1
|
Miranda‐Blancas R, Rodríguez‐Lima O, García‐Gutiérrez P, Flores‐López R, Jiménez L, Zubillaga RA, Rudiño‐Piñera E, Landa A. Biochemical characterization and gene structure analysis of the 24-kDa glutathione transferase sigma from Taenia solium. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:726-739. [PMID: 38514457 PMCID: PMC11073501 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium can cause human taeniasis and/or cysticercosis. The latter can in some instances cause human neurocysticercosis which is considered a priority in disease-control strategies and the prevention of mental health problems. Glutathione transferases are crucial for the establishment and long-term survival of T. solium; therefore, we structurally analyzed the 24-kDa glutathione transferase gene (Ts24gst) of T. solium and biochemically characterized its product. The gene promoter showed potential binding sites for transcription factors and xenobiotic regulatory elements. The gene consists of a transcription start site, four exons split by three introns, and a polyadenylation site. The gene architecture is conserved in cestodes. Recombinant Ts24GST (rTs24GST) was active and dimeric. Anti-rTs24GST serum showed slight cross-reactivity with human sigma-class GST. A 3D model of Ts24GST enabled identification of putative residues involved in interactions of the G-site with GSH and of the H-site with CDNB and prostaglandin D2. Furthermore, rTs24GST showed optimal activity at 45 °C and pH 9, as well as high structural stability in a wide range of temperatures and pHs. These results contribute to the better understanding of this parasite and the efforts directed to fight taeniasis/cysticercosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Miranda‐Blancas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico
| | - Oscar Rodríguez‐Lima
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico
| | | | - Roberto Flores‐López
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas Unidad de PosgradoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico
| | - Lucía Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico
| | - Rafael A. Zubillaga
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐IztapalapaMexico CityMexico
| | - Enrique Rudiño‐Piñera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavacaMexico
| | - Abraham Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guevara-Flores A, Nava-Balderas G, de Jesús Martínez-González J, Vásquez-Lima C, Rendón JL, del Arenal Mena IP. A Physiological Approach to Explore How Thioredoxin-Glutathione Reductase (TGR) and Peroxiredoxin (Prx) Eliminate H 2O 2 in Cysticerci of Taenia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:444. [PMID: 38671892 PMCID: PMC11047392 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) and glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) are the main enzymes of the thiol-dependent antioxidant systems responsible for reducing the H2O2 produced via aerobic metabolism or parasitic organisms by the host organism. These antioxidant systems maintain a proper redox state in cells. The cysticerci of Taenia crassiceps tolerate millimolar concentrations of this oxidant. To understand the role played by Prxs in this cestode, two genes for Prxs, identified in the genome of Taenia solium (TsPrx1 and TsPrx3), were cloned. The sequence of the proteins suggests that both isoforms belong to the class of typical Prxs 2-Cys. In addition, TsPrx3 harbors a mitochondrial localization signal peptide and two motifs (-GGLG- and -YP-) associated with overoxidation. Our kinetic characterization assigns them as thioredoxin peroxidases (TPxs). While TsPrx1 and TsPrx3 exhibit the same catalytic efficiency, thioredoxin-glutathione reductase from T. crassiceps (TcTGR) was five and eight times higher. Additionally, the latter demonstrated a lower affinity (>30-fold) for H2O2 in comparison with TsPrx1 and TsPrx3. The TcTGR contains a Sec residue in its C-terminal, which confers additional peroxidase activity. The aforementioned aspect implies that TsPrx1 and TsPrx3 are catalytically active at low H2O2 concentrations, and the TcTGR acts at high H2O2 concentrations. These results may explain why the T. crassiceps cysticerci can tolerate high H2O2 concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Guevara-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.G.-F.); (J.d.J.M.-G.); (C.V.-L.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Gabriela Nava-Balderas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - José de Jesús Martínez-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.G.-F.); (J.d.J.M.-G.); (C.V.-L.); (J.L.R.)
