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Miao Z, Liao Y, Huang X, Wang X, Liao W, Wang G. New insights into the effects of UV light on individual Nosema bombycis spores, as determined using single-cell optical approaches. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:596-603. [PMID: 37698249 DOI: 10.1111/php.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Nosema bombycis (Nb) is a pathogen causing pebrine in sericulture. Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is a common physical disinfection method, but the mechanisms underlying UV-based disinfection have only been studied at the population level. In this study, changes in and germination of UV-irradiated spores were observed using Raman tweezers and phase-contrast imaging to evaluate the effects of UV radiation on Nb spores at the single-cell level. We found that irradiation caused the complete leakage of trehalose from individual spores. We also found that more spores leaked as the UV dose increased. There was no significant loss of intracellular biomacromolecules and no marked changes in the peaks associated with protein secondary structures. Low-dose radiation promoted spore germination and high-dose radiation decreased the germination rate, while the germination time did not undergo significant alterations. These results suggest that UV radiation disrupts the permeability of the inner membrane and alters the spore wall, thereby affecting the ability of the spore to sense and respond to extracellular stimuli, which further triggers germination and reduces or stops spore germination. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying conventional disinfection measures on microsporidian spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Miao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanlian Liao
- Guangxi Vocational & Technical College, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- Guangxi Academy of Sericultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Guangxi Vocational & Technical College, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guiwen Wang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Sánchez-Sánchez R, Gutiérrez J, Blasco-Castello JL, Marcos-Santamaría M, Cano-Alsua S, Elvira L, Ferre I, Ortega-Mora LM. A questionnaire-based survey in Spain provides relevant information to improve the control of ovine coccidiosis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1326431. [PMID: 38125679 PMCID: PMC10730930 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1326431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine coccidiosis is a widespread intestinal parasitic disease caused by Eimeria spp. Lambs are infected by the ingestion of sporulated oocysts, experiencing diarrhea and low growth rates. Control should be based on measures to reduce infection pressure and stress on the animals as well as on appropriate diagnosis and strategic treatment. To obtain information on how control measures are implemented in the ovine sector in Spain, a questionnaire-based survey was completed in 2022 by 154 veterinarians and 173 farmers working in this sector. Coccidiosis was highlighted as a relevant disease by 34% of the respondents. The period of greatest risk seemed to differ between production systems, being mainly early after weaning (7-15 days after weaning) in meat flocks and feedlots and later (1-2 months after weaning) in dairy flocks. The absence of cleaning and disinfection measures was identified as a risk factor by 51% of the veterinarians, with 22% mentioning overcrowding of animals and 22% indicating that coccidiosis has more incidence in flocks with large number of animals. The use of laboratory diagnosis methods (fecal oocyst count) was unusual in 70 and 84% of the veterinarians and farmers, respectively. Regarding control, dairy flocks usually housed a larger number of animals under intensive conditions, and they implemented more frequently control measures for coccidiosis than meat flocks. Anticoccidial drugs were used in 79% of the flocks, and in 74-82% of them, they were applied based on clinical criteria. Comparing protocols for anticoccidial treatment among different production systems, in meat flocks, anticoccidial drugs were applied more frequently when clinical signs were observed, and coccidiostats were used for less than 28 days compared to dairy flocks. These results highlight the need for improvement in the use of anticoccidial treatments adjusted to the new regulatory framework in the EU, which in turn will rationalize the use of antimicrobial compounds and may help to mitigate the impact of coccidiosis in flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez
- MSD Animal Health, Polígono Industrial El Montalvo, C/Zeppelin, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | - Santiago Cano-Alsua
- Computing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Elvira
- MSD Animal Health, Polígono Industrial El Montalvo, C/Zeppelin, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ferre
