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Guo JS, Liu KL, Qin YX, Hou L, Jian LY, Yang YH, Li XY. Hypusination-induced DHPS/eIF5A pathway as a new therapeutic strategy for human diseases: A mechanistic review and structural classification of DHPS inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115440. [PMID: 37683595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new therapeutic strategies for diseases is essential for drug research. Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) is a critical enzyme that modifies the conversion of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) precursor into physiologically active eIF5A (eIF5A-Hyp). Recent studies have revealed that the hypusine modifying of DHPS on eIF5A has an essential regulatory role in human diseases. The hypusination-induced DHPS/eIF5A pathway has been shown to play an essential role in various cancers, and it could regulate immune-related diseases, glucose metabolism-related diseases, neurological-related diseases, and aging. In addition, DHPS has a more defined substrate and a well-defined structure within the active pocket than eIF5A. More and more researchers are focusing on the prospect of advanced development of DHPS inhibitors. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of the hypusination-induced DHPS/eIF5A pathway in a variety of diseases in addition to the inhibitors related to this pathway; it highlights and analyzes the structural features and mechanisms of action of DHPS inhibitors and expands the prospects of future drug development using DHPS as an anticancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Si Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yu-Xi Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Ling-Yan Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yue-Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Xin-Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
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2
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Aroonsri A, Wongsombat C, Shaw P, Franke S, Przyborski J, Kaiser A. Investigation of an Allosteric Deoxyhypusine Synthase Inhibitor in P. falciparum. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082463. [PMID: 35458660 PMCID: PMC9030622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of a variety of protozoal infections, in particular those causing disabling human diseases, is still hampered by a lack of drugs or increasing resistance to registered drugs. However, in recent years, remarkable progress has been achieved to combat neglected tropical diseases by sequencing the parasites’ genomes or the validation of new targets in the parasites by novel genetic manipulation techniques, leading to loss of function. The novel amino acid hypusine is a posttranslational modification (PTM) that occurs in eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (EIF5A) at a specific lysine residue. This modification occurs by two steps catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase (dhs) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) enzymes. dhs from Plasmodium has been validated as a druggable target by small molecules and reverse genetics. Recently, the synthesis of a series of human dhs inhibitors led to 6-bromo-N-(1H-indol-4yl)-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide, a potent allosteric inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.062 µM. We investigated this allosteric dhs inhibitor in Plasmodium. In vitro P. falciparum growth assays showed weak inhibition activity, with IC50 values of 46.1 µM for the Dd2 strain and 51.5 µM for the 3D7 strain, respectively. The antimalarial activity could not be attributed to the targeting of the Pfdhs gene, as shown by chemogenomic profiling with transgenically modified P. falciparum lines. Moreover, in dose-dependent enzymatic assays with purified recombinant P. falciparum dhs protein, only 45% inhibition was observed at an inhibitor dose of 0.4 µM. These data are in agreement with a homology-modeled Pfdhs, suggesting significant structural differences in the allosteric site between the human and parasite enzymes. Virtual screening of the allosteric database identified candidate ligand binding to novel binding pockets identified in P. falciparum dhs, which might foster the development of parasite-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyada Aroonsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand; (A.A.); (C.W.); (P.S.)
| | - Chayaphat Wongsombat
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand; (A.A.); (C.W.); (P.S.)
| | - Philip Shaw
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand; (A.A.); (C.W.); (P.S.)
| | - Siegrid Franke
- Interdisziplinäres Forschungszentrum IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.F.); (J.P.)
| | - Jude Przyborski
- Interdisziplinäres Forschungszentrum IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.F.); (J.P.)
