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Almeida Júnior ASD, Freitas Viana Leal MM, Marques DSC, Silva ALD, Souza Bezerra RD, Siqueira de Souza YF, Mendonça Silveira ME, Santos FA, Alves LC, de Lima Aires A, Cruz Filho IJD, do Carmo Alves de Lima M. Therapeutic potential of hydantoin and thiohydantoin compounds against Schistosoma mansoni: An integrated in vitro, DNA, ultrastructural, and ADMET in silico approach. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 260:111646. [PMID: 38950658 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to conduct in vitro biological assessments of hydantoin and thiohydantoin compounds against mature Schistosoma mansoni worms, evaluate their cytotoxic effects and predict their pharmacokinetic parameters using computational methods. The compounds showed low in vitro cytotoxicity and were not considered hemolytic. Antiparasitic activity against adult S. mansoni worms was tested with all compounds at concentrations ranging from 200 to 6.25 μM. Compounds SC01, SC02, and SC03 exhibited low activity. Compounds SC04, SC05, SC06 and SC07 caused 100 % mortality within 24 h of incubation at a concentration of 100 and 200 μM. Thiohydantoin SC04 exhibited the highest activity, resulting in 100 % mortality after 24 h of incubation at a concentration of 50 μM and IC50 of 28 µM. In the ultrastructural analysis (SEM), the compound SC04 (200 µM) induced integumentary changes, formation of integumentary blisters, and destruction of tubercles and spicules. Therefore, the SC04 compound shows promise as an antiparasitic against S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Sérgio de Almeida Júnior
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Mayse Manuele Freitas Viana Leal
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Diego Santa Clara Marques
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-600, Brazil.
| | - Anekécia Lauro da Silva
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Vale do Rio São Francisco (UNIVASF), Avenida da Amizade, s/n, Sal Torrado, Paulo Afonso, BA 48605-780, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Souza Bezerra
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Vale do Rio São Francisco (UNIVASF), Avenida da Amizade, s/n, Sal Torrado, Paulo Afonso, BA 48605-780, Brazil
| | - Yandra Flaviana Siqueira de Souza
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Vale do Rio São Francisco (UNIVASF), Avenida da Amizade, s/n, Sal Torrado, Paulo Afonso, BA 48605-780, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduardade Mendonça Silveira
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ab Santos
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM-FIOCRUZ), Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM-FIOCRUZ), Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50670-420, Brazil
| | - André de Lima Aires
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Iranildo José da Cruz Filho
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-600, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Alves de Lima
- Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE 50740-600, Brazil
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2
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Zhu J, Liu J, Yan C, Wang D, Pan W. Trained immunity: a cutting edge approach for designing novel vaccines against parasitic diseases? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252554. [PMID: 37868995 PMCID: PMC10587610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The preventive situation of parasitosis, a global public health burden especially for developing countries, is not looking that good. Similar to other infections, vaccines would be the best choice for preventing and controlling parasitic infection. However, ideal antigenic molecules for vaccine development have not been identified so far, resulting from the complicated life history and enormous genomes of the parasites. Furthermore, the suppression or down-regulation of anti-infectious immunity mediated by the parasites or their derived molecules can compromise the effect of parasitic vaccines. Comparing the early immune profiles of several parasites in the permissive and non-permissive hosts, a robust innate immune response is proposed to be a critical event to eliminate the parasites. Therefore, enhancing innate immunity may be essential for designing novel and effective parasitic vaccines. The newly emerging trained immunity (also termed innate immune memory) has been increasingly recognized to provide a novel perspective for vaccine development targeting innate immunity. This article reviews the current status of parasitic vaccines and anti-infectious immunity, as well as the conception, characteristics, and mechanisms of trained immunity and its research progress in Parasitology, highlighting the possible consideration of trained immunity in designing novel vaccines against parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dahui Wang
- Liangshan College (Li Shui) China, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu International Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Gomes DS, Negrão-Corrêa DA, Miranda GS, Rodrigues JGM, Guedes TJFL, de Lucca Junior W, Sá Filho JCFD, Nizio DADC, Blank AF, Feitosa VLC, Dolabella SS. Lippia alba and Lippia gracilis essential oils affect the viability and oviposition of Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106434. [PMID: 35364048 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people around the world. Currently, the only drug available for the treatment of this disease is praziquantel, which has low efficacy against immature helminth stages and there are reports of drug resistance. In this study, the chemical composition and the in vitro effect of essential oils (EOs) and major compounds from Lippia gracilis and Lippia alba against schistosomula and adult Schistosoma mansoni worms were evaluated. Adult S. mansoni worms cultured for 8h in the presence of L. gracilis EO (50 and 100 µg/mL) or for 2h with its major compound, carvacrol (100 µg/mL), had a 100% reduction in viability. After interaction with L. alba EO (100µg/mL), there was a reduction of approximately 60% in the viability of adult worms after 24 hours of exposure; citral (50 and 100 µg/mL), its major compound, reduced the viability after 24 hours by more than 75%. Treatment of schistosomula with 100 µg/mL of L. gracilis or L. alba EOs for 6h led to a reduction in parasite viability of 80% and 16% respectively. Both EOs and their major compounds significantly reduced the oviposition of adult worms exposed to a non-lethal concentration (5 µg/mL). In addition, morphological changes such as the destruction of the tegument and disorganization of the reproductive system of male and female worms were visualized. Both EOs showed low cytotoxicity at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The results encourage further investigation of these plants as a potential source of bioactive compounds against S. mansoni.
