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Castro-Saines E, Lagunes-Quintanilla R, Hernández-Ortiz R. Microbial agents for the control of ticks Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:275. [PMID: 39017922 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Ticks are ectoparasites responsible for the transmission of various pathogens to vertebrates. They represent one of the major threats to livestock production worldwide due to their impact on the health, production and welfare of livestock destined for human consumption. The development of resistance to the main families of ixodicides used for their control has led to the search for new alternatives, where microbial control is an option. The use of microbial control agents against the tick Rhipicephalus microplus is reviewed in this paper. Bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus spp. the nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. as well as the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana are the most studied organisms for use as biological control agents against ticks. Laboratory, stable and field trials with free-living and parasitised ticks have shown that microbial agents can control both susceptible and ixodicide-resistant tick populations. However, multidisciplinary studies using novel tools like genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics should be carried out to understand the virulence factors which microbial agents use to induce pathogenesis and virulence in ticks. In addition, applied research will be carried out with the aim of improving techniques for large-scale application, as well as the improvement of cultivation, storage, formulation and application methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Castro-Saines
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal E Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Colonia Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos, CP 62550, México.
| | - Rodolfo Lagunes-Quintanilla
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal E Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Colonia Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos, CP 62550, México
| | - Rubén Hernández-Ortiz
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal E Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Colonia Progreso, Jiutepec, Morelos, CP 62550, México
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Silva DM, de Souza VHM, Moral RDA, Delalibera Júnior I, Mascarin GM. Production of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia by Submerged Liquid Fermentation and Bioactivity against Tetranychus urticae and Heterodera glycines through Seed Inoculation. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:511. [PMID: 35628766 PMCID: PMC9145524 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pochoniachlamydosporia and Purpureocilliumlilacinum are fungal bioagents used for the sustainable management of plant parasitic nematodes. However, their production through submerged liquid fermentation and their use in seed treatment have been underexplored. Therefore, our goal was to assess the effect of different liquid media on the growth of 40 isolates of P. lilacinum and two of P. chlamydosporia. The most promising isolates tested were assessed for plant growth promotion and the control of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Most isolates produced > 108 blastospores mL−1 and some isolates produced more than 104 microsclerotia mL−1. Microsclerotia of selected isolates were used to inoculate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds in greenhouse trials. All fungal isolates reduced the T. urticae fecundity in inoculated plants through seed treatment, while P. chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 and P. lilacinum ESALQ2593 decreased cyst nematode population. Purpureocillium lilacinum was more frequently detected in soil, whereas P. chlamydosporia colonized all plant parts. Pochonia chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 improved the root development of bean plants. These findings demonstrate the possibility of producing submerged propagules of P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinum by liquid culture, and greenhouse trials support the applicability of fungal microsclerotia in seed treatment to control P. vulgaris pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Milanez Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Victor Hugo Moura de Souza
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Lawrence Weaver Rd., Cambridge CB30 LE, UK;
| | - Rafael de Andrade Moral
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Italo Delalibera Júnior
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Rodovia SP 340, KM 127.5, Jaguariúna 13918-110, SP, Brazil
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Liu Z, Liu FF, Li H, Zhang WT, Wang Q, Zhang BX, Sun YX, Rao XJ. Virulence of the Bio-Control Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum Against Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:462-473. [PMID: 35089348 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eco-friendly entomopathogenic fungi are widely used to control agricultural insect pests. Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom.) Luangsa-ard et al. (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) is a nematophagous fungus used for the bio-control of destructive root-knot nematodes. However, its insecticidal activities against agricultural insect pests haven't been widely studied. In this study, P. lilacinum PL-1 was isolated from soil (Hefei, China) and identified by molecular and morphological analyses. The growth rate, spore production, proteinase, and chitinase activities of the isolate were analyzed. Virulence tests against green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were performed. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and median lethal time (LT50) against aphids (via immersion) and LT50 against FAW (via injection) were determined. FAW eggs immersed in aqueous conidia suspension were infected after 60 h. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the infection of FAW larvae by P. lilacinum were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The significantly upregulated DEGs include FAW immune genes (antimicrobial peptides, C-type lectins, lysozymes, prophenoloxidase, and peptidoglycan recognition proteins) and fungal pathogenic genes (ligase, chitinase, and hydrophobin). Our data demonstrate that P. lilacinum can be used as an entomopathogenic fungus against agricultural insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Bang-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Department of science and technology, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060479. [PMID: 34071435 PMCID: PMC8229426 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. Their impact on animal and human health has been stressed, examining the weaknesses and strengths of conventional treatments. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most widely employed agents. Their activities have been reviewed, considering the feasibility of an in-field application and the effectiveness of the administration alone or combined with conventional and alternative drugs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Paecilomyces and Its Importance in the Biological Control of Agricultural Pests and Diseases. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121746. [PMID: 33321854 PMCID: PMC7763231 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating beneficial microorganisms in crop production is the most promising strategy for maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been described in the literature as biological control agents for pests and diseases, although some have not yet been commercialised due to their lack of viability or efficacy in different crops. Paecilomyces is a cosmopolitan fungus that is mainly known for its nematophagous capacity, but it has also been reported as an insect parasite and biological control agent of several fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria through different mechanisms of action. In addition, species of this genus have recently been described as biostimulants of plant growth and crop yield. This review includes all the information on the genus Paecilomyces as a biological control agent for pests and diseases. Its growth rate and high spore production rate in numerous substrates ensures the production of viable, affordable, and efficient commercial formulations for agricultural use.
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Calvillo-Medina RP, Ponce-Angulo DG, Raymundo T, Müller-Morales CA, Escudero-Leyva E, Campos Guillén J, Bautista-de Lucio VM. Purpureocillium roseum sp. nov. A new ocular pathogen for humans and mice resistant to antifungals. Mycoses 2020; 64:162-173. [PMID: 33064905 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious keratitis is the main cause of preventable blindness worldwide, with about 1.5-2.0 million new cases occurring per year. This inflammatory response may be due to infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites. Fungal keratitis is a poorly studied health problem. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify a new fungal species by molecular methods and to explore the possible efficacy of the three most common antifungals used in human keratitis in Mexico by performing in vitro analysis. The capacity of this pathogen to cause corneal infection in a murine model was also evaluated. METHODS The fungal strain was isolated from a patient with a corneal ulcer. To identify the fungus, taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and LSU data set) were performed. An antifungal susceptibility assay for amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole was carried out. The fungal isolate was used to develop a keratitis model in BALB/c mice; entire eyes and ocular tissues were preserved and processed for histopathologic examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This fungal genus has hitherto not been reported with human keratitis in Mexico. We described a new species Purpurecillium roseum isolated from corneal infection. P roseum showed resistance to amphotericin B and itraconazole and was sensitive to voriconazole. In vivo study demonstrated that P roseum had capacity to developed corneal infection and to penetrate deeper corneal tissue. The global change in fungal infections has emphasised the need to develop better diagnostic mycology laboratories and to recognise the group of potential fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Gabriela Ponce-Angulo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Proteómica Ocular, Instituto de Oftalmología "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania Raymundo
- Laboratorio de Micología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Adolfo Müller-Morales
- Departamento de Córnea y Cirugía Refractiva, Instituto de Oftalmología "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Efraín Escudero-Leyva
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA) y Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), y Centro Nacional de Computación Avanzada (CNCA), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan Campos Guillén
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Victor Manuel Bautista-de Lucio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Proteómica Ocular, Instituto de Oftalmología "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
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Szczepańska A, Kiewra D, Plewa-Tutaj K, Dyczko D, Guz-Regner K. Sensitivity of Ixodes ricinus (L., 1758) and Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabr., 1794) ticks to entomopathogenic fungi isolates: preliminary study. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3857-3861. [PMID: 32661888 PMCID: PMC7578133 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Beauveria and Metarhizium play an important role in controlling the population of arthropods. However, the data on their effectiveness against ticks focus mainly on species that do not occur in Europe. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi against two of the most important tick species in Europe: Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. In our study, the majority of tested entomopathogenic fungi strains showed potential efficacy against both tick species; however, D. reticulatus was less susceptible in comparison to I. ricinus. The observed mortality of ticks was up to 100% by using all commercial strains as well as three out of nine of the environmental strains. Among all tested fungi, the most effective against both tick species was environmental strain Metarhizium anisopliae LO4(1) with LC50 values: 2.6 × 103 cfu/ml–5.7 × 105 cfu/ml. Botanigard proved to be more effective than MET52 with LC50 values: 6.8 × 103 cfu/ml–3.3 × 106 cfu/ml. The conducted bioassays indicate the potential possibility of using the environmental isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, as well as commercial strains in control of local populations of I. ricinus and D. reticulatus; however, the possibility of using them in vivo requires more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szczepańska