| | - Annette Kaiser
- Medical Research Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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3
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Kaiser A, Agostinelli E. Hypusinated EIF5A as a feasible drug target for Advanced Medicinal Therapies in the treatment of pathogenic parasites and therapy-resistant tumors. Amino Acids 2022; 54:501-511. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Tauc M, Cougnon M, Carcy R, Melis N, Hauet T, Pellerin L, Blondeau N, Pisani DF. The eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A1), the molecule, mechanisms and recent insights into the pathophysiological roles. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:219. [PMID: 34952646 PMCID: PMC8705083 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the demonstration of its involvement in cell proliferation, the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) has been studied principally in relation to the development and progression of cancers in which the isoform A2 is mainly expressed. However, an increasing number of studies report that the isoform A1, which is ubiquitously expressed in normal cells, exhibits novel molecular features that reveal its new relationships between cellular functions and organ homeostasis. At a first glance, eIF5A can be regarded, among other things, as a factor implicated in the initiation of translation. Nevertheless, at least three specificities: (1) its extreme conservation between species, including plants, throughout evolution, (2) its very special and unique post-translational modification through the activating-hypusination process, and finally (3) its close relationship with the polyamine pathway, suggest that the role of eIF5A in living beings remains to be uncovered. In fact, and beyond its involvement in facilitating the translation of proteins containing polyproline residues, eIF5A is implicated in various physiological processes including ischemic tolerance, metabolic adaptation, aging, development, and immune cell differentiation. These newly discovered physiological properties open up huge opportunities in the clinic for pathologies such as, for example, the ones in which the oxygen supply is disrupted. In this latter case, organ transplantation, myocardial infarction or stroke are concerned, and the current literature defines eIF5A as a new drug target with a high level of potential benefit for patients with these diseases or injuries. Moreover, the recent use of genomic and transcriptomic association along with metadata studies also revealed the implication of eIF5A in genetic diseases. Thus, this review provides an overview of eIF5A from its molecular mechanism of action to its physiological roles and the clinical possibilities that have been recently reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Tauc
- LP2M, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France. .,Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France. .,Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex, France.
| | - Marc Cougnon
- LP2M, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Romain Carcy
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente et Service de Réanimation des Urgences Vitales, CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thierry Hauet
- INSERM, IRTOMIT, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- INSERM, IRTOMIT, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France.,IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Didier F Pisani
- LP2M, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
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5
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Dahms SO, Haider T, Klebe G, Steinmetzer T, Brandstetter H. OFF-State-Specific Inhibition of the Proprotein Convertase Furin. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1692-1700. [PMID: 34415722 PMCID: PMC8453481 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The pro-protein convertase
furin is a highly specific serine protease
involved in the proteolytic maturation of many proteins in the secretory
pathway. It also activates surface proteins of many viruses including
the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Furin inhibitors effectively suppress viral replication and thus are
promising antiviral therapeutics with broad application potential.
Polybasic substrate-like ligands typically trigger conformational
changes shifting furin’s active site cleft from the OFF-state
to the ON-state. Here, we solved the X-ray structures of furin in
complex with four different arginine mimetic compounds with reduced
basicity. These guanylhydrazone-based inhibitor complexes showed for
the first time an active site-directed binding mode to furin’s
OFF-state conformation. The compounds undergo unique interactions
within the S1 pocket, largely different compared to substrate-like
ligands. A second binding site was identified at the S4/S5 pocket
of furin. Crystallography-based titration experiments confirmed the
S1 site as the primary binding pocket. We also tested the proprotein
convertases PC5/6 and PC7 for inhibition by guanylhydrazones and found
an up to 7-fold lower potency for PC7. Interestingly, the observed
differences in the Ki values correlated
with the sequence conservation of the PCs at the allosteric sodium
binding site. Therefore, OFF-state-specific targeting of furin can
serve as a valuable strategy for structure-based development of PC-selective