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4
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Barbosa RCF, Landuci FS, de Oliveira MCC, Echevarria A, Pereira EC, Castelar B, Pontes MD, Torres-Santos EC, Andrade-Neto VV. Sterol profile of Neobenedenia melleni, a marine ectoparasite fish. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 246:111414. [PMID: 34551360 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neobenedenia melleni, a marine fish ectoparasite, is responsible for considerable losses in the mariculture industry. In maintaining the parasite's homeostasis, sterols are structural and functional lipids that perform vital functions. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of biosynthesis and the uptake of sterols can reveal potential pharmacological targets. The objective of this work was thereby to characterize the N. melleni sterols. The most abundant sterol found was cholesterol in either its free (47.48 ± 15.93 %) or esterified form. However, its precursors, squalene (3.53 ± 0.92 %) and desmosterol (0.25 ± 0.03 %), were also found, suggesting the uptake of these intermediates from hosts or an unusual active pathway of sterol biosynthesis, which can be further explored as pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo César Fernandes Barbosa
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, 23970-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Schwahofer Landuci
- Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Produção, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Campos de Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, 23970-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aurea Echevarria
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, 23970-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cavalcante Pereira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Castelar
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin. Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marcelo Duarte Pontes
- Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa e Produção, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Valter Viana Andrade-Neto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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5
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Houlder EL, Costain AH, Cook PC, MacDonald AS. Schistosomes in the Lung: Immunobiology and Opportunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635513. [PMID: 33953712 PMCID: PMC8089482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosome infection is a major cause of global morbidity, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is no effective vaccine for this major neglected tropical disease, and re-infection routinely occurs after chemotherapeutic treatment. Following invasion through the skin, larval schistosomula enter the circulatory system and migrate through the lung before maturing to adulthood in the mesenteric or urogenital vasculature. Eggs released from adult worms can become trapped in various tissues, with resultant inflammatory responses leading to hepato-splenic, intestinal, or urogenital disease – processes that have been extensively studied in recent years. In contrast, although lung pathology can occur in both the acute and chronic phases of schistosomiasis, the mechanisms underlying pulmonary disease are particularly poorly understood. In chronic infection, egg-mediated fibrosis and vascular destruction can lead to the formation of portosystemic shunts through which eggs can embolise to the lungs, where they can trigger granulomatous disease. Acute schistosomiasis, or Katayama syndrome, which is primarily evident in non-endemic individuals, occurs during pulmonary larval migration, maturation, and initial egg-production, often involving fever and a cough with an accompanying immune cell infiltrate into the lung. Importantly, lung migrating larvae are not just a cause of inflammation and pathology but are a key target for future vaccine design. However, vaccine efforts are hindered by a limited understanding of what constitutes a protective immune response to larvae. In this review, we explore the current understanding of pulmonary immune responses and inflammatory pathology in schistosomiasis, highlighting important unanswered questions and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Houlder
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice H Costain
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Cook
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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El Bialy SA, Mansour B, Bayoumi WA, Taman A, Eissa HM. Novel 2-(5-Aryl)thiophen-2-yl)benzimidazoles; Design, Synthesis and In vitro Evaluation Against Cercarial Phase of Schistosoma mansoni. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999200523181211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Literature survey has pointed out that Benzimidazoles represent an interesting
class of anthelmintics, of which several potent members were developed.