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego str. 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kiewra
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego str. 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Plewa-Tutaj
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego str. 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Dyczko
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego str. 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guz-Regner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego str. 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
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Fernández-Salas A, Alonso-Díaz MA, Alonso-Morales RA. Effect of entomopathogenic native fungi from paddock soils against Rhipicephalus microplus larvae with different toxicological behaviors to acaricides. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107729. [PMID: 31348914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to: (1) evaluate the in vitro acaricidal effect of 54 Metarhizium anisopliae strains, six Beauveria bassiana strains and one Purpureocilium lilacinum strain, against the larvae of two populations of Rhipicephalus microplus (multi-resistant and susceptible to chemical acaricides); and (2) determine the lethal concentrations required to eliminate the 50% (LC50) and 99% (LC99) of larvae through the use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) with high acaricidal effects. The mortality percentage was evaluated by larval immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 108 conidia/mL for each fungal strain. For calculating LC50 and LC99, four doses (1 × 108, 1 × 107, 1 × 106 and 1 × 105) were used. Nine strains of M. anisopliae and the P. lilacinum strain showed a high mortality percentage in the R. microplus larvae of both populations. The best strains that showed the lowest values of LC50 and LC99 for tick elimination were MaV50 and PlV01. In conclusion, several strains of entomopathogenic fungi showed a high acaricidal effect against the R. microplus larvae of both populations, suggesting that these fungi might be a promissory adjuvant in the control of R. microplus, including those who are resistant. Finally, the discovery of a P. lilacinum strain with a high acaricidal effect is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Fernández-Salas
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de La Torre, C.P. 93600, Martínez de La Torre, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de La Torre, C.P. 93600, Martínez de La Torre, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio Alejandro Alonso-Morales
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F, Mexico
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Zhendong H, Guangfu Y, Zhong Z, Ruiling Z. Phylogenetic relationships and effectiveness of four Beauveria bassiana sensu lato strains for control of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 77:83-92. [PMID: 30488158 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) is an important vector tick that is widely distributed around the world. In many regions, this tick acts as vector of a wide range of pathogens to humans and animals, and its control is mainly based on the use of chemical pesticides. However, the occurrence of some adverse effects, such as tick resistance to pesticides and food and environmental contamination, are driving the need to develop more effective and environmentally sound approaches to control and prevent ticks. As an alternative control strategy, entomopathogenic fungi have been extensively used for the control of pests and cause high mortality in various ticks. In this study, we identified four isolates of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato from insects and investigated their pathogenicity against different developmental stages of H. longicornis (eggs, unfed larvae, unfed nymphs and engorged females). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four isolates of B. bassiana clustered into two clades. Four isolates showed different acaricidal qualities: the isolate from Cerambycidae (EF3) exhibited the highest pathogenicity to all developmental tick stages tested. High doses (1 × 107 conidia/ml) of the clade I fungi collected from Cryptotympana atrata fabricus (Cicadidae) (EF1), Cimicidae (EF2), and Boettcherisca peregrine (Sarcophagidae) (EF4) also showed virulence against H. longicornis, with high doses of the fungi application causing higher mortality than control group. Altogether, this study demonstrated that all four isolates of B. bassiana showed high virulence toward different developmental stages of H. longicornis, and therefore, they can be of potential use as biological control agents of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zhendong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Guangfu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Zhang Zhong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
- School of Basic Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhang Ruiling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
- School of Basic Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