small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven O. Dahms
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tanja Haider
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerhard Klebe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Kaiser A, Heiss K, Mueller AK, Fimmers R, Matthes J, Njuguna JT. Inhibition of EIF-5A prevents apoptosis in human cardiomyocytes after malaria infection. Amino Acids 2020; 52:693-710. [PMID: 32367435 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a determination of Troponin I and creatine kinase activity in whole-blood samples in a cohort of 100 small infants in the age of 2-5 years from Uganda with complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria suggests the prevalence of cardiac symptoms in comparison to non-infected, healthy patients. Troponin I and creatine kinase activity increased during infection. Different reports showed that complicated malaria coincides with hypoxia in children. The obtained clinical data prompted us to further elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms of cardiac involvement in human cardiac ventricular myocytes. Complicated malaria is the most common clinical presentation and might induce cardiac impairment by hypoxia. Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is involved in hypoxia induced factor (HIF-1α) expression. EIF-5A is a protein posttranslationally modified by hypusination involving catalysis of the two enzymes deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. Treatment of human cardiomyocytes with GC7, an inhibitor of DHS, catalyzing the first step in hypusine biosynthesis led to a decrease in proinflammatory and proapoptotic myocardial caspase-1 activity in comparison to untreated cardiomyocytes. This effect was even more pronounced after co-administration of GC7 and GPI from P. falciparum simulating the pathology of severe malaria. Moreover, in comparison to untreated and GC7-treated cardiomyocytes, co-administration of GC7 and GPI significantly decreased the release of cytochrome C and lactate from damaged mitochondria. In sum, coadministration of GC7 prevented cardiac damage driven by hypoxia in vitro. Our approach demonstrates the potential of the pharmacological inhibitor GC7 to ameliorate apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in an in vitro model simulating severe malaria. This regulatory mechanism is based on blocking EIF-5A hypusination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kaiser
- Medical Research Centre, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Heiss
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie, Informatik Und Epedimologie, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53107, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Matthes
- Centre of Pharmcology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Köln, Germany
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7
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Sankowski R, Herring A, Keyvani K, Frenzel K, Wu J, Röskam S, Noelker C, Bacher M, Al-Abed Y. The multi-target effects of CNI-1493: convergence of anti-amylodogenic and anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Med 2016; 22:776-788. [PMID: 27847962 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
After several decades of Alzheimer's disease (AD) research and failed clinical trials, one can speculate that targeting a single pathway is not sufficient. However, a cocktail of novel therapeutics will constitute a challenging clinical trial. A more plausible approach will capitalize on a drug that has relevant and synergistic multiple-target effects in AD. We have previously demonstrated the efficacy of CNI-1493 in the CRND8 transgenic AD mouse model. Similar to many anti-inflammatory drugs that were tested in preclinical model of AD, it was speculated that the significant effect of CNI-1493 is due to its established anti-inflammatory properties in rodents and humans. In the present study, we set out to elucidate the protective mechanism of CNI-1493 as a drug simultaneously targeting several aspects of AD pathology. Using C1213, a highly similar analogue of CNI-1493 that lacks anti-inflammatory properties, we show that both compounds directly interact with soluble and insoluble Amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates and attenuate Aβ cytotoxicity in vitro. Additionally, CNI-1493 and C1213 ameliorated Aβ-induced behavioral deficits in nematodes. Finally, C1213 reduced Aβ plaque burden and cognitive deficits in transgenic CRND8 mice to a similar extent as previously shown with CNI-1493. Taken together, our findings suggest anti-amyloidogenic activity as a relevant component for the in-vivo efficacy of CNI-1493 and its analogue C1213. Thus, CNI-1493, a drug with proven safety in humans, is a viable candidate for novel multi-target therapeutic approaches to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sankowski
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Arne Herring
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Kathy Keyvani
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Frenzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstraße 64, D-79106 Freiburg Germany
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Stephan Röskam
- Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Noelker
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
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8
