Centre Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ana Tečić Vuger
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center “Sestre Milosrdnice”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Eduard Vrdoljak
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center Split, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Snježana Tomić
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, University Hospital Center Split, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.M.); (S.T.)
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Hunt EG, Andrews AM, Larsen SR, Thaxton JE. The ER-Mitochondria Interface as a Dynamic Hub for T Cell Efficacy in Solid Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867341. [PMID: 35573704 PMCID: PMC9091306 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large continuous membranous organelle that plays a central role as the hub of protein and lipid synthesis while the mitochondria is the principal location for energy production. T cells are an immune subset exhibiting robust dependence on ER and mitochondrial function based on the need for protein synthesis and secretion and metabolic dexterity associated with foreign antigen recognition and cytotoxic effector response. Intimate connections exist at mitochondrial-ER contact sites (MERCs) that serve as the structural and biochemical platforms for cellular metabolic homeostasis through regulation of fission and fusion as well as glucose, Ca2+, and lipid exchange. Work in the tumor immunotherapy field indicates that the complex interplay of nutrient deprivation and tumor antigen stimulation in the tumor microenvironment places stress on the ER and mitochondria, causing dysfunction in organellar structure and loss of metabolic homeostasis. Here, we assess prior literature that establishes how the structural interface of these two organelles is impacted by the stress of solid tumors along with recent advances in the manipulation of organelle homeostasis at MERCs in T cells. These findings provide strong evidence for increased tumor immunity using unique therapeutic avenues that recharge cellular metabolic homeostasis in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Hunt
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alex M. Andrews
- Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Orthopedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | - Jessica E. Thaxton
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Jessica E. Thaxton,
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Luo L, Keyomarsi K. PARP inhibitors as single agents and in combination therapy: the most promising treatment strategies in clinical trials for BRCA-mutant ovarian and triple-negative breast cancers. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:607-631. [PMID: 35435784 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2067527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) are an exciting class of agents that have shown efficacy, particularly for BRCA-mutant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). However, most patients who receive PARPi as their standard of care therapy inevitably develop resistance and this underscores the need to identify additional targets that can circumvent such resistance. Combination treatment strategies have been developed in preclinical and clinical studies to address the challenges of efficacy and resistance. AREAS COVERED This review examines completed or ongoing clinical trials of PARPi mono- and combination therapies. PARPi monotherapy in HER2 negative breast (HR+ and TNBC subtypes) and ovarian cancer is a focal point. The authors propose potential strategies that might overcome resistance to PARPi and discuss key questions and future directions. EXPERT OPINION While the advent of PARPis has significantly improved the treatment of tumors with defects in DNA damage and repair pathways, careful patient selection will be essential to enhance these treatments. The identification of molecular biomarkers to predict disease response and progression is an endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Luo
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Prognostic Impact of High Baseline Stromal Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in the Absence of Pathologic Complete Response in Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051323. [PMID: 35267631 PMCID: PMC8909018 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary High stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) are associated with an improved pathologic complete response (pCR) and survival in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We hypothesized that high baseline sTILs would have a favorable prognostic impact in TNBC patients without a pCR. In this study of 318 early-stage TNBC patients in a prospective clinical trial, event-free survival (EFS) in patients without a pCR was not significantly different between those with high sTILs and those with low sTILs (p = 0.7). Therefore, high baseline sTILs do not confer a benefit in EFS in the absence of a pCR. RNA-seq analysis predicted more CD8+ T cells in the high-sTIL group with favorable EFS compared with the high-sTIL group with unfavorable EFS, suggesting the type of lymphocytes within the TIL fraction may be an important parameter to consider for de-escalation strategies. The implications of our findings in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy remain to be investigated. Abstract High stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) are associated with an improved pathologic complete response (pCR) and survival in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We hypothesized that high baseline sTILs would have a favorable prognostic impact in TNBC patients without a pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). In this prospective NACT study, pretreatment biopsies from 318 patients with early-stage TNBC were evaluated for sTILs. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was applied to search for the sTIL cutoff best associated with a pCR. With ≥20% sTILs identified as the optimal cutoff, 33% patients had high sTILs (pCR rate 64%) and 67% had low sTILs (pCR rate 29%). Patients were stratified according to the sTIL cutoff (low vs. high) and response to NACT (pCR vs. residual disease (RD)). The primary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS), with hazard ratios calculated using the Cox proportional hazards regression model and the 3-year restricted mean survival time (RMST) as primary measures. Within the high-sTIL group, EFS was better in patients with a pCR compared with those with RD (HR 0.05; 95% CI 0.01–0.39; p = 0.004). The difference in the 3-year RMST for EFS between the two groups was 5.6 months (95% CI 2.3–8.8; p = 0.001). However, among patients with RD, EFS was not significantly different between those with high sTILs and those with low sTILs (p = 0.7). RNA-seq analysis predicted more CD8+ T cells in the high-sTIL group with favorable EFS compared with the high-sTIL group with unfavorable EFS. This study did not demonstrate that high baseline sTILs confer a benefit in EFS in the absence of a pCR.