| | - César Vásquez-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.G.-F.); (J.d.J.M.-G.); (C.V.-L.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Juan Luis Rendón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.G.-F.); (J.d.J.M.-G.); (C.V.-L.); (J.L.R.)
| | - Irene Patricia del Arenal Mena
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.G.-F.); (J.d.J.M.-G.); (C.V.-L.); (J.L.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martínez-González JDJ, Ríos-Morales SL, Guevara-Flores A, Ramos-Godinez MDP, López-Saavedra A, Rendón JL, Del Arenal Mena IP. Evaluating the effect of curcumin on the metacestode of Taenia crassiceps. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108319. [PMID: 35777452 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, a curcuminoid present in the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa has multiple pharmacological effects including anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. This work evaluates the anthelmintic effect of the curcumin molecule (98% pure) on Taenia crassiceps cysticerci viability in vitro. Cysticerci incubated in the presence of increasing concentrations of curcumin showed a dose-dependent mortality correlated with a significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and a partial inhibition of thioredoxin-glutathione reductase, the only disulfide reductase present in these parasites. At 500 μM curcumin, a 100% of cysticerci lethality was obtained after 2 h of treatment. These results suggest the curcumin-induced oxidative stress could be in the origin of the anthelminthic effect of curcumin. Mice with cysticerci were injected intraperitoneally with 20, 40, or 60 mM curcumin daily for 30 days. A decrease in the burden of cysticerci (46%) was observed with a 60 mM dose of curcumin, supporting this compound as a potential anthelmintic drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José de Jesús Martínez-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Lizeth Ríos-Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Guevara-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Del Pilar Ramos-Godinez
- Unidad de Aplicaciones Avanzadas en Microscopía, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro López-Saavedra
- Unidad de Aplicaciones Avanzadas en Microscopía, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Luis Rendón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irene Patricia Del Arenal Mena
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Díaz-Zaragoza M, Jiménez L, Hernández M, Hernández-Ávila R, Navarro L, Ochoa-Sánchez A, Encarnación-Guevara S, Ostoa-Saloma P, Landa A. Protein expression profile of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci related to Th1- and Th2-type responses in the mouse cysticercosis model. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105696. [PMID: 32956635 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intraperitoneal cysticercosis model with the Taenia crassiceps ORF strain in female BALB/cAnN mice has been widely used to study the immune response in cysticercosis. During early infection (2 weeks), the host develops a non-permissive Th1 response, whereas during late infection (8 weeks), molecules from the cysticerci induce a Th2 response that is permissive to parasite growth. The modulation of the Th2 response is induced by molecules excreted/secreted by the larval stage of the parasite. However, there is limited information regarding the response of cysticerci to the mouse immunological environment during infection. The proteomic profiles in T. crassiceps ORF cysticerci when faced with the mouse Th1 and Th2 responses were analyzed through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), and the differential expression of proteins was evaluated. Thirteen proteins, whose differential expression varied between 70% and 100%, were selected randomly. Protein identification by MALDI-TOF MS and BLAST showed that the proteins were related to folding, signaling, enzymatic activities, cell-movement regulation, cell-cell interactions, motility, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and redox regulation processes. Notably, some of the proteins can act as antigenic-protective molecules and elicit a weak Th1 response; however, most are involved in the avoidance of the immune system, which leads to a Th2 response, or apoptosis. The findings indicate the process by which T. crassiceps cysticerci responds based on the host environment and provides novel insights into the mechanism by which this facilitates its establishment and persistence in the mouse. Furthermore, these proteins could be used as targets for drug and vaccine development.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Hou Y, Wang Y, Lu Z, Song C, Xu Y, Wei N, Wang Q. Cloning, expression and enzymatic characteristics of a 2-Cys peroxiredoxin from Antarctic sea-ice bacterium Psychrobacter sp. ANT206. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 129:1047-1055. [PMID: 30240713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin (Prx, EC 1.11.1.15) is a family of the thiol-dependent antioxidant enzyme. In this study, a cold-adapted Prx gene from Antarctic psychrophilic bacterium Psychrobacter sp. ANT206 (PsPrx) consisted of an open reading frame (ORF) of 567 bp was cloned. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that PsPrx contained one catalytic site (Thr45, Cys48 and Arg121) and could be categorized as a typical 2-Cys Prx. Compared with the mesophilic StPrx, PsPrx with a reduced amount of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges and other characteristics, may be responsible for its enzymatic stability and flexibility at low temperature. The recombinant PsPrx (rPsPrx) was purified to homogeneity by Ni-NTA and its enzymatic characterization was described. Interestingly, rPsPrx exhibited the maximum activity at 30 °C and remained 42.6% of its maximum activity at 0 °C. rPsPrx was a salt-tolerance enzyme that showed 42.2% of its maximum activity under 2.5 M NaCl. The kinetic parameters of different substrates revealed that it could efficiently catalyze the peroxides, especially H2O2 and t-BOOH (tert‑butyl hydroperoxide). Moreover, rPsPrx exhibited the ability to protect super-coiled DNA from oxidative damage. These results indicated that rPsPrx has special catalytic properties and may be a promising candidate for food and industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Yanhua Hou
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Yatong Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Zongbao Lu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Chi Song
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Nana Wei
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Quanfu Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Architecture of Thiol Antioxidant Systems among Invertebrate Parasites. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020259. [PMID: 28208651 PMCID: PMC6155587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oxygen as the final electron acceptor in aerobic organisms results in an improvement in the energy metabolism. However, as a byproduct of the aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species are produced, leaving to the potential risk of an oxidative stress. To contend with such harmful compounds, living organisms have evolved antioxidant strategies. In this sense, the thiol-dependent antioxidant defense systems play a central role. In all cases, cysteine constitutes the major building block on which such systems are constructed, being present in redox substrates such as glutathione, thioredoxin, and trypanothione, as well as at the catalytic site of a variety of reductases and peroxidases. In some cases, the related selenocysteine was incorporated at selected proteins. In invertebrate parasites, antioxidant systems have evolved in a diversity of both substrates and enzymes, representing a potential area in the design of anti-parasite strategies. The present review focus on the organization of the thiol-based antioxidant systems in invertebrate parasites. Differences between these taxa and its final mammal host is stressed. An understanding of the antioxidant defense mechanisms in this kind of parasites, as well as their interactions with the specific host is crucial in the design of drugs targeting these organisms.
Collapse
|
7
|
Masatani T, Asada M, Hakimi H, Hayashi K, Yamagishi J, Kawazu SI, Xuan X. Identification and functional analysis of a novel mitochondria-localized 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, BbTPx-2, from Babesia bovis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3139-45. [PMID: 27095567 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-based peroxidases, known as peroxiredoxins (Prx) or thioredoxin peroxidases (TPx), are important antioxidant enzymes that prevent oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we identified a novel mitochondrial 2-Cys Prx, BbTPx-2, from a bovine Babesia parasite, B. bovis. BbTPx-2 complementary DNA (cDNA) encodes a polypeptide of 254 amino acid residues. This protein has a mitochondrial targeting peptide at the N-terminus and two conserved cysteine residues of the typical 2-Cys Prx. By using a thiol mixed-function oxidation assay, the antioxidant activity of recombinant BbTPx-2 was revealed, and its antioxidant activity was comparable to that of a cytosolic 2-Cys Prx from B. bovis, BbTPx-1. Notably, we confirmed that BbTPx-2 was expressed in the mitochondrion of B. bovis merozoites. Taken together, the results suggest that the mitochondrial BbTPx-2 is an antioxidative enzyme for scavenging ROS in B. bovis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Masatani