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Inam A, Mittal S, Rajala MS, Avecilla F, Azam A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)benzohydrazide derivatives as inhibitors of Entamoeba histolyica. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:445-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Heinzl GA, Huang W, Yu W, Giardina BJ, Zhou Y, MacKerell AD, Wilks A, Xue F. Iminoguanidines as Allosteric Inhibitors of the Iron-Regulated Heme Oxygenase (HemO) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6929-42. [PMID: 27353344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New therapeutic targets are required to combat multidrug resistant infections, such as the iron-regulated heme oxygenase (HemO) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, due to links between iron and virulence and dependence on heme as an iron source during infection. Herein we report the synthesis and activity of a series of iminoguanidine-based inhibitors of HemO. Compound 23 showed a binding affinity of 5.7 μM and an MIC50 of 52.3 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa PAO1. An in cellulo activity assay was developed by coupling HemO activity to a biliverdin-IXα-dependent infrared fluorescent protein, in which compound 23 showed an EC50 of 11.3 μM. The compounds showed increased activity against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, further confirming the target pathway. This class of inhibitors acts by binding to an allosteric site; the novel binding site is proposed in silico and supported by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR as well as by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Heinzl
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Weiliang Huang
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Wenbo Yu
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Bennett J Giardina
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Yue Zhou
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Angela Wilks
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Fengtian Xue
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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10
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Wang J, Grishin AV, Ford HR. Experimental Anti-Inflammatory Drug Semapimod Inhibits TLR Signaling by Targeting the TLR Chaperone gp96. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5130-7. [PMID: 27194788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Semapimod, a tetravalent guanylhydrazone, suppresses inflammatory cytokine production and has potential in a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The mechanism of action of Semapimod is not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that in rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelioid cells, Semapimod inhibits activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB and induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by TLR ligands, but not by IL-1β or stresses. Semapimod inhibits TLR4 signaling (IC50 ≈0.3 μmol) and acts by desensitizing cells to LPS; it fails to block responses to LPS concentrations of ≥5 μg/ml. Inhibition of TLR signaling by Semapimod is almost instantaneous: the drug is effective when applied simultaneously with LPS. Semapimod blocks cell-surface recruitment of the MyD88 adapter, one of the earliest events in TLR signaling. gp96, the endoplasmic reticulum-localized chaperone of the HSP90 family critically involved in the biogenesis of TLRs, was identified as a target of Semapimod using ATP-desthiobiotin pulldown and mass spectroscopy. Semapimod inhibits ATP-binding and ATPase activities of gp96 in vitro (IC50 ≈0.2-0.4 μmol). On prolonged exposure, Semapimod causes accumulation of TLR4 and TLR9 in perinuclear space, consistent with endoplasmic reticulum retention, an anticipated consequence of impaired gp96 chaperone function. Our data indicate that Semapimod desensitizes TLR signaling via its effect on the TLR chaperone gp96. Fast inhibition by Semapimod is consistent with gp96 participating in high-affinity sensing of TLR ligands in addition to its role as a TLR chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; and
| | - Anatoly V Grishin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; and Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
| | - Henri R Ford
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027; and Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027
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11
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Petronilho EDC, Rennó MDN, Castro NG, da Silva FMR, Pinto ADC, Figueroa-Villar JD. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of guanylhydrazones as potential inhibitors or reactivators of acetylcholinesterase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:1069-78. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1094468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena do Nascimento Rennó
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil, and,
| | - Newton Gonçalves Castro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Ramakrishnan A, Chourasiya SS, Bharatam PV. Azine or hydrazone? The dilemma in amidinohydrazones. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Amidinohydrazone, an important class of biologically active molecules, is generally represented as a hydrazone. This moiety prefers to exist in its azine tautomeric state and hence, influences the physical, chemical and receptor binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Mohali
- India