Objective:
Benzimidazoles hybridized with pharmacophoric moieties possessing anthelmintic activity
were designed, synthesized to be evaluated against cercaria.
Methods:
Structural modification was achieved through 2- and 5-positions. Moreover, an in vitro
cercarial assay was adopted to evaluate target compounds.
Results and Discussion:
Biological screening revealed that compound 3h showed significant activity
with a survival index of 35% at a 100 μg/mL concentration. Whereas, compounds 3a and 3c
showed moderate activity, the rest of the tested compounds exhibited low activity.
Conclusion:
The current study evidenced that the new hybrids "benzimidazole-thiophen-aryl" are
successful as cercacidal agents. Further studies of this novel tri-ring system are suggested on adult
worms of S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serry Atta El Bialy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Basem Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Waleed Abdelhakeem Bayoumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Amira Taman
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohammed Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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7
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Kadesch P, Quack T, Gerbig S, Grevelding CG, Spengler B. Tissue- and sex-specific lipidomic analysis of Schistosoma mansoni using high-resolution atmospheric pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008145. [PMID: 32401760 PMCID: PMC7250470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes are human pathogens causing the neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis, which occurs worldwide in (sub-)tropical regions. This infectious disease is often associated with poverty, and more than 700 million people are at risk of infection. Exploitation of novel habitats and limited therapeutic options brought schistosomes into research focus. Schistosomes are the only trematodes that have evolved separate sexes. They are covered by their metabolically active tegument, a surface area representing the interface between male and female in their permanent mating contact but also between parasite and host. The tegument comprises, besides others, numerous specific lipid compounds. Limited information is available on the exact lipid composition and its spatial distribution. We used atmospheric-pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-SMALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to characterize the Schistosoma mansoni tegument surface in comparison to tissue sections of whole worms or couples. We found that phosphatidylcholines (PC) and specific phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) are significantly more abundant inside the worm body compared to the tegument. On the other hand, the latter was found to be enriched in sphingomyelins (SM), phosphatidylserines (PS), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), and specific PE species. We further investigated lipid classes concerning number of carbon atoms in fatty acyl chains as well as the degree of unsaturation and found pronounced differences between the tegument and whole-worm body. Furthermore, differences between male and female teguments were found. The lipid composition of S. mansoni tissues has been investigated in an untargeted, spatially resolved manner for the first time. WHO-defined Neglected Tropical Diseases, including schistosomiasis, are a burden for a significant part of the human world population. The fight against the diecious trematode Schistosoma mansoni can be supported by investigations of the specific molecular communication in male/female and in worm/host interactions. Improving the knowledge about S. mansoni is mandatory, since there is justified fear of the possibility of resistance development against the only available drug Praziquantel. We used mass spectrometry imaging as a powerful tool to provide topographic and tissue-specific information on the parasite. We investigated single male and female worms, as well as mating couples, regarding both, their inner tissue, and their intact surfaces, the tegument. We found highly specific lipid species and visualized their local distributions and abundances in high-resolution molecular images. Our findings may help to improve knowledge of the complex life cycles and of molecular communication mechanisms of schistosomes and may help to develop new drugs and strategies for treatment of the infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Kadesch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Quack
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gerbig
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph G. Grevelding
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Huang P, Zhou M, Cheng S, Hu Y, Gao M, Ma Y, Limpanont Y, Zhou H, Dekumyoy P, Cheng Y, Lv Z. Myricetin Possesses Anthelmintic Activity and Attenuates Hepatic Fibrosis via Modulating TGFβ1 and Akt Signaling and Shifting Th1/Th2 Balance in Schistosoma japonicum-Infected Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:593. [PMID: 32373112 PMCID: PMC7176910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a zoonotic and debilitating parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma japonicum. Praziquantel remains the choice for treating schistosomiasis, but its efficacy could be hampered by emergence of resistance. In this study, using large-scale drug screening, we selected out myricetin, a natural flavonol compound, having a good anti-schistosome effect. We found that myricetin exhibited dose and time-dependent insecticidal effect on S. japonicum in vitro, with an LC50 of 600 μM for 24 h, and inhibited female spawning. The drug mainly destroyed the body structure of the worms and induced apoptosis of the worm cells, which in turn led to death. In