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Masahito Asada
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hassan Hakimi
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.,Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawazu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodríguez-Lima O, García-Gutierrez P, Jiménez L, Zarain-Herzberg Á, Lazzarini R, Landa A. Molecular Cloning of a cDNA Encoding for Taenia solium TATA-Box Binding Protein 1 (TsTBP1) and Study of Its Interactions with the TATA-Box of Actin 5 and Typical 2-Cys Peroxiredoxin Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141818. [PMID: 26529408 PMCID: PMC4631506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TATA-box binding protein (TBP) is an essential regulatory transcription factor for the TATA-box and TATA-box-less gene promoters. We report the cloning and characterization of a full-length cDNA that encodes a Taenia solium TATA-box binding protein 1 (TsTBP1). Deduced amino acid composition from its nucleotide sequence revealed that encodes a protein of 238 residues with a predicted molecular weight of 26.7 kDa, and a theoretical pI of 10.6. The NH2-terminal domain shows no conservation when compared with to pig and human TBP1s. However, it shows high conservation in size and amino acid identity with taeniids TBP1s. In contrast, the TsTBP1 COOH-terminal domain is highly conserved among organisms, and contains the amino acids involved in interactions with the TATA-box, as well as with TFIIA and TFIIB. In silico TsTBP1 modeling reveals that the COOH-terminal domain forms the classical saddle structure of the TBP family, with one α-helix at the end, not present in pig and human. Native TsTBP1 was detected in T. solium cysticerci´s nuclear extract by western blot using rabbit antibodies generated against two synthetic peptides located in the NH2 and COOH-terminal domains of TsTBP1. These antibodies, through immunofluorescence technique, identified the TBP1 in the nucleus of cells that form the bladder wall of cysticerci of Taenia crassiceps, an organism close related to T. solium. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using nuclear extracts from T. solium cysticerci and antibodies against the NH2-terminal domain of TsTBP1 showed the interaction of native TsTBP1 with the TATA-box present in T. solium actin 5 (pAT5) and 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (Ts2-CysPrx) gene promoters; in contrast, when antibodies against the anti-COOH-terminal domain of TsTBP1 were used, they inhibited the binding of TsTBP1 to the TATA-box of the pAT5 promoter gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rodríguez-Lima
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | | | - Lucía Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Ángel Zarain-Herzberg
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Roberto Lazzarini
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana–Iztapalapa, México D.F., México
| | - Abraham Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martínez-González JJ, Guevara-Flores A, Rendón JL, Arenal IPD. Auranofin-induced oxidative stress causes redistribution of the glutathione pool in Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 201:16-25. [PMID: 26024834 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have studied the effect of the gold-compound auranofin (AF) on both thioredoxin-glutathione reductasa (TGR) activity and viability of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. It was demonstrated that micromolar concentrations of AF were high enough to fully inhibit TGR and kill the parasites. In this work, the dynamics of changes in the glutathione pool of T. crassiceps cysticerci following the addition of AF, was analyzed. A dose-dependent decrease in the internal glutathione concentration, concomitant with an increase in ROS production was observed. These changes were simultaneous with the formation of glutathione-protein complexes and the export of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the culture medium. Incubation of cysticerci in the presence of both AF and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) prevents all the above changes, maintaining cysticerci viability. By contrast, the presence of both AF and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) resulted in a potentiation of the effects of the gold compound, jeopardizing cysticerci viability. These results suggest the lethal effect of AF on T. crassiceps cysticerci, observed at micromolar concentrations, can be explained as a consequence of major changes in the glutathione status, which results in a significant increase in the oxidative stress of the parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Martínez-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - A Guevara-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - J L Rendón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - I P Del Arenal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 Mexico, DF, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Characterization of a Thioredoxin-1 Gene from Taenia solium and Its Encoding Product. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:453469. [PMID: 26090410 PMCID: PMC4452251 DOI: 10.1155/2015/453469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Taenia solium thioredoxin-1 gene (TsTrx-1) has a length of 771 bp with three exons and two introns. The core promoter gene presents two putative stress transcription factor binding sites, one putative TATA box, and a transcription start site (TSS). TsTrx-1 mRNA is expressed higher in larvae than in adult. This gene encodes a protein of 107 amino acids that presents the Trx active site (CGPC), the classical secondary structure of the thioredoxin fold, and the highest degree of identity with the Echinococcus granulosus Trx. A recombinant TsTrx-1 (rTsTrx-1) was produced in Escherichia coli with redox activity. Optimal activity for rTsTrx-1 was at pH 6.5 in the range of 15 to 25°C. The enzyme conserved activity for 3 h and lost it in 24 h at 37°C. rTsTrx-1 lost 50% activity after 1 h and lost activity completely in 24 h at temperatures higher than 55°C. Best storage temperature for rTsTrx-1 was at −70°C. It was inhibited by high concentrations of H2O2 and methylglyoxal (MG), but it was inhibited neither by NaCl nor by anti-rTsTrx-1 rabbit antibodies that strongly recognized a ~12 kDa band in extracts from several parasites. These TsTrx-1 properties open the opportunity to study its role in relationship T. solium-hosts.
Collapse
|
11
|
Martínez-González JJ, Guevara-Flores A, Rendón JL, Sosa-Peinado A, Del Arenal Mena IP. Purification and characterization of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci thioredoxin: insight into thioredoxin-glutathione-reductase (TGR) substrate recognition. Parasitol Int 2014; 64:194-201. [PMID: 25523293 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is an oxidoreductase central to redox homeostasis in cells and is involved in the regulation of protein activity through thiol/disulfide exchanges. Based on these facts, our goal was to purify and characterize cytosolic thioredoxin from Taenia crassiceps cysticerci, as well as to study its behavior as a substrate of thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (TGR). The enzyme was purified >133-fold with a total yield of 9.7%. A molecular mass of 11.7kDa and a pI of 4.84 were measured. Native electrophoresis was used to identify the oxidized and reduced forms of the monomer as well as the presence of a homodimer. In addition to the catalytic site cysteines, cysticerci thioredoxin contains Cys28 and Cys65 residues conserved in previously sequenced cestode thioredoxins. The following kinetic parameters were obtained for the substrate of TGR: a Km of 3.1μM, a kcat of 10s(-1) and a catalytic efficiency of 3.2×10(6)M(-1)s(-1). The negative patch around the α3-helix of Trx is involved in the interaction with TGR and suggests variable specificity and catalytic efficiency of the reductase toward thioredoxins of different origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Martínez-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - A Guevara-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - J L Rendón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - A Sosa-Peinado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - I P Del Arenal Mena
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, 04510 México, D.F., México
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reynoso-Ducoing O, Valverde-Islas L, Paredes-Salomon C, Pérez-Reyes A, Landa A, Robert L, Mendoza G, Ambrosio JR. Analysis of the expression of cytoskeletal proteins of Taenia crassiceps ORF strain cysticerci (Cestoda). Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1955-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
13
|
Bae YA, Xue Y, Lee EG, Kim SH, Kong Y. Bioactive molecules ofTaenia soliummetacestode, a causative agent of neurocysticercosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:691-707. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Masatani T, Asada M, Ichikawa-Seki M, Usui M, Terkawi MA, Hayashi K, Kawazu SI, Xuan X. Cloning and characterization of a 2-Cys peroxiredoxin from Babesia gibsoni. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:139-43. [PMID: 24025459 PMCID: PMC3979947 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes. Here, we cloned a 2-Cys Prx,
BgTPx-1, from the canine Babesia parasite B.
gibsoni. Sequence identity between BgTPx-1 and 2-Cys Prx of B.