| | - Sumit S. Chourasiya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Mohali
- India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Mohali
- India
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13
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Vandekerckhove S, D'hooghe M. Quinoline-based antimalarial hybrid compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:5098-119. [PMID: 25593097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline-containing compounds, such as quinine and chloroquine, have a long-standing history as potent antimalarial agents. However, the increasing resistance of the Plasmodium parasite against these drugs and the lack of licensed malaria vaccines have forced chemists to develop synthetic strategies toward novel biologically active molecules. A strategy that has attracted considerable attention in current medicinal chemistry is based on the conjugation of two biologically active molecules into one hybrid compound. Since quinolines are considered to be privileged antimalarial building blocks, the synthesis of quinoline-containing antimalarial hybrids has been elaborated extensively in recent years. This review provides a literature overview of antimalarial hybrid molecules containing a quinoline core, covering publications between 2009 and 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Vandekerckhove
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Target evaluation of deoxyhypusine synthase from Theileria parva the neglected animal parasite and its relationship to Plasmodium. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4338-46. [PMID: 24909679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the parasite Theileria parva which infects cattle. In Sub-Saharan Africa it leads to enormous economic costs. After a bite of a tick, sporozoites invade the host lymphocytes and develop into schizonts. At this stage the parasite transforms host lymphocytes resulting in the clonal expansion of infected lymphocytes. Animals develop a lymphoma like disorder after infection which is rapidly fatal. Hitherto, a few drugs of the quinone type can cure the disease. However, therapy can only be successful after early diagnosis. The genera Theileria and Plasmodium, which includes the causative agent of human malaria, are closely related apicomplexan parasites. Enzymes of the hypusine pathway, a posttranslational modification in eukaryotic initiation factor EIF-5A, have shown to be druggable targets in Plasmodium. We identified the first enzyme of the hypusine pathway from T. parva, the deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS), which is located on chromosome 2 of the Muguga strain. Transcription is significantly increased in schizonts. The expressed T. parva DHS reveals an open reading frame (ORF) of 370 amino acids after expression in Escherichia coli Rosetta cells with a molecular size of 41.26 kDa and a theoretical pI of 5.26. Screening of the Malaria Box which consists of 400 active compounds resulted in a novel heterocyclic compound with a guanyl spacer which reduced the activity of T. parva DHS to 45%. In sum, the guanyl residue seems to be an important lead structure for inhibition of Theileria DHS. Currently, more different guanyl analogues from the Malaria Box are tested in inhibitor experiments to determine their efficacy.
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15
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Inam A, Siddiqui SM, Macedo TS, Moreira DRM, Leite ACL, Soares MBP, Azam A. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-[4-(7-chloro-quinolin-4-yl)-piperazin-1-yl]-propionic acid hydrazones as antiprotozoal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Erin N, Duymuş O, Oztürk S, Demir N. Activation of vagus nerve by semapimod alters substance P levels and decreases breast cancer metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 179:101-8. [PMID: 22982142 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is involved in initiation as well as in progression of cancer. Semapimod, a tetravalent guanylhydrazon and formerly known as CNI-1493, inhibits the release of inflammatory cytokines from activated macrophages and this effect is partly mediated by the vagus nerve. Our previous findings demonstrated that inactivation of vagus nerve activity as well sensory neurons enhanced visceral metastasis of 4THM breast carcinoma. Hence semapimod by activating vagus nerve may inhibit breast cancer metastasis. Here, effects of semapimod on breast cancer metastasis, the role of vagal sensory neurons on this effect and changes in mediators of the neuroimmune connection, such as substance P (SP) as well as neprilysin-like activity, were examined. Vagotomy was performed on half of the control animals that were treated with semapimod following orthotopic injection of 4THM breast carcinoma cells. Semapimod decreased lung and liver metastases in control but not in vagotomized animals with an associated increased SP levels in sensory nerve endings. Semapimod also increased neprilysin-like activity in lung tissue of control animals but not in tumor-bearing animals. This is the first report demonstrating that semapimod enhances vagal sensory nerve activity and may have anti-tumoral effects under in-vivo conditions. Further studies, however, are required to elucidate the conditions and the mechanisms involved in anti-tumoral effects of semapimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Department of Pharmacology, Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya 07070, Turkey.