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37
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Qiu D, Zhang G, Yan X, Xiao X, Ma X, Lin S, Wu J, Li X, Wang W, Liu J, Ma Y, Ma M. Prospects of Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:797092. [PMID: 35111680 PMCID: PMC8801574 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.797092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the classification and typing of breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one type of refractory breast cancer, while chemotherapy stays in the traditional treatment methods. However, the impact of chemotherapy is short-lived and may lead to recurrence due to incomplete killing of tumor cells. The occurrence, development, and relapse of breast cancer are relevant to T cell dysfunction, multiplied expression of related immune checkpoint molecules (ICIs) such as programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) produce immunosuppressive effect. Immunotherapy (namely, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cellular immunotherapy, CAR-T immunotherapy and some potential treatments) provides new hope in TNBC. This review focuses on the new immune strategies of TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guijuan Zhang
- School of Nursing of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianxin Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqin Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- School Public Health, Southern Medical University (No: 3210090112), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujun Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieyan Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wandi Wang
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junchen Liu
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering, Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The National Demonstration Center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Yu DL, Lou ZP, Ma FY, Najafi M. The interactions of paclitaxel with tumour microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108555. [PMID: 35121223 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Today, it is well-known that the interactions and secretion within the tumour are crucial to consider for cancer therapy. Some novel cancer therapy modalities such as immunotherapy or tumour vaccination therapy work based on the control of interactions within the tumour microenvironment (TME). It has been revealed that anti-cancer drugs or radiotherapy can modulate some interactions in favour of cancer therapy. However, they may induce some mechanisms to increase the resistance of cancer cells to therapy. Paclitaxel is known as the first approved herbal derived chemotherapy drug. Although the main known anti-cancer effect of paclitaxel is the inhibition of the cell cycle, today, it has been well known that paclitaxel may suppress the tumour via modulating several interactions in TME. Furthermore, paclitaxel may increase the expression of some tumour resistance drivers. This review aims to discuss the interactions within TME following treatment with paclitaxel. The effects of paclitaxel on the anti-tumour immunity, immunosuppressive cells, hypoxia, and also angiogenesis will be discussed. The targeting of these interactions may be interesting to increase therapy efficiency using the combination modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Li Yu
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, China.