bovis was 81% at the amino acid level. Enzyme activity assay by using
recombinant BgTPx-1 (rBgTPx-1) indicated that BgTPx-1 has antioxidant activity. Antiserum
from a mouse immunized with rBgTPx-1 reacted with parasite lysates and detect a protein
with a monomeric size of 22 kDa and also a 44 kDa protein, which might be an inefficiently
reduced dimer. BgTPx-1 was expressed in the cytoplasm of B. gibsoni
merozoites. These results suggest that the BgTPx-1 may play a role to control redox
balance in the cytoplasm of B. gibsoni.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Masatani
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng Y. Strategies of Echinococcus species responses to immune attacks: implications for therapeutic tool development. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:495-501. [PMID: 23973651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus species have been studied as a model to investigate parasite-host interactions. Echinococcus spp. can actively communicate dynamically with a host to facilitate infection, growth and proliferation partially via secretion of molecules, especially in terms of harmonization of host immune attacks. This review systematically outlines our current knowledge of how the Echinococcus species have evolved to adapt to their host's microenvironment. This understanding of parasite-host interplay has implications in profound appreciation of parasite plasticity and is informative in designing novel and effective tools including vaccines and drugs for the treatment of echinococcosis and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Victor B, Dorny P, Kanobana K, Polman K, Lindh J, Deelder AM, Palmblad M, Gabriël S. Use of expressed sequence tags as an alternative approach for the identification of Taenia solium metacestode excretion/secretion proteins. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:224. [PMID: 23742691 PMCID: PMC3686625 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is a zoonotic helminth infection mainly found in rural regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America. In endemic areas, diagnosis of cysticercosis largely depends on serology, but these methods have their drawbacks and require improvement. This implies better knowledge of the proteins secreted and excreted by the parasite. In a previous study, we used a custom protein database containing protein sequences from related helminths to identify T. solium metacestode excretion/secretion proteins. An alternative or complementary approach would be to use expressed sequence tags combined with BLAST and protein mapping to supercontigs of Echinococcus granulosus, a closely related cestode. In this study, we evaluate this approach and compare the results to those obtained in the previous study. Findings We report 297 proteins organized in 106 protein groups based on homology. Additional classification was done using Gene Ontology information on biological process and molecular function. Of the 106 protein groups, 58 groups were newly identified, while 48 groups confirmed previous findings. Blast2GO analysis revealed that the majority of the proteins were involved in catalytic activities and binding. Conclusions In this study, we used translated expressed sequence tags combined with BLAST and mapping strategies to both confirm and complement previous research. Our findings are comparable to recent studies on other helminth genera like Echinococcus, Schistosoma and Clonorchis, indicating similarities between helminth excretion/secretion proteomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Victor
- Veterinary Helminthology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Victor B, Kanobana K, Gabriël S, Polman K, Deckers N, Dorny P, Deelder AM, Palmblad M. Proteomic analysis of Taenia solium metacestode excretion-secretion proteins. Proteomics 2012; 12:1860-9. [PMID: 22623400 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The metacestode larval stage of Taenia solium is the causal agent of a zoonotic disease called cysticercosis. The disease has an important impact on pork trade (due to porcine cysticercosis) and public health (due to human neurocysticercosis). In order to improve the current diagnostic tools and to get a better understanding of the interaction between T. solium metacestodes and their host, there is a need for more information about the proteins that are released by the parasite. In this study, we used protein sequences from different helminths, 1DE, reversed-phase LC, and MS/MS to analyze the excretion-secretion proteins produced by T. solium metacestodes from infected pigs. This is the first report of the T. solium metacestode excretion-secretion proteome. We report 76 proteins including 27 already described T. solium proteins, 17 host proteins and 32 proteins likely to be of T. solium origin, but identified using sequences from other helminths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Victor