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Nunes T, Skampardonis V, Costa F, da Conceição MA, Sperling D. Cystoisospora suis in Portugal: an observational study of prevalence, management, and risk factors. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:34. [PMID: 37438843 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal coccidiosis is a common and important disease of suckling piglets in modern farming caused by Cystoisospora suis. Prevalence rates are high, namely, in Portugal, although no recent data are available. The metaphylactic administration of a single dose of toltrazuril and hygienic measures are the backbone of control strategies on positive farms. However, several studies have shown that these programs are not always effective, underlining the need to revise the risk factors and control strategies currently applied. The present study evaluated C. suis prevalence on Portuguese farms and assessed the risk factors associated with facilities and farm rearing practices. RESULTS From the 27 tested farms, 23 were positive to Cystoisopora suis (85.2%). In total, 258 litters were sampled (accounting for 516 samples-2 samples per litter), with an average of 59.7% of positive litters per positive farm. Faecal pools from litters, in which liquid faeces predominated had a higher probability of containing oocysts than litter pools with mainly solid (Odds Ratio: 9.87; p < 0.0001) or pasty faeces (OR: 7.05; p = 0.001), and samples obtained from younger animals had higher oocyst counts (coefficient: - 0.0720; 95% CI - 0.125; - 0.019). No significant effect of toltrazuril administration was observed on the positivity rate, and none of the tested farms used disinfectants with official claims against parasites and known anticoccidial effects (e.g., cresol-based products). CONCLUSIONS The C. suis prevalence on Portuguese swine farms appears to be similar to the prevalence found in other European countries. Repeated sampling of the same litter and the use of autofluorescence microscopy after a modified Ritchie technique seems to have increased sensitivity and consequently the detection rate of positive litters. Finally, despite the common use of oral toltrazuril, C. suis control programs appear to not always be effective (based on the detection of oocysts in faecal samples), suggesting the need to revise the control strategies applied in the field, including management factors and choices of disinfectant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Nunes
- CEVA Saúde Animal, R. Dr. António Loureiro Borges 9/9A 9ºA, 1495-131, Algés, Portugal.
| | - Vassilis Skampardonis
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon St, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Francisco Costa
- CEVA Saúde Animal, R. Dr. António Loureiro Borges 9/9A 9ºA, 1495-131, Algés, Portugal
| | - Maria Antónia da Conceição
- Polytechnic of Coimbra, Study Center on Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Coimbra Agriculture School (ESAC), 3045, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Sperling
- CEVA Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500, Libourne, France
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4
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In vitro cultivation methods for coccidian parasite research. Int J Parasitol 2022:S0020-7519(22)00153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Bangoura B, Bhuiya MAI, Kilpatrick M. Eimeria infections in domestic and wild ruminants with reference to control options in domestic ruminants. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2207-2232. [PMID: 35680677 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria infections are commonly seen in a variety of mammalian hosts. This genus of unicellular sporozoan parasites causes significant disease (coccidiosis) in different livestock species leading to economic losses for agricultural producers. Especially the production of cattle, sheep, and goat is strongly dependent on efficient coccidiosis control. However, many other livestock hosts like, e.g., camelids, bison, rabbits, and guinea pigs may benefit from reduced parasite transmission and targeted control measures as well. Besides livestock, also wildlife and pet animals may be affected by Eimeria infections resulting in clinical or subclinical coccidiosis. Wildlife herd health is crucial to conservation efforts, and Eimeria species are a prevalent pathogen in multiple mammalian wildlife species. This review aims to highlight the epidemiology of mammalian Eimeria infections in both wild and domestic ruminants, including host specificity, transmission, survival of environmental oocysts, occurrence, and risk factors for infection. Understanding general drivers of Eimeria infection may support adequate livestock and wildlife management. Furthermore, control options for livestock with reference to management factors, drug application, and alternative approaches are discussed. The goal of Eimeria control should be to reduce pathogen transmission in different host species and to improve sustainable livestock production. Controlling Eimeria infections in livestock is important considering both their animal welfare impact and their high economic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Bangoura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA.