| | - Zhi-Ping Lou
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, China
| | - Feng-Yun Ma
- Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Zhuji, Zhejiang 311800, China
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Zur RT, Adler G, Shamalov K, Tal Y, Ankri C, Cohen CJ. Adoptive T-cell Immunotherapy: Perfecting Self-Defenses. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 113:253-294. [PMID: 35165867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an important part of the immune system, T lymphocytes exhibit undoubtedly an important role in targeting and eradicating cancer. However, despite these characteristics, their natural antitumor response may be insufficient. Numerous clinical trials in terminally ill cancer patients testing the design of novel and efficient immunotherapeutic approaches based on the adoptive transfer of autologous tumor-specific T lymphocytes have shown encouraging results. Moreover, this also led to the approval of engineered T-cell therapies in patients. Herein, we will expand on the development and the use of such strategies using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or genetically engineered T-cells. We will also comment on the requirements and potential hurdles encountered when elaborating and implementing such treatments as well as the exciting prospects for this kind of emerging personalized medicine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Toledano Zur
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Galit Adler
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Katerina Shamalov
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yair Tal
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Chen Ankri
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Cyrille J Cohen
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Lin DL, Wang LL, Zhao P, Ran WW, Wang W, Zhang LX, Han M, Bao H, Liu K, Wu X, Shao Y, Xing XM. Gastrointestinal Goblet Cell Adenocarcinomas Harbor Distinctive Clinicopathological, Immune, and Genomic Landscape. Front Oncol 2021; 11:758643. [PMID: 34804955 PMCID: PMC8603204 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.758643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Goblet cell adenocarcinoma (GCA) is a rare amphicrine tumor and difficult to diagnose. GCA is traditionally found in the appendix, but extra-appendiceal GCA may be underestimated. Intestinal adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell component is also very rare, and some signet ring cell carcinomas are well cohesive, having some similar morphological features to GCAs. It is necessary to differentiate GCA from intestinal adenocarcinomas with cohesive signet ring cell component (IACSRCC). The goal of this study is to find occurrence of extra-appendiceal GCA and characterize the histological, immunohistochemical, transcriptional, and immune landscape of GCA. We collected 12 cases of GCAs and 10 IACSRCCs and reviewed the clinicopathologic characters of these cases. Immunohistochemical stains were performed with synaptophysin, chromogranin A, CD56, somatostatin receptor (SSTR) 2, and Ki-67. Whole transcriptome RNA-sequencing was performed, and data were used to analyze differential gene expression and predict immune cell infiltration levels in GCA and IACSRCC. RNA-sequencing data for colorectal adenocarcinoma were gathered from TCGA data portal. Of the 12 patients with GCA, there were 4 women and 8 men. There were three appendiceal cases and nine extra-appendiceal cases. GCAs were immunohistochemically different from IACSRCC. GCA also had different levels of B-cell and CD8+ T-cell infiltration compared to both colorectal adenocarcinoma and cohesive IACSRCCs. Differential gene expression analysis showed distinct gene expression patterns in GCA compared to colorectal adenocarcinoma, with a number of cancer-related differentially expressed genes, including upregulation of TMEM14A, GOLT1A, DSCC1, and HSD17B8, and downregulation of KCNQ1OT1 and MXRA5. GCA also had several differentially expressed genes compared to IACSRCCs, including upregulation of PRSS21, EPPIN, RPRM, TNFRSF12A, and BZRAP1, and downregulation of HIST1H2BE, TCN1, AC069363.1, RP11-538I12.2, and REG4. In summary, the number of extra-appendiceal GCA was underestimated in Chinese patients. GCA can be seen as a distinct morphological, immunohistochemical, transcriptomic, and immunological entity. The classic low-grade component of GCA and the immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers are the key points to diagnosing GCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Liang Lin
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Wen Ran
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Long-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Han
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Bao
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Kaihua Liu
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xing