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Unveiling the oxidative metabolism of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) experimentally exposed to entomopathogenic fungi. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3683-8. [PMID: 27354113 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is an important tick in tropical regions due to the high economic losses caused by its parasitism. Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana are well-known entomopathogenic fungi that can afflict R. microplus ticks. The development of new targets and strategies to control this parasite can be driven by studies of this tick's physiology. Recently, it was reported that when exposed to adverse physiological conditions, ticks can activate fermentative pathways, indicating transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism by which entomopathogenic fungi influence R. microplus metabolism has not been clarified, limiting understanding of the tick-fungus association. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of infection of ticks by M. anisopliae and B. bassiana on the amount of selected carboxylic acids present in the hemolymph, enabling increased understanding of changes previously reported. The results showed preservation in the concentrations of oxalic, lactic, and pyruvic acids in the hemolymph 24 and 48 h after dropping from cattle; while there were variations in the concentration of these carboxylic acids after infection of female ticks to M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. Significant increases were observed in the concentration of oxalic and lactic acids and significant reduction of pyruvic acid for both observation times (24 and 48 h) after infection by entomopathogenic fungi. These results indicate that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae infection alters the basal metabolism of R. microplus females, resulting in the activation of fermentative pathways.
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Liu F, Wu XL, He ZY, Xiang MC, He YC, Liu XZ, Chen SJ, Zeng W. Nutritional effects on the mycelial growth and enzymatic activity of Isaria farinosa, and Hepialus larvae growth. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1605-15. [PMID: 26929413 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the nutritional requirements of the mycelial growth and pathogenesis-related enzymatic activity on Isaria farinosa and the nutritional effect of fungus on its host Hepialus larvae. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen carbon sources, 16 nitrogen sources and 9 vitamin combinations were tested. The nutritional conditions that significantly prevented I. farinosa pathogenesis were selected as feed additives for rearing Hepialus larvae. Citric acid significantly inhibited the growth of I. farinosa and the activity of three enzymes. l-histidine and l-aspartic acid significantly reduced the dry weights of mycelia and their protease and lipase activities. Vitamin combination that lacked VB 1 significantly increased the growth of I. farinosa and enhanced its chitinase and lipase activities. l-aspartic acid, VB 1 or a combination of them were beneficial for maintaining the larvae survival rate and decreasing the disease rate. The result provides new insight to develop a nutrition-based strategy to control fungal epidemics during insect rearing. CONCLUSIONS The ability of some specific nutrients to inhibit mycelial growth and enzymatic activity can prevent epidemics of fungal disease. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results will aid in the development of nutrition-based strategies to control entomopathogenic fungal epidemics during the large-scale rearing of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China.,Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
| | - X L Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Y He
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China.,Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
| | - M C Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Y C He
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China.,Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
| | - X Z Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - S J Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Sub-center of the National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chongqing, China.,Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
| | - W Zeng
- Ganzi District Kangding Gongga Chinese Caterpillar Fungus Co. Ltd., Sichuan, China
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Physiological changes in Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) experimentally infected with entomopathogenic fungi. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:219-25. [PMID: 25346195 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate metabolism plays an important role in the physiology and maintenance of energy stores within living organisms. However, when organisms are exposed to adverse physiological conditions, such as during pathogenic infection, these organisms begin to use alternative substrates (proteins and lipids) for energy production. This paper studied the carbohydrate metabolism of Rhipicephalus microplus after infection with Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The parameters evaluated were glucose concentration, enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminostransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminostransferase (AST), amounts of uric acid and urea in the hemolymph, and amount of glycogen in the fat body. The results showed changes in nitrogenous products, including an increase in the amount of urea detected 48 h after infection with both fungi. The enzymatic activities of LDH, ALT, and AST were increased after infection. The amount of glucose was increased 24 h after infection with B. bassiana and was reduced 48 h after infection with both fungi. The amount of glycogen in the fat body was reduced at different times of infection with both fungi. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the changes in carbohydrate metabolism of R. microplus after infection with M. anisopliae and B. bassiana and contribute to a better understanding of this host-parasite relationship. Together with knowledge of diseases that affect these ticks and their susceptibility to entomopathogens, an understanding of tick physiology will be necessary for the effective implementation of current biological control methods and will assist in the discovery of new methods to control this ectoparasite.