| | - Md Ashraful Islam Bhuiya
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA
| | - Michelle Kilpatrick
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA
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6
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Beer LC, Petrone-Garcia VM, Graham BD, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G, Vuong CN. Histomonosis in Poultry: A Comprehensive Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:880738. [PMID: 35601402 PMCID: PMC9120919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.880738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histomonas meleagridis, the etiological agent of histomonosis, is a poultry parasite primarily detrimental to turkeys. Characteristic lesions occur in the liver and ceca, with mortalities in turkey flocks often reaching 80-100%. Chickens and other gallinaceous birds can be susceptible but the disease was primarily considered sub-clinical until recent years. Treating and preventing H. meleagridis infection have become more difficult since 2015, when nitarsone was voluntarily removed from the market, leaving the poultry industry with no approved prophylactics, therapeutics, or vaccines to combat histomonosis. Phytogenic compounds evaluated for chemoprophylaxis of histomonosis have varied results with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Some recent research successes are encouraging for the pursuit of antihistomonal compounds derived from plants. Turkeys and chickens exhibit a level of resistance to re-infection when recovered from H. meleagridis infection, but no commercial vaccines are yet available, despite experimental successes. Safety and stability of live-attenuated isolates have been demonstrated; furthermore, highly efficacious protection has been conferred in experimental settings with administration of these isolates without harming performance. Taken together, these research advancements are encouraging for vaccine development, but further investigation is necessary to evaluate proper administration age, dose, and route. A summary of the published research is provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesleigh C. Beer
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Victor M. Petrone-Garcia
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico
| | - B. Danielle Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Christine N. Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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7
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Essendi WM, Muleke C, Miheso M, Otachi E. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species in Njoro Sub County, Nakuru, Kenya. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:262-271. [PMID: 35299918 PMCID: PMC8901856 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. cause cryptosporidiosis in humans through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission. Previous studies illustrated the significance of domestic animals as reservoirs of this parasite. Cryptosporidium occurs in Njoro River; a main source of water to humans and animals. However, there is no information on the Cryptosporidium spp. and genotypes circulating in Njoro Sub County. A total of 2174 samples from humans, cattle, chickens, sheep and goats were assessed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. Thirty-three positive samples were subsequently successfully sequenced and compared to Cryptosporidium sequences in the GenBank repository using NCBI's (National Center for Biotechnology Information) online BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) algorithmic program. Sequence alignment was done using the Clustal W program and phylogenetic analysis was executed in MEGA X (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version X). The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Njoro Sub County is 6.99%. Cryptosporidium spp. present in the watershed showed great genetic diversity and nine Cryptosporidium species were recorded: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium xiaoi and Cryptosporidium viatorum. This is the first study to report the presence of C. viatorum in Kenya. Cattle is the major reservoir of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. while goats harbored the lowest number of species. Humans and domestic animals drink the contaminated water from Njoro River, humans are therefore, exposed to a high cryptosporidiosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Muleke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Manfred Miheso
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Food Crops Research Centre Njoro, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Elick Otachi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
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8