addition, oral administration of myricetin in mice infected with S. japonicum showed a deworming effect in vivo, as evidenced by a significant reduction in the liver egg load. H&E staining, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blotting assays showed that myricetin significantly alleviated liver fibrosis in mice infected with S. japonicum. Myricetin also effectively inhibited the expression of TGFβ1, Smad2, phospho-Smad2, Smad3, phospho-Smad3, ERK, phospho-ERK, Akt, and phospho-Akt in the liver of infected mice, suggesting that myricetin attenuated liver fibrosis in mice via modulating TGFβ1 and Akt signaling. Flow cytometric analysis of Th subtypes (Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg) in the mouse spleen further revealed that myricetin significantly increased the percentage Th1 cells in infected mice and reduced the proportion of Th2 cells and Th17 cells. Immunology multiplex assay further showed that myricetin attenuated S. japonicum-induced rise in the plasma levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17A in infected mice while increasing the plasma contents of IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-7. In conclusion, our study provides the first direct evidence that myricin possesses potent anti-schistosome activities in vitro and in vivo, and offers new insights into the mechanisms of action by myricetin. The present findings suggest that myricetin could be further explored as a therapeutic agent for S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Minyu Zhou
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaoyun Cheng
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Minzhao Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yubin Ma
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hongli Zhou
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yixin Cheng
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Joint Program of Pathobiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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9
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Reda ES, El-Shabasy EA, Said AE, Saleh MA. Comparative ultrastructural observations of the Egyptian schistosomes: Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:120-133. [PMID: 30956455 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrastructural topography has been made to the tegumental architectures of two Egyptian schistosomes namely S. mansoni and S. haematobium hosted in a model animal namely Cricentus auratus. The distribution of sensory papillae on the oral sucker were arranged in one circle around the rim in addition to some papillae in upper part of inner zone in male, female S. mansoni and in male S. haematobium. The differences in the types of papillae, their distribution and shape of ridges on various parts of the body surface which are quite specific for each species was studied. Also, the ventral tegument of female's displays larger and more numerous sensory papillae. Both ciliated and non-ciliated papillae were observed in this work which makes a link with another species of schistosome S. japonicum. Another characteristic feature in this study is unique of male of S. haematobium, the extensive formation of ridges and transformation to microvilli in the posterior region in males. These finding may provoke further study of schistosomes hosted in animal model for more detailed investigation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayat S Reda
- 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman A El-Shabasy
- 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ashraf E Said
- 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mai A Saleh
- 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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10
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Schistosomicidal, antifibrotic and antioxidant effects of Cucurbita pepo L. seed oil and praziquantel combined treatment for Schistosoma mansoni infection in a mouse model. J Helminthol 2018; 93:286-294. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDespite the seriousness of schistosomiasis, its treatment depends only on praziquantel (PZQ), which has begun to lose its efficacy against the emergent Schistosoma mansoni-resistant strains. Therefore, the discovery of a novel schistosomicidal drug is an urgent priority. This study was designed to evaluate treatment with Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin) seed oil (PSO) alone and combined with PZQ against S. mansoni in experimentally infected mice. The study involved five groups: GI was the normal control; GII was the infected control; GIII was treated with an oral dose of PZQ of 500 mg/kg/day for two successive days, starting in the sixth week post infection; GIV was treated with an oral dose of PSO of 50 mg/kg/day for four weeks, starting in the fourth week post infection; and GV was treated with combined PSO–PZQ. Worm burden, tissue egg load and oogram pattern were estimated, and the ultrastructure alterations were examined. Histopathological examination of granuloma diameters, collagen deposition (Picro Sirius red stain), and angiogenesis (immunohistochemical expression of CD34+) was conducted and serum liver enzymes were measured to assess the liver condition. Moreover, the oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the amounts of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase in liver homogenates. The results revealed significant changes in all the assessed parameters with PSO administration. However, PZQ was significantly more effective as an antiparasitic agent, whereas PSO was better in terms of fibrosis and oxidative stress. The most significant results were obtained in group V, which may be attributed to a synergy between PZQ and PSO, with antiparasitic, antioxidant and antifibrotic properties.