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Evans A, Sim YT, Lawson B, Macaskill J, Jordan L, Thompson A. The value of prognostic ultrasound features of breast cancer in different molecular subtypes with a focus on triple negative disease. Breast Cancer 2021; 29:296-301. [PMID: 34780035 PMCID: PMC8885477 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-021-01311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ultrasound (US) features of breast cancer have recently been shown to have prognostic significance. We aim to assess these features according to molecular subtype. 1140 consecutive US visible invasive breast cancers had US size and mean stiffness by shearwave elastography (SWE) recorded prospectively. Skin thickening (> 2.5 mm) overlying the cancer on US and the presence of posterior echo enhancement were assessed retrospectively while blinded to outcomes. Cancers were classified as luminal, triple negative (TN) or HER2 + ve based on immunohistochemistry and florescent in-situ hybridization. The relationship between US parameters and breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) was ascertained using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and ROC analysis. At median follow-up 6.3 year, there were 117 breast cancer (10%) and 132 non-breast deaths (12%). US size was significantly associated with BCSS all groups (area under the curve (AUC) 0.74 in luminal cancers, 0.64 for TN and 0.65 for HER2 + ve cancers). US skin thickening was associated most strongly with poor prognosis in TN cancers (53% vs. 80% 6 year survival, p = 0.0004). Posterior echo enhancement was associated with a poor BCSS in TN cancers (63% vs. 82% 6 year survival, p = 0.02). Mean stiffness at SWE was prognostic in the luminal and HER2 positive groups (AUC 0.69 and 0.63, respectively). In the subgroup of patients with TN cancers receiving neo-adjuvant chemotherapy posterior enhancement and skin thickening were not associated with response. US skin thickening is a poor prognostic indicator is all 3 subtypes studied, while posterior enhancement was associated with poor outcome in TN cancers
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Evans
- Mail Box 4 Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, USA.
| | - Yee Ting Sim
- Breast Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, USA
| | - Brooke Lawson
- Breast Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, USA
| | | | - Lee Jordan
- Breast Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, USA
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Zhang J, Abubakar M, Yuan P, Koka H, Guo L, Li X, Yang XR, Ying J, Lyu N. Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in premenopausal, luminal breast cancer treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:12750-12762. [PMID: 34956490 PMCID: PMC8661243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have strong prognostic value in triple-negative and HER2-enriched breast cancer, but their prognostic role in luminal breast cancer (LBC) is less clear. Here, we assessed the overall TIL levels and CD8+ T-cells in relation to the prognosis of LBC patients from China. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 596 patients with LBC who were premenopausal and treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy were included. Among them, 160 cases were evaluated for CD8 by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Whole-section hematoxylin and eosin and IHC staining were visually assessed for stromal TILs (sTILs), stromal CD8+ T-cells (sCD8), and intratumoral CD8+ T-cells (iCD8). Multivariable analyses were used to test the associations between TILs and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) with the adjustment for clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment. High sTILs (≥10%) were associated with high histologic grade (P<0.001), luminal B/HER2- (P<0.001), luminal B/HER2+ subtype (P=0.002), and high Ki67 expression (≥25%; P=0.014). Similar associations were observed for sCD8 but not for iCD8. While sTILs and sCD8 were not associated with either DFS or OS, the presence of iCD8 (≥1%) was associated with better DFS in both univariate (HR=0.51, 95% CI 0.26-0.96, P=0.042) and multivariate (HR=0.48, 95% CI 0.25-0.92, P=0.027) analyses. Similar but less significant associations were found for iCD8 and OS (adjusted HR=0.35, 95% CI 0.11-1.10, P=0.073). CONCLUSIONS Among Chinese premenopausal patients with LBC, iCD8 demonstrated suggestive associations with favorable outcome. In contrast, although sTILs and sCD8 were associated with more aggressive tumor features, they did not appear to be associated with clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Mustapha Abubakar
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD 20892, USA
| | - Pei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Hela Koka
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD 20892, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD 20892, USA
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Ning Lyu
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