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Preukschas M, Hagel C, Schulte A, Weber K, Lamszus K, Sievert H, Pällmann N, Bokemeyer C, Hauber J, Braig M, Balabanov S. Expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A and hypusine forming enzymes in glioblastoma patient samples: implications for new targeted therapies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43468. [PMID: 22927971 PMCID: PMC3424167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are highly aggressive brain tumors of adults with poor clinical outcome. Despite a broad range of new and more specific treatment strategies, therapy of glioblastomas remains challenging and tumors relapse in all cases. Recent work demonstrated that the posttranslational hypusine modification of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is a crucial regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation and an important factor in tumor formation, progression and maintenance. Here we report that eIF-5A as well as the hypusine-forming enzymes deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) are highly overexpressed in glioblastoma patient samples. Importantly, targeting eIF-5A and its hypusine modification with GC7, a specific DHS-inhibitor, showed a strong antiproliferative effect in glioblastoma cell lines in vitro, while normal human astrocytes were not affected. Furthermore, we identified p53 dependent premature senescence, a permanent cell cycle arrest, as the primary outcome in U87-MG cells after treatment with GC7. Strikingly, combined treatment with clinically relevant alkylating agents and GC7 had an additive antiproliferative effect in glioblastoma cell lines. In addition, stable knockdown of eIF-5A and DHS by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) could mimic the antiproliferative effects of GC7. These findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of eIF-5A may represent a novel concept to treat glioblastomas and may help to substantially improve the clinical course of this tumor entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Preukschas
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hagel
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schulte
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Weber
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Sievert
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nora Pällmann
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute – Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Braig
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Balabanov
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald-Tumorzentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Schwentke A, Krepstakies M, Mueller AK, Hammerschmidt-Kamper C, Motaal BA, Bernhard T, Hauber J, Kaiser A. In vitro and in vivo silencing of plasmodial dhs and eIf-5a genes in a putative, non-canonical RNAi-related pathway. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:107. [PMID: 22694849 PMCID: PMC3438091 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) catalyzes the first step in hypusine biosynthesis of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) in Plasmodium falciparum. Target evaluation of parasitic DHS has recently been performed with CNI-1493, a novel selective pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibitor used in clinical phase II for the treatment of Crohn's disease. CNI-1493 prevented infected mice from experimental cerebral malaria by decreasing the levels in hypusinated eIF-5A and serum TNF, implicating a link between cytokine signaling and the hypusine pathway.Therefore we addressed the question whether either DHS itself or eIF-5A is required for the outcome of severe malaria. In a first set of experiments we performed an in vitro knockdown of the plasmodial eIF-5A and DHS proteins by RNA interference (RNAi) in 293 T cells. Secondly, transfection of siRNA constructs into murine Plasmodium schizonts was performed which, in turn, were used for infection. RESULTS 293 T cells treated with plasmodial DHS- and eIF-5A specific siRNAs or control siRNAs were analyzed by RT-PCR to determine endogenous dhs -and eIF-5A mRNA levels. The expressed DHS-shRNA and EIF-5A-shRNA clearly downregulated the corresponding transcript in these cells. Interestingly, mice infected with transgenic schizonts expressing either the eIF-5A or dhs shRNA showed an elevated parasitemia within the first two days post infection which then decreased intermittently. These results were obtained without drug selection. Blood samples, which were taken from the infected mice at day 5 post infection with either the expressed EIF-5A-shRNA or the DHS-shRNA were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot techniques, demonstrating the absence of either the hypusinated form of eIF-5A or DHS. CONCLUSIONS Infection of NMRI mice with schizonts from the lethal P. berghei ANKA wildtype strain transgenic for plasmodial eIF-5A-specific shRNA or DHS-specific shRNA resulted in low parasitemia 2-9 days post infection before animals succumbed to hyperparasitemia similar to infections with the related but non-lethal phenotype P. berghei strain NK65. RT-PCR and Western blot experiments performed with blood from the transfected erythrocytic stages showed that both genes are important for the proliferation of the parasite. Moreover, these experiments clearly demonstrate that the hypusine pathway in Plasmodium is linked to human iNos induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwentke
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Research Centre, Institute of Pharmacogenetics, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcel Krepstakies
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Hammerschmidt-Kamper
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Basma A Motaal
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina Bernhard
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Research Centre, Institute of Pharmacogenetics, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Kaiser
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Research Centre, Institute of Pharmacogenetics, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