- Veterinary Helminthology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gretes MC, Poole LB, Karplus PA. Peroxiredoxins in parasites. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:608-33. [PMID: 22098136 PMCID: PMC3373223 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parasite survival and virulence relies on effective defenses against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the host immune system. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous enzymes now thought to be central to such defenses and, as such, have potential value as drug targets and vaccine antigens. RECENT ADVANCES Plasmodial and kinetoplastid Prx systems are the most extensively studied, yet remain inadequately understood. For many other parasites our knowledge is even less well developed. Through parasite genome sequencing efforts, however, the key players are being discovered and characterized. Here we describe what is known about the biochemistry, regulation, and cell biology of Prxs in parasitic protozoa, helminths, and fungi. At least one Prx is found in each parasite with a sequenced genome, and a notable theme is the common patterns of expression, localization, and functionality among sequence-similar Prxs in related species. CRITICAL ISSUES The nomenclature of Prxs from parasites is in a state of disarray, causing confusion and making comparative inferences difficult. Here we introduce a systematic Prx naming convention that is consistent between organisms and informative about structural and evolutionary relationships. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The new nomenclature should stimulate the crossfertilization of ideas among parasitologists and with the broader redox research community. The diverse parasite developmental stages and host environments present complex systems in which to explore the variety of roles played by Prxs, with a view toward parlaying what is learned into novel therapies and vaccines that are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Gretes
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - P. Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cloning and characterization of Plasmodium vivax thioredoxin peroxidase-1. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:525-9. [PMID: 22392134 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species produced from hemoglobin digestion and the host immune system could have adverse effects on malaria parasites. To protect themselves, malaria parasites are highly dependent on the antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutases and thioredoxin-dependent peroxidases. To date, several thioredoxin peroxidases (TPx) have been characterized in Plasmodium falciparum, but the TPx in Plasmodium vivax has not yet been characterized. The complete sequence of gene coding for thioredoxin peroxidase-1 of P. vivax (PvTPx-1) was amplified by PCR and cloned. Using the recombinant PvTPx-1 (rPvTPx-1), polyclonal antibody was produced in mice for immunolocalization of the enzyme in the parasite. The antioxidant activity of rPvTPx-1 was evaluated by mixed-function oxidation assay. PvTPx-1 has two conserved cysteine residues in the amino acid sequence at the positions 50 and 170 which formed a dimer under a non-reducing condition. Using a thiol mixed-function oxidation assay, the antioxidant activity of rPvTPx-1 was revealed. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with the specific antibody indicated that PvTPx-1 was expressed in the cytoplasm of the erythrocytic stage of the parasite in a dots-like pattern. The results suggest that P. vivax uses TPx-1 to reduce and detoxify hydrogen peroxides in order to maintain their redox homeostasis and proliferation in the host body.
Collapse
|
20
|
Parra-Unda R, Vaca-Paniagua F, Jiménez L, Landa A. Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase: cloning and analysis of the Taenia solium gene and Taenia crassiceps cDNA. Exp Parasitol 2011; 130:32-8. [PMID: 22019409 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide (O(2)(-)) to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and plays an important role in the establishment and survival of helminthes in their hosts. In this work, we describe the Taenia solium Cu,Zn-SOD gene (TsCu,Zn-SOD) and a Taenia crassiceps (TcCu,Zn-SOD) cDNA. TsCu,Zn-SOD gene that spans 2.841 kb, and has three exons and two introns; the splicing junctions follow the GT-AG rule. Analysis in silico of the gene revealed that the 5'-flanking region has three putative TATA and CCAAT boxes, and transcription factor binding sites for NF1 and AP1. The transcription start site was a C, located at 22 nucleotides upstream of the translation start codon (ATG). Southern blot analysis showed that TcCu,Zn-SOD and TsCu,Zn-SOD genes are encoded by a single copy. The deduced amino acid sequences of TsCu,Zn-SOD gene and TcCu,Zn-SOD cDNA reveal 98.47% of identity, and the characteristic motives, including the catalytic site and β-barrel structure of the Cu,Zn-SOD. Proteomic and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that Cu,Zn-SOD does not have isoforms, is distributed throughout the bladder wall and is concentrated in the tegument of T. solium and T. crassiceps cysticerci. Expression analysis revealed that TcCu,Zn-SOD mRNA and protein expression levels do not change in cysticerci, even upon exposure to O(2)(-) (0-3.8 nmol/min) and H(2)O(2) (0-2mM), suggesting that this gene is constitutively expressed in these parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Parra-Unda