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Schapovaloff ME, Alves LFA, Fanti AL, Alzogaray RA, López Lastra CC. Susceptibility of adults of the cerambycid beetle Hedypathes betulinus to the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Purpureocillium lilacinum. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:127. [PMID: 25368071 PMCID: PMC4228828 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The cerambycid beetle Hedypathes betulinus (Klug) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) causes severe damage to yerba mate plants (Ilex paraguariensis (St. Hilaire) (Aquifoliales: Aquifoliaceae)), which results in large losses of production. In this study, the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi of the species Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), and Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsa-ard, Hywel-Jones, Houbraken and Samson (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) on yerba mate were evaluated. Fifteen isolates of B. bassiana, two of M. anisopliae, and seven of P. lilacinum on H. betulinus adults were analyzed under laboratory conditions. The raw mortality rate caused by B. bassiana isolates varied from 51.1 to 86.3%, and their LT50 values varied between 8.7 and 13.6 d. The isolates of M. anisopliae caused 69.6‒81.8% mortality, and their LT50 values varied between 7.4 and 7.9 d. In contrast, isolates of P. lilacinum were not pathogenic. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana isolates were pathogenic against H. betulinus adults, suggesting that they may be useful in biological control programs for insect pests of yerba mate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Schapovaloff
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP). Boulevard 120 S/N e/61 y 62 (B1902CHX). La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L F A Alves
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP). Boulevard 120 S/N e/61 y 62 (B1902CHX). La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A L Fanti
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP). Boulevard 120 S/N e/61 y 62 (B1902CHX). La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R A Alzogaray
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP). Boulevard 120 S/N e/61 y 62 (B1902CHX). La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C C López Lastra
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP). Boulevard 120 S/N e/61 y 62 (B1902CHX). La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Neutral lipid composition changes in the fat bodies of engorged females Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in response to fungal infections. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:501-9. [PMID: 23138474 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The tick's fat body plays an essential role in energy storage and utilization. This study aimed to analyze the fat body neutral lipid composition in Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females. In the first study (physiological profile of untreated ticks), the lipid analysis took place over the course of 4 days; the engorged females were incubated at optimal conditions and their fat bodies were dissected daily. Fat body lipid analysis after fungal infection with Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) or Beauveria bassiana s.l. was performed with four groups: one without any treatment, one that was inoculated with a solution of 0.1 % Tween 80 in water, and two groups that were inoculated with M. anisopliae or B. bassiana conidial suspensions. The fat bodies were dissected 24 and 48 h after infection. Lipid analysis was conducted by thin-layer chromatography on a silica plate. The results of the physiological profile showed that the amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) and free cholesterol (CHO) decreased with time, whereas cholesterol ester (CHOE) increased on the second and fourth days. Following M. anisopliae or B. bassiana infection, there was an increase in the amount of CHO after 24 h, whereas the other lipid classes were not altered. M. anisopliae caused an increase in CHOE and TAG and a reduction in CHO at 48 h after infection; however, B. bassiana infection did not cause significant alterations in the concentrations of these lipids. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana infection changed the fat body metabolism of engorged female R. microplus ticks. This study provides the first report of changes in the neutral lipid composition of the R. microplus fat body.
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