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Matsubayashi M, Kobayashi A, Kaneko M, Kinoshita M, Tsuchida S, Shibahara T, Hasegawa M, Nakamura H, Sasai K, Ushida K. Distribution of Eimeria uekii and Eimeria raichoi in cage protection environments for the conservation of Japanese rock ptarmigans ( Lagopus muta japonica) in the Japanese Alps. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 15:225-230. [PMID: 34159052 PMCID: PMC8196045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Japanese rock ptarmigans, Lagopus muta japonica, are classified as an endangered species in Japan and are found only in the Japanese Alps. The number of birds has decreased in the last half century and cage protection projects have been undertaken as in situ conservation strategies (one of the projects for the recovery plan of Japanese rock ptarmigan) in the mountains. During the period with cage protections, some chicks died and two Eimeria spp., E. uekii and E. raichoi, were identified in the chicks. Here, we examined the soil within the cages and in the surrounding environment to assess potential sources of infection between July to August 2020. We found high numbers of oocysts in the cages, especially at the back sides where the ptarmigan family frequently congregated, but soils in other areas outside the cages were less contaminated or not contaminated at all. The time required for more than 50% of the oocysts to sporulate at 15, 20 and 25 °C for E. uekii was 20, 11, and 5 h, respectively, and 72, 48 and 18 h, respectively, for E. raichoi. Our results cast some doubt that coprophagia by chicks is the source of infection because chicks consumed fresh cecal feces (approximately within 1 h) as far as we know, and instead, the protected chicks might be directly or indirectly infected by oocysts in soils or the environment. Cage protection is effective for protecting chicks of Japanese rock ptarmigans. Soils at the back sides in the cages were highly contaminated with Eimeria spp. E. uekii can rapidly be sporulated at 15 °C in timber regions. Protected chicks might be infected by oocysts in soils or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Shin-etsu Nature Conservation Office, Environmental Ministry Japan, Nagano 380-0846, Japan
| | - Minemitsu Kaneko
- Japan Wildlife Research Center, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8606, Japan
| | - Moemi Kinoshita
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masami Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- General Foundation Hiroshi Nakamura International Institute for Ornithology, Nakagosho, Nagano 380-0934, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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9
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Aitfella Lahlou R, Bounechada M, Mohammedi A, Silva LR, Alves G. Dietary use of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris as anticoccidial alternatives in poultry. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Melnychuk VV, Yuskiv ID, Pishchalenko MА. Ovocidal action of glutaraldehyde and benzalkonium chloride mixture on Aonchotheca bovis (Nematoda, Capillariidae) embryogenesis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Deinvasion, aimed at elimination of environmental exogenic stages of invasion agents and avoidance of their invasion to host organism, occupies an important place in the complex of sanitary and prophylactic activities against animal helminthosis diseases. Application of glutaraldehyde and benzalkonium chloride at vital activity and embryogenesis of Aonchotheca bovis (Schnyder, 1906) obtained from nematode female gonads was investigated with different concentration and exposures. Two test-cultures were used in the experiment. The first culture contained non-invasive eggs of A. bovis, the second contained invasive ones, obtained by the laboratory culturing of gonadic eggs until mobile larva maturing. It was established that glutaraldehyde and benzalkonium chloride mixture has a deinvasive capacity against A. bovis eggs, parasitizing on sheep. Ovocidal efficiency indexes appeared higher with use of the test culture against the non-invasive capillaria eggs’ test-culture. So, the high level of ovocidal efficiency of glutaraldehyde and benzalkonium chloride mixture against non-invasive A. bovis eggs culture was established at the concentration of 0.5% and exposure of 10–60 min (93.6–100.0%), and against the invasive A. bovis egg culture – at the concentration of 0.5% and exposure of 30 and 60 min (90.3–94.6%) and 1.0% at all exposures (100.0%). Ovocidal activity of the examined mixture was accompanied by specific morphological changes of nematode eggs structure. Destruction of the egg envelope, embryo loosening and decay and its dissolution were observed. Such changes are proved by metric indexes of width and length of capillaria eggs, envelope thickness and cap length, indicating the violation of embryogenesis of A. bovis. Thus, glutaraldehyde and benzalkonium chloride mixture of 1.0% concentration is a promising deinvasive agent suitable for effective fight against and prophylaxis of sheep-breeding nematodosis.