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Zhang Y, Chen K, Li L, Mao W, Shen D, Yao N, Zhang L. CCR4 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1443. [PMID: 34733995 PMCID: PMC8506764 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Increased evidence has indicated that the tumour microenvironment plays an essential in the development, treatment and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC). Recent studies have indicated CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) plays an essential role in tumor invasion and other adverse biological behavior. This study used data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to explore the role of CCR4 in HNSC and its clinical significance. Methods The gene expression and clinical data of HNSC patients in the TCGA database were extracted. Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) was used to analyze the expression of CCR4 in tumor and non-tumor tissue. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to analyze the relationship between CCR4 expression and overall survival rate (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free interval (PFI) in HNSC. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationships between various clinical factors and CCR4 expression. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to explore the potential role of CCR4 in HNSC. Additionally, we explored the relationship between CCR4 and immune infiltration. Results The expression of CCR4 in HNSC was not significantly different from that in normal tissue. The expression level of CCR4 in wild-type TP53 was higher than that in mutant TP53. Cox regression analysis showed the expression level of CCR4 was related to the patient's tumor grade and Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage. CCR4 expression level is an independent prognostic factor. CCR4 is positively correlated with immune infiltration and immune checkpoints expression levels. The results of GSEA revealed that the high CCR4 expression group genes were enriched in allograft rejection, inflammatory response, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, interferon gamma response, and KRAS signaling up. Low CCR4 expression group genes were enriched in oxidative phosphorylation, MYC targets v1, DNA repair, reactive oxygen species pathway, and P53 pathway. Further, our study indicated CCR4 can also predict the prognosis of radiotherapy patients. Conclusions Our study found that CCR4 was a prognostic marker related to HNSC immune infiltration, and patients with high expression of CCR4 had a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncology, Huaian Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Weidong Mao
- Department of Oncology, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Dong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Ninghua Yao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Guo L, Jing Y. Construction and Identification of a Novel 5-Gene Signature for Predicting the Prognosis in Breast Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:669931. [PMID: 34722557 PMCID: PMC8551811 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.669931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify the hub genes and construct prognostic signature that could predict the survival of patients with breast cancer (BC). Methods: We identified differentially expressed genes between the responder group and non-responder group based on the GEO cohort. Drug-resistance hub genes were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and a multigene risk model was constructed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis based on the TCGA cohort. Immune cell infiltration and mutation characteristics were analyzed. Results: A 5-gene signature (GP6, MAK, DCTN2, TMEM156, and FKBP14) was constructed as a prognostic risk model. The 5-gene signature demonstrated favorable prediction performance in different cohorts, and it has been confirmed that the signature was an independent risk indicater. The nomogram comprising 5-gene signature showed better performance compared with other clinical features, Further, in the high-risk group, high M2 macrophage scores were related with bad prognosis, and the frequency of TP53 mutations was greater in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group. In the low-risk group, high CD8+ T cell scores were associated with a good prognosis, and the frequency of CDH1 mutations was greater in the low-risk group than that in the high-risk group. At the same time, patients in the low risk group have a good response to immunotherapy in terms of immunotherapy. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that MAK, GP6, and TEMEM156 were significantly highly expressed in tumor tissues, and DCTN2 was highly expressed in normal tissues. Conclusions: Our study may find potential new targets against breast cancer, and provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yu Jing