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Woriedh M, Hauber I, Martinez-Rocha AL, Voigt C, Maier FJ, Schröder M, Meier C, Hauber J, Schäfer W. Preventing Fusarium head blight of wheat and cob rot of maize by inhibition of fungal deoxyhypusine synthase. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:619-27. [PMID: 21463208 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-10-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Upon posttranslational activation, the eukaryotic initiation factor-5A (eIF-5A) transports a subset of mRNAs out of the nucleus to the ribosomes for translation. Activation of the protein is an evolutionary highly conserved process that is unique to eIF-5A, the conversion of a lysine to a hypusine. Instrumental for the synthesis of hypusine is the first of two enzymatic reactions mediated by deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS). We show that DHS of wheat and the pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, which causes one of the most destructive crop diseases worldwide, are transcriptionally upregulated during their pathogenic interaction. Although DHS of wheat, fungus, and human can be equally inhibited by the inhibitor CNI-1493 in vitro, application during infection of wheat and maize flowers results in strong inhibition of the pathogen without interference with kernel development. Our studies provide a novel strategy to selectively inhibit fungal growth without affecting plant growth. We identified fungal DHS as a target for the development of new inhibitors, for which CNI-1493 may serve as a lead substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada Woriedh
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
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Peroxisome proliferator activating receptor (PPAR) in cerebral malaria (CM): a novel target for an additional therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 30:483-98. [PMID: 21140187 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a global life-threatening complication of Plasmodium infection and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality among severe forms of malaria. Despite developing knowledge in understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis, the current anti-malarial agents are not sufficient due to drug resistance and various adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the novel target and additional therapy. Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) a nuclear receptors (NR) and agonists of its isoforms (PPARγ, PPARα and PPARβ/δ) have been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, which are driven to a new approach of research on inflammatory diseases. Although many studies on PPARs have confirmed their diverse biological role, there is a lack of knowledge of its therapeutic use in CM. The major objective of this review is to explore the possible experimental studies to link these two areas of research. We focus on the data describing the beneficial effects of this receptor in inflammation, which is observed as a basic pathology in CM. In conclusion, PPARs could be a novel target in treating inflammatory diseases, and continued work with the available and additional agonists screened from various sources may result in a potential new treatment for CM.
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Sielaff F, Than ME, Bevec D, Lindberg I, Steinmetzer T. New furin inhibitors based on weakly basic amidinohydrazones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:836-40. [PMID: 21168329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of amidinohydrazone-derived furin inhibitors was prepared; the most potent compounds 17 and 21 inhibit furin with K(i) values of 0.46 and 0.59μM, respectively. In contrast to inhibitor 17, which still contains a guanidino residue, compound 21 possesses only weakly basic amidinohydrazone groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sielaff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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22
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Blavid R, Kusch P, Hauber J, Eschweiler U, Sarite SR, Specht S, Deininger S, Hoerauf A, Kaiser A. Down-regulation of hypusine biosynthesis in Plasmodium by inhibition of S-adenosyl-methionine-decarboxylase. Amino Acids 2010; 38:461-9. [PMID: 19949824 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An important issue facing global health today is the need for new, effective and affordable drugs against malaria, particularly in resource-poor countries. Moreover, the currently available antimalarials are limited by factors ranging from parasite resistance to safety, compliance, cost and the current lack of innovations in medicinal chemistry. Depletion of polyamines in the intraerythrocytic phase of P. falciparum is a promising strategy for the development of new antimalarials since intracellular levels of putrescine, spermidine and spermine are increased during cell proliferation. S-adenosyl-methionine-decarboxylase (AdoMETDC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of spermidine. The AdoMETDC inhibitor CGP 48664A, known as SAM486A, inhibited the separately expressed plasmodial AdoMETDC domain with a Km( i ) of 3 microM resulting in depletion of spermidine. Spermidine is an important precursor in the biosynthesis of hypusine. This prompted us to investigate a downstream effect on hypusine biosynthesis after inhibition of AdoMETDC. Extracts from P. falciparum in vitro cultures that were treated with 10 microM SAM 486A showed suppression of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) in comparison to the untreated control in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Depletion of eIF-5A was also observed in Western blot analysis with crude protein extracts from the parasite after treatment with 10 microM SAM486A. A determination of the intracellular polyamine levels revealed an approximately 27% reduction of spemidine and a 75% decrease of spermine while putrescine levels increased to 36%. These data suggest that inhibition of AdoMetDc provides a novel strategy for eIF-5A suppression and the design of new antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blavid
- Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Von Liebig Strasse 20, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany
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