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11
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Ekawasti F, Kitagawa K, Domae H, Wardhana AH, Shibahara T, Uni S, Tokoro M, Sasai K, Matsubayashi M. Molecular identification of Eimeria hestermani and Eimeria prionotemni from a red-necked wallaby (Macropodidae; Macropus rufogriseus) in Japan. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1271-1279. [PMID: 32072327 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, more than 50 Eimeria spp. have been isolated from marsupials of the family Macropodidae. Although 18 species of Eimeria have been previously detected from multiple animal species belonging to the genus Macropus of the family, limited genetic analyses of the parasites are available, and their pathogenicity remains unclear. Here, we report the isolation of Eimeria spp. from a zoo specimen of red-necked wallaby (Macropodidae; Macropus rufogriseus). Specifically, two distinct types of Eimeria oocysts were recovered, one from the feces before treatment with an anthelmintic and the second from the intestinal contents after death of the animal. The oocysts obtained from the two sources were morphologically identified as E. hestermani and E. prionotemni, respectively. We successfully determined partial gene sequences from the two isolates, including segments of the 18S rRNA genes, and for the first time have used phylogenetic analyses of these sequences to assign the species to distinct clades. In combination with further genetic data, these results are expected to help elucidate the pathogenicity and host ranges of Eimeria spp. within the respective family and genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitrine Ekawasti
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, 16114, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | | | | | - April Hari Wardhana
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, 16114, Indonesia.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.,Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Uni
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Nursing, Kobe Women's University, Kobe, 650-0046, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tokoro
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan. .,Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia. .,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
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12
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Sultan R, Aslam A, Tipu MY, Rehman HU, Anjum A, Krull W, Kumosani T, Shaib H, Barbour EK. Appraisal of a new patented method for control of chicken coccidiosis. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1694028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Sultan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asim Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Tipu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib ur Rehman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Anjum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Werner Krull
- Department of Research & Development, Opticon Hygiene Consulting GmbH, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Taha Kumosani
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Houssam Shaib
- Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elie K. Barbour
- Department of Research & Development, Opticon Hygiene Consulting GmbH, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Stacy BA, Chapman PA, Stockdale-Walden H, Work TM, Dagenais J, Foley AM, Wideroff M, Wellehan JFX, Childress AL, Manire CA, Rodriguez M, Zachariah TT, Staggs L, Zirkelbach B, Nahvi N, Crowder W, Boylan SM, Marquardt S, Pelton C, Norton TM. Caryospora-Like Coccidia Infecting Green Turtles ( Chelonia mydas): An Emerging Disease With Evidence of Interoceanic Dissemination. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:372. [PMID: 31696124 PMCID: PMC6817580 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa morphologically consistent with Caryospora sp. are one of the few pathogens associated with episodic mass mortality events involving free-ranging sea turtles. Parasitism of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) by these coccidia and associated mortality was first reported in maricultured turtles in the Caribbean during the 1970s. Years later, epizootics affecting wild green turtles in Australia occurred in 1991 and 2014. The first clinical cases of Caryospora-like infections reported elsewhere in free-ranging turtles were from the southeastern US in 2012. Following these initial individual cases in this region, we documented an epizootic and mass mortality of green turtles along the Atlantic coast of southern Florida from November 2014 through April 2015 and continued to detect additional, sporadic cases in the southeastern US in subsequent years. No cases of coccidial disease were recorded in the southeastern US prior to 2012 despite clinical evaluation and necropsy of stranded sea turtles in this region since the 1980s, suggesting that the frequency of clinical coccidiosis has increased here. Moreover, we also recorded the first stranding associated with infection by a Caryospora-like organism in Hawai'i in 2018. To further characterize the coccidia, we sequenced part of the 18S ribosomal and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I genes of coccidia collected from 62 green turtles found in the southeastern US and from one green turtle found in Hawai'i. We also sequenced the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions from selected cases and compared all results with those obtained from Caryospora-like coccidia collected from green turtles found in Australia. Eight distinct genotypes were represented in green turtles from the southeastern US. One genotype predominated and was identical to that of coccidia collected from the green turtle found in Hawai'i. We also found a coccidian genotype in green turtles from Florida and Australia with identical 18S and mitochondrial sequences, and only slight inter-regional differences in the internal transcribed spacer 2. We found no evidence of geographical structuring based on phylogenetic analysis. Low genetic variability among the coccidia found in green turtle populations with minimal natural connectivity suggests recent interoceanic dissemination of these parasites, which could pose a risk to sea turtle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Stacy