- Clinical Trial Ward of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Bian T, Wu Z, Lin Q, Mao Y, Wang H, Chen J, Chen Q, Fu G, Cui C, Su X. Evaluating Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer Using Preoperative MRI-Based Radiomics. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:772-784. [PMID: 34453461 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with breast cancer using radiomics has been rarely explored. PURPOSE To establish a radiomics nomogram based on dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for preoperatively evaluating TIL level. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. POPULATION A total of 154 patients with breast cancer were divided into a training cohort (N = 87) and a test cohort (N = 67), who were further divided into low TIL (<50%) and high TIL (≥50%) subgroups according to the histopathological results. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3.0 T; axial T2-weighted imaging (fast spin echo), diffusion-weighted imaging (spin echo-echo planar imaging), and the volume imaging for breast assessment DCE sequence (gradient recalled echo). ASSESSMENT A radiomics signature was developed from the training dataset and independent risk factors were selected by multivariate logistic regression to build a clinical model. A nomogram model was built by combining radiomics score and risk factors. The performance of the nomogram was assessed using calibration curves and decision curves. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. STATISTICAL TESTS The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, t-tests and chi-squared tests or Fisher's exact test, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, ROC analysis, and decision curve analysis were conducted. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The radiomics signature and nomogram model exhibited better calibration and validation performance in the training (radiomics: area under the curve [AUC] 0.86; nomogram: AUC 0.88) and test (radiomics: AUC 0.83; nomogram: AUC 0.84) datasets compared with clinical model (training: AUC 0.76; test: AUC 0.72). The decision curve demonstrated that the nomogram model exhibited better performance than the clinical model, with a threshold probability between 0.15 and 0.9. DATA CONCLUSION The nomogram model based on preoperative MRI exhibited an excellent ability for the noninvasive evaluation of TILs in breast cancer. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Bian
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zengjie Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Mao
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- GE Healthcare, Precision Health Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangming Fu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunxiao Cui
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Breast Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Llinàs-Arias P, Íñiguez-Muñoz S, McCann K, Voorwerk L, Orozco JIJ, Ensenyat-Mendez M, Sesé B, DiNome ML, Marzese DM. Epigenetic Regulation of Immunotherapy Response in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4139. [PMID: 34439290 PMCID: PMC8394958 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the absence of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression. This malignancy, representing 15-20% of breast cancers, is a clinical challenge due to the lack of targeted treatments, higher intrinsic aggressiveness, and worse outcomes than other breast cancer subtypes. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising efficacy for early-stage and advanced TNBC, but this seems limited to a subgroup of patients. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that determine immunotherapy efficiency is essential to identifying which TNBC patients will respond to immunotherapy-based treatments and help to develop new therapeutic strategies. Emerging evidence supports that epigenetic alterations, including aberrant chromatin architecture conformation and the modulation of gene regulatory elements, are critical mechanisms for immune escape. These alterations are particularly interesting since they can be reverted through the inhibition of epigenetic regulators. For that reason, several recent studies suggest that the combination of epigenetic drugs and immunotherapeutic agents can boost anticancer immune responses. In this review, we focused on the contribution of epigenetics to the crosstalk between immune and cancer cells, its relevance on immunotherapy response in TNBC, and the potential benefits of combined treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Llinàs-Arias
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain; (P.L.-A.); (S.Í.-M.); (M.E.-M.); (B.S.)
| | - Sandra Íñiguez-Muñoz
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain; (P.L.-A.); (S.Í.-M.); (M.E.-M.); (B.S.)
| | - Kelly McCann
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Leonie Voorwerk
- Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Javier I. J. Orozco
- Saint John’s Cancer Institute, Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA;
| | - Miquel Ensenyat-Mendez
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain; (P.L.-A.); (S.Í.-M.); (M.E.-M.); (B.S.)
| | - Borja Sesé
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain; (P.L.-A.); (S.Í.-M.); (M.E.-M.); (B.S.)
| | - Maggie L. DiNome
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA;
| | - Diego M. Marzese
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain; (P.L.-A.); (S.Í.-M.); (M.E.-M.); (B.S.)