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Navarrete-Perea J, Isasa M, Paulo JA, Corral-Corral R, Flores-Bautista J, Hernández-Téllez B, Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Soberón X, Gygi SP, Laclette JP. Quantitative multiplexed proteomics of Taenia solium cysts obtained from the skeletal muscle and central nervous system of pigs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005962. [PMID: 28945737 PMCID: PMC5634658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In human and porcine cysticercosis caused by the tapeworm Taenia solium, the larval stage (cysts) can infest several tissues including the central nervous system (CNS) and the skeletal muscles (SM). The cyst’s proteomics changes associated with the tissue localization in the host tissues have been poorly studied. Quantitative multiplexed proteomics has the power to evaluate global proteome changes in response to different conditions. Here, using a TMT-multiplexed strategy we identified and quantified over 4,200 proteins in cysts obtained from the SM and CNS of pigs, of which 891 were host proteins. To our knowledge, this is the most extensive intermixing of host and parasite proteins reported for tapeworm infections.Several antigens in cysticercosis, i.e., GP50, paramyosin and a calcium-binding protein were enriched in skeletal muscle cysts. Our results suggested the occurrence of tissue-enriched antigen that could be useful in the improvement of the immunodiagnosis for cysticercosis. Using several algorithms for epitope detection, we selected 42 highly antigenic proteins enriched for each tissue localization of the cysts. Taking into account the fold changes and the antigen/epitope contents, we selected 10 proteins and produced synthetic peptides from the best epitopes. Nine peptides were recognized by serum antibodies of cysticercotic pigs, suggesting that those peptides are antigens. Mixtures of peptides derived from SM and CNS cysts yielded better results than mixtures of peptides derived from a single tissue location, however the identification of the ‘optimal’ tissue-enriched antigens remains to be discovered. Through machine learning technologies, we determined that a reliable immunodiagnostic test for porcine cysticercosis required at least five different antigenic determinants. Human and porcine cysticercosis caused by Taenia solium is a parasite disease still endemic in developing countries. The cysts can be located in different host tissues, including different organs of the central nervous system and the skeletal muscles. The molecular mechanisms associated with the tissue localization of the cysts are not well understood. Here, we described the proteome changes of the cysts obtained from different host tissues from infected pigs using quantitative multiplex proteomics. We explored the diversity of host proteins identified in the cyst’s protein extracts and we also explored the immune-localization of several host-related proteins within the cysts, and propose their possible function. We identified several proteins and antigens enriched for a given tissue localization. Several synthetic peptides designed from these tissue-enriched antigens were tested trough ELISA. Using a combination of peptide mixtures and machine learning technologies we were able to distinguish non cysticercotic and cysticercotic pig’s sera. The tissue-enriched proteins/antigens could be useful for the development of improved immuno-diagnostic tests capable of discriminate the tissue-localization of the cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Navarrete-Perea
- Dept. of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marta Isasa
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Corral-Corral
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Cell Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jeanette Flores-Bautista
- Dept. of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Téllez
- Dept. of Tissue and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Raúl J Bobes
- Dept. of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Dept. of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Dept. of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Xavier Soberón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México.,Dept. of Biocatalysis and Cellular Engineering, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos, México
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juan P Laclette
- Dept. of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Nitric oxide blocks the development of the human parasite Schistosoma japonicum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10214-10219. [PMID: 28874579 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708578114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma species, is a major public health problem affecting more than 700 million people in 78 countries, with over 40 mammalian host reservoir species complicating the transmission ecosystem. The primary cause of morbidity is considered to be granulomas induced by fertilized eggs of schistosomes in the liver and intestines. Some host species, like rats (Rattus norvegicus), are naturally intolerant to Schistosoma japonicum infection, and do not produce granulomas or pose a threat to transmission, while others, like mice and hamsters, are highly susceptible. The reasons behind these differences are still a mystery. Using inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (iNOS-/-) Sprague-Dawley rats, we found that inherent high expression levels of iNOS in wild-type (WT) rats play an important role in blocking growth, reproductive organ formation, and egg development in S. japonicum, resulting in production of nonfertilized eggs. Granuloma formation, induced by fertilized eggs in the liver, was considerably exacerbated in the iNOS-/- rats compared with the WT rats. This inhibition by nitric oxide acts by affecting mitochondrial respiration and energy production in the parasite. Our work not only elucidates the innate mechanism that blocks the development and production of fertilized eggs in S. japonicum but also offers insights into a better understanding of host-parasite interactions and drug development strategies against schistosomiasis.