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, University of Florida (Duty Station), Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Phoebe A Chapman
- Veterinary-Marine Animal Research Teaching and Investigation Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Heather Stockdale-Walden
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thierry M Work
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Julie Dagenais
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Allen M Foley
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Jacksonville Field Laboratory, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Morgan Wideroff
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Jacksonville Field Laboratory, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - April L Childress
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | | | | | - Lydia Staggs
- Veterinary Services, Zoological Operations, SeaWorld Orlando, Orlando, FL, United States
| | | | - Nina Nahvi
- Sea Turtle, Inc., South Padre Island, TX, United States
| | - Whitney Crowder
- Gumbo Limbo Nature Center, Sea Turtle Rehabilitation Facility, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Craig Pelton
- Volusia Marine Science Center, Ponce Inlet, FL, United States
| | - Terry M Norton
- The Turtle Hospital, Marathon, FL, United States.,Georgia Sea Turtle Center, Jekyll Island, GA, United States
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Müller A, Wiedmer S, Kurth M. Risk Evaluation of Passive Transmission of Animal Parasites by Feeding of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae and Prepupae. J Food Prot 2019; 82:948-954. [PMID: 31099595 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Black soldier fly larval intestine extracts do not affect coccidian oocysts or nematode eggs. Studied parasites passed through black soldier fly larvae or attached to the larval surface. Black soldier fly larvae as animal feed may pose a risk of parasite transmission. Larval washing is not sufficient for removing parasites; further hygiene steps are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Müller
- 1 Zoologie und Entwicklungsbiologie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4330-826X ), Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Zoologie, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wiedmer
- 2 Spezielle Zoologie und Parasitologie, Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Zoologie, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Kurth
- 2 Spezielle Zoologie und Parasitologie, Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Zoologie, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Naidoo D, Appleton CC, Archer CE, Foutch GL. The inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs by short exposure to high temperatures. JOURNAL OF WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE FOR DEVELOPMENT : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL WATER ASSOCIATION 2018; 9:19-27. [PMID: 33384869 PMCID: PMC7734377 DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2018.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ascaris sp. is the most prominent and resilient helminth of human health importance found in faecal sludge, making Ascaris sp. an ideal index organism for inactivation testing. Heat treatment destroys helminths,allowingfor safe handling and possible reuse of sludge. Technology developmentfocuses on rapid heating to minimize equipment size and cost. This study evaluates Ascaris suum eggs' viability with short heating time. Ascaris eggs were placed in a water bath at temperatures from 60 to 80 °C for various exposure times (5 seconds to 4 minutes) and were immediately processed and analysed via light microscopy. For all samples within these temperature and time ranges, less than 10% viable eggs were recovered. For 70, 75 and 80 °C, complete inactivation was observed for exposure time of 5 seconds and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Naidoo
- (corresponding author) Pollution Research Group, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - C C Appleton
- School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - C E Archer
- (corresponding author) Pollution Research Group, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - G L Foutch
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri Kansas City, 64110, USA and Chemical Engineering, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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16
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Joachim A, Altreuther G, Bangoura B, Charles S, Daugschies A, Hinney B, Lindsay DS, Mundt HC, Ocak M, Sotiraki S. W A A V P guideline for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidials in mammals (pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep). Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:102-119. [PMID: 29604993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This guideline is intended as an aid in the design, implementation and interpretation of studies for the assessment of drug efficacy against Eimeria in cattle and sheep, Cystoisospora in pigs and dogs, and Cryptosporidium in cattle. It deals with the most important aspects of how to conduct both experimental and field studies for dose determination, dose confirmation and assessment of field effectiveness. Also, guidance on the selection of animals, diagnostic techniques, statistical evaluation and methods for the preparation, maintenance and use of parasites is provided. The specific management conditions that may influence the course of natural infections and consequently determine treatment schemes are mentioned and suggestions for best practice in sampling and evaluation of data prior to conducting of efficacy studies are given. The guideline is also intended to assist investigators in carrying out specific studies, provide relevant information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, assist in the approval of anticoccidial drugs in the target species, and facilitate the world-wide adoption of standard procedures. Although currently not implemented, issues of drug resistance testing and alternative methods for drug testing are also discussed as future issues in drug testing against mammalian coccidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Berit Bangoura
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
| | - Sam Charles
- Bayer HealthCare, Animal Health, Shawnee, KS 66216, USA.