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Patwa A, Yamashita R, Long J, Risom T, Angelo M, Keren L, Rubin DL. Multiplexed imaging analysis of the tumor-immune microenvironment reveals predictors of outcome in triple-negative breast cancer. Commun Biol 2021; 4:852. [PMID: 34244605 PMCID: PMC8271023 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer, the poorest-prognosis breast cancer subtype, lacks clinically approved biomarkers for patient risk stratification and treatment management. Prior literature has shown that interrogation of the tumor-immune microenvironment may be a promising approach to fill these gaps. Recently developed high-dimensional tissue imaging technology, such as multiplexed ion beam imaging, provide spatial context to protein expression in the microenvironment, allowing in-depth characterization of cellular processes. We demonstrate that profiling the functional proteins involved in cell-to-cell interactions in the microenvironment can predict recurrence and overall survival. We highlight the immunological relevance of the immunoregulatory proteins PD-1, PD-L1, IDO, and Lag3 by tying interactions involving them to recurrence and survival. Multivariate analysis reveals that our methods provide additional prognostic information compared to clinical variables. In this work, we present a computational pipeline for the examination of the tumor-immune microenvironment using multiplexed ion beam imaging that produces interpretable results, and is generalizable to other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalok Patwa
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Archbishop Mitty High School, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Rikiya Yamashita
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jin Long
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Risom
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leeat Keren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniel L Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Zheng H, Siddharth S, Parida S, Wu X, Sharma D. Tumor Microenvironment: Key Players in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Immunomodulation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133357. [PMID: 34283088 PMCID: PMC8269090 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complicated network composed of various cells, signaling molecules, and extra cellular matrix. TME plays a crucial role in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) immunomodulation and tumor progression, paradoxically, acting as an immunosuppressive as well as immunoreactive factor. Research regarding tumor immune microenvironment has contributed to a better understanding of TNBC subtype classification. Shall we treat patients precisely according to specific subtype classification? Moving beyond traditional chemotherapy, multiple clinical trials have recently implied the potential benefits of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. In this review, we aimed to elucidate the paradoxical role of TME in TNBC immunomodulation, summarize the subtype classification methods for TNBC, and explore the synergistic mechanism of chemotherapy plus immunotherapy. Our study may provide a new direction for the development of combined treatment strategies for TNBC. Abstract Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease and is highly related to immunomodulation. As we know, the most effective approach to treat TNBC so far is still chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can induce immunogenic cell death, release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling; therefore, it will be interesting to investigate the relationship between chemotherapy-induced TME changes and TNBC immunomodulation. In this review, we focus on the immunosuppressive and immunoreactive role of TME in TNBC immunomodulation and the contribution of TME constituents to TNBC subtype classification. Further, we also discuss the role of chemotherapy-induced TME remodeling in modulating TNBC immune response and tumor progression with emphasis on DAMPs-associated molecules including high mobility group box1 (HMGB1), exosomes, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), which may provide us with new clues to explore effective combined treatment options for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Sheetal Parida
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Xinhong Wu
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Dipali Sharma
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (S.S.); (S.P.); (D.S.)
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Li Y, Miao W, He D, Wang S, Lou J, Jiang Y, Wang S. Recent Progress on Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer: Tumor Microenvironment, Nanotechnology and More. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:680315. [PMID: 34150736 PMCID: PMC8207056 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.680315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a major emerging treatment for breast cancer (BC). However, not all breast cancer patients derive benefit from immunotherapy. Predictive biomarkers of immunotherapy, such as tumor mutation burden and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, are promising to stratify the patients with BC and optimize the therapeutic effect. Various targets of the immune response pathway have also been explored to expand the modalities of immunotherapy. The use of nanotechnology for the imaging of predictive biomarkers and the combination with other therapeutic modalities presents a number of advantages for the immunotherapy of BC. In this review, we summary the emerging therapeutic modalities of immunotherapy, present prominent examples of immunotherapy in BC, and discuss the future opportunity of nanotechnology in the immunotherapy of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfang Miao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Doudou He
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjuan Lou
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanni Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shouju Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Hijacked Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosuppression and Cues to Improve T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115736. [PMID: 34072260 PMCID: PMC8199456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been expanding in recent years in the context of interactions among different cell types, through direct cell–cell communication as well as through soluble factors. It has become evident that the development of a successful antitumor response depends on several TME factors. In this context, the number, type, and subsets of immune cells, as well as the functionality, memory, and exhaustion state of leukocytes are key factors of the TME. Both the presence and functionality of immune cells, in particular T cells, are regulated by cellular and soluble factors of the TME. In this regard, one fundamental reason for failure of antitumor responses is hijacked immune cells, which contribute to the immunosuppressive TME in multiple ways. Specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, and anti-inflammatory cytokines have central roles in generating an immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we focused on recent developments in the immune cell constituents of the TME, and the micromilieu control of antitumor responses. Furthermore, we highlighted the current challenges of T cell-based immunotherapies and potential future strategies to consider for strengthening their effectiveness.
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