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Taman A, El-Beshbishi SN, Bardicy SE, Tadros M, Ayoub M, Mansour B, El-Bialy S. In vitro screening of BTP-Iso on Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host Biomphalaria alexandrina. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pereira ASA, Cavalcanti MGS, Zingali RB, Lima-Filho JL, Chaves MEC. Isoforms of Hsp70-binding human LDL in adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1145-52. [PMID: 25573694 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is one of the most common parasites infecting humans. They are well adapted to the host, and this parasite's longevity is a consequence of effective escape from the host immune system. In the blood circulation, lipoproteins not only help to conceal the worm from attack by host antibodies but also act as a source of lipids for S. mansoni. Previous SEM studies showed that the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles present on the surface of adult S. mansoni worms decreased in size when the incubation time increased. In this study, immunocytochemical and proteomic analyses were used to locate and identify S. mansoni binding proteins to human plasma LDL. Ultrathin sections of adult worms were cut transversely from the anterior, medial and posterior regions of the parasite. Immunocytochemical experiments revealed particles of gold in the tegument, muscle region and spine in male worms and around vitelline cells in females. Immunoblotting and 2D-electrophoresis using incubations with human serum, anti-LDL antibodies and anti-chicken IgG peroxidase conjugate were performed to identify LDL-binding proteins in S. mansoni. Analysis of the binding proteins using LC-MS identified two isoforms of the Hsp70 chaperone in S. mansoni. Hsp70 is involved in the interaction with apoB in the cytoplasm and its transport to the endoplasmic reticulum. However, further studies are needed to clarify the functional role of Hsp70 in S. mansoni, mainly related to the interaction with human LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S A Pereira
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica em Eucariotos, Instituto de Química - Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, sala 1200, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil,
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Yepes E, Varela-M RE, López-Abán J, Dakir ELH, Mollinedo F, Muro A. In vitro and in vivo anti-schistosomal activity of the alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109431. [PMID: 25302497 PMCID: PMC4193788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. Five species of Schistosoma are known to infect humans, out of which S. haematobium is the most prevalent, causing the chronic parasitic disease schistosomiasis that still represents a major problem of public health in many regions of the world and especially in tropical areas, leading to serious manifestations and mortality in developing countries. Since the 1970s, praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis, but concerns about relying on a single drug to treat millions of people, and the potential appearance of drug resistance, make identification of alternative schistosomiasis chemotherapies a high priority. Alkylphospholipid analogs (APLs), together with their prototypic molecule edelfosine (EDLF), are a family of synthetic antineoplastic compounds that show additional pharmacological actions, including antiparasitic activities against several protozoan parasites. Methodology/Principal Findings We found APLs ranked edelfosine> perifosine> erucylphosphocholine> miltefosine for their in vitro schistosomicidal activity against adult S. mansoni worms. Edelfosine accumulated mainly in the worm tegument, and led to tegumental alterations, membrane permeabilization, motility impairment, blockade of male-female pairing as well as induction of apoptosis-like processes in cells in the close vicinity to the tegument. Edelfosine oral treatment also showed in vivo schistosomicidal activity and decreased significantly the egg burden in the liver, a key event in schistosomiasis. Conclusions/Significance Our data show that edelfosine is the most potent APL in killing S. mansoni adult worms in vitro. Edelfosine schistosomicidal activity seems to depend on its action on the tegumental structure, leading to tegumental damage, membrane permeabilization and apoptosis-like cell death. Oral administration of edelfosine diminished worm and egg burdens in S. mansoni-infected CD1 mice. Here we report that edelfosine showed promising antischistosomal properties in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yepes
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - E. L. Habib Dakir
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Aires ADL, Ximenes ECPA, Silva RAR, Barbosa VX, Góes AJDS, Peixoto CA, Souza VMO, Albuquerque MCPDA. Ultrastructural analysis of β-lapachone-induced surface membrane damage in male adult Schistosoma mansoni BH strain worms. Exp Parasitol 2014; 142:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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de Paula RG, Ornelas AMDM, Morais ER, Borges WDC, Natale M, Magalhães LG, Rodrigues V. Biochemical characterization and role of the proteasome in the oxidative stress response of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2887-97. [PMID: 24870249 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The trematode Schistosoma mansoni, an important parasite of humans, is the principle agent of the disease schistosomiasis. In the human host, one of the most important stress factors of this parasite is the oxidative stress generated by both the metabolism of the worm and the immune system of the host. The proteasomal system is responsible for protein homeostasis during