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio A, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF 04510, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cloning, sequencing and functional expression of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from Taenia solium: Purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:217-24. [PMID: 21439955 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the complete coding sequence of a Taenia solium cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (TscMDH). The cDNA fragment, identified from the T. solium genome project database, encodes a protein of 332 amino acid residues with an estimated molecular weight of 36517Da. For recombinant expression, the full length coding sequence was cloned into pET23a. After successful expression and enzyme purification, isoelectrofocusing gel electrophoresis allowed to confirm the calculated pI value at 8.1, as deduced from the amino acid sequence. The recombinant protein (r-TscMDH) showed MDH activity of 409U/mg in the reduction of oxaloacetate, with neither lactate dehydrogenase activity nor NADPH selectivity. Optimum pH for enzyme activity was 7.6 for oxaloacetate reduction and 9.6 for malate oxidation. K(cat) values for oxaloacetate, malate, NAD, and NADH were 665, 47, 385, and 962s(-1), respectively. Additionally, a partial characterization of TsMDH gene structure after analysis of a 1.56Kb genomic contig assembly is also reported.
Collapse
|
22
|
Martínez-González JJ, Guevara-Flores A, Alvarez G, Rendón-Gómez JL, Del Arenal IP. In vitro killing action of auranofin on Taenia crassiceps metacestode (cysticerci) and inactivation of thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (TGR). Parasitol Res 2010; 107:227-31. [PMID: 20431894 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Control of cellular redox homeostasis is a central issue for all living organisms. Glutathione and thioredoxin enzymatic redox systems are the usual mean used to achieve such a control. However, parasitic platyhelminths studied to date possess a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent thioredoxin-glutathione reductase (TGR) as the sole redox control system. Thus, TGR is considered as a potential therapeutic target of parasitic platyhelminths, and based on this assumption, the gold compound auranofin is a potent inhibitor of TGR. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of auranofin on metacestode (cysticerci) of Taenia crassiceps in culture. Accordingly, the time course for viability and respiration of cysticerci in culture was evaluated in the presence of this compound. After 4 h at 10 microM auranofin, 90% of cysticerci were alive, but respiration activity had declined by 50%. After 12 h, neither survivors nor respiration was detected; a LD(50) for auranofin of 3.8 microM was calculated. Interestingly, crude extracts of cysticerci pretreated with 3 microM auranofin nearly nil TGR activity (IC(50) = 0.6 microM). Zymography for TGR in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was conducted because the previously mentioned extracts clearly showed a dose-response inactivation of TGR toward auranofin. The killing of cysticerci by this gold compound is most likely related with TGR inactivation. Therefore, further research on the suitability of auranofin as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of cysticercosis in animals and humans is sustained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José J Martínez-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-159, México City, 04510, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mapping of Taenia solium TSOL18 antigenic epitopes by phage display library. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:1151-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
Taenia crassiceps is a cestode parasite of wild and domestic animals that rarely affects humans; it has been widely used as an experimental model. The asexual proliferation by budding is a useful attribute of T. crassiceps cysticerci, which allows the various strains to be maintained indefinitely in the peritoneal cavity of inbred mice. Over the last 50 years, experimental results using larval and adult stages of T. crassiceps have yielded much information on the morphology, infectivity, proliferation dynamics, host immune response, endocrinological responses and vaccine research, all of which have contributed to our knowledge of cestode biology.
Collapse
|