oxidative stress. The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic protease formed by two compartments, a 20S core and regulatory particle 19S, and controls the degradation of intracellular proteins, hence regulating many cellular processes. In the present report, we describe the biochemical characterization and role of the 20S proteasome in the response of adult S. mansoni worms exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Characterization of the response to the oxidative stress included the evaluation of viability, egg production, mortality, tegument integrity, and both expression and activity of proteasome. We observed decreases in viability, egg production as well as 100% mortality at the higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide tested. The main changes observed in the tegument of adult worms were peeling as well as the appearance of bubbles and a decrease of spines on the tubercles. Furthermore, there were increases in 26S activity to the same extent as 20S proteasome activity, although there was increase of 20S proteasome content, suggesting that degradation of protein oxidized in adult worms is due to the 20S proteasome. It was demonstrated that adult S. mansoni worms are sensitive to oxidative stress, and that a variety of processes in this parasite are altered under this condition. The work contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms employed by S. mansoni to survive under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Graciano de Paula
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil,
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Pereira ASA, Cavalcanti NL, Nascimento GAF, Nascimento-Silva JLG, Padilha RJR, Viegas LFW, Alves LC, Lima-Filho JL, Chaves MEC. Morphological and morphometric study of cercariae and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni (SLM strain) isolated from infected mice. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:1087-96. [PMID: 23263251 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In northeastern Brazil, the schistosomiasis is historically endemic and considered as a public health problem. The Schistosoma mansoni São Lourenço da Mata (SLM-PE, Brazil) strain was used in several paper already published; however, morphological and morphometric studies about this strain was never done. In this work, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in morphological and morphometric analysis of cercariae and adult worms. Cercariae were obtained from Biomphalaria glabrata snails and adult worms from mice, both infected by the S. mansoni SLM strain, fixed and prepared for SEM. The results showed that cercariae of S. mansoni measures 254.9 μm of length. The bodies are covered by spines, with a ventral sucker, an oral sucker with sensory receivers, and a pair of penetration glands in the head. The area of tail and body and the distance between suckers were 3,011.77, 1,530.32, and 42.9 μm, respectively. Adult worms of S. mansoni were divided into three main regions: the anterior, medial, and posterior, besides the gynecophoral canal in males. The measure of adult worms of S. mansoni was 4 mm males and 5 mm females. The anterior region length of the male was 470 μm and of the female 271 μm. All the parameters were assayed in ten samples. The morphometric values found in the SLM strain were smaller than other S. mansoni strains described in the literature as well as other helminths. This is the first morphological and morphometric study with the SLM strain of S. mansoni being extremely important for improving control strategies and life quality of the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S A Pereira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Abstract
Intravascular schistosome parasites are covered by an unusual double lipid bilayer. Nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, as well as other metabolites, are known to be transported across this surface via specific transporter proteins. For instance, the glucose transporter protein SGTP4 is found in the host-interactive tegumental membranes. A second glucose transporter, SGTP1, localizes to the tegumental basal membrane (and internal tissues). Following expression in Xenopus oocytes, SGTP1 and SGTP4 both function as facilitated-diffusion sugar transporters. Suppressing the expression of SGTP1 and SGTP4 in juvenile schistosomes using RNA interference (RNAi) impairs the parasite's ability to import glucose and severely decreases worm viability. Amino acids can also be imported into schistosomes across their surface and an amino acid transporter (SPRM1lc) has been localized in the parasite surface membranes (as well as internally). In Xenopus oocytes, SPRM1lc can import the basic amino acids arginine, lysine and histidine as well as leucine, phenylalanine, methionine and glutamine. To function, this protein requires the assistance of a heavy-chain partner (SPRM1hc) which acts as a chaperone. Water is transported across the tegument of schistosomes via the aquaporin protein SmAQP. Suppressing SmAQP gene expression makes the parasites less able to osmoregulate and decreases their viability. In addition, SmAQP-suppressed adult parasites have been shown to be impaired in their ability to excrete lactate. Analysis of tegumental transporter proteins, as described in this report, is designed to generate a comprehensive understanding of the role of such proteins in promoting parasite survival by controlling the movement of metabolites into and out of the worms.
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Ultrastructural analysis of miltefosine-induced surface membrane damage in adult Schistosoma mansoni BH strain worms. Parasitol Res 2012; 110:2465-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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