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - David S Lindsay
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | | | - Marion Ocak
- MD Research, An der Isar 10a, 82049 Pullach i. Isartal, Germany.
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, NAGREF Campus, PO Box 60272, 57001 Thermi, Greece.
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Improvement of in vitro evaluation of chemical disinfectants for efficacy on Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Vet Parasitol 2017; 245:5-13. [PMID: 28969838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum has been suggested as a suitable target for in vitro efficacy testing of disinfectants. To improve validity of a method based on exposure of HCT-8 monolayers to C. parvum oocysts we here critically evaluate and we propose certain procedural steps needed for the validation of disinfectants. Within a range of 0.02% to 0.4%, sodium taurocholate at 0.2% stimulated infection most efficiently while preserving host cell integrity. The course of invasion was monitored for periods of 30-240min post infection (p.i.). FACS analysis revealed that the proportion of sporozoites liberated from oocysts in the presence of 0.2% sodium taurocholate increased within 120min of incubation but remained constant thereafter. Maximum invasion of cells measured by qPCR was reached 180min p.i. and therefore set as invasion endpoint. As monolayers harvested 24h or 48h p.i. did not differ in the quantity of parasite hsp70 gene copies, DNA extraction can be performed as early as 24h p.i. Incubation of oocysts with 20% H2O2 for 2h resulted in inactivation of more than 99.5% both at room temperature and 10°C and appeared thus suitable as positive chemical treatment control. Four washing procedures considered to remove potentially toxic residual disinfectant from oocyst suspensions were tested. An application of a combination of DMSO (Dimethylsulfoxid), Tween20 and WSH (water of standardized hardness) appeared most efficient without deleterious effect of disinfectant residuals on the cell monolayer viability when oocysts accordingly washed were applied. In conclusion, for standardized in vitro evaluation of chemical disinfectants in C. parvum infected HTC-8 monolayers. (i) excystation medium should contain 0.2 % sodium taurocholate. (ii) excystation medium should be replaced by growth medium after 180 min. (iii) monolayers should be harvested 24 h p.i. for DNA preparation. (iv) ocysts exposed to 20 % H2O2 should be included as positive controls. (v) disinfected oocysts should be washed with DMSO/Tween20/WSH before they are transferred to monolayers.
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Dresely I, Daugschies A, Lendner M. Establishment of a germ carrier assay to assess disinfectant efficacy against oocysts of coccidian parasites. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:273-81. [PMID: 25339515 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are a common threat to human and animal health. One option to combat parasites that produce infective environmental stages is to inactivate them by chemical disinfection. Standardised laboratory assays that enable proper evaluation of products suspected to be efficient are highly desirable to allow prudent selection and use of such potentially hazardous agents. Here, we present a newly developed in vitro germ carrier assay to evaluate inactivation of oocysts of the model organism Cryptosporidium parvum by chemical disinfectants. Stainless steel discs were used as carrier to mimic surface contamination by C. parvum oocysts. The germ carriers were incubated with approved chemical disinfectant for the specified time (2 h) and rinsed thereafter to remove the disinfectant and recover the exposed oocysts. Recovered oocysts were transferred to HCT-8 monolayers, and 48 h later, genomic DNA was extracted and quantified by real-time PCR targeting the hsp70 gene to estimate parasite reproduction. A panel of commercially available and approved disinfectants were examined and data compared with those of suspension assays and historical data obtained from efficacy assays based on infection of chicken with oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Altogether, data achieved by these divergent assays allowed similar conclusions although the sensitivity of the in vitro assay was higher. Consequently, a threshold of 99.5% inactivation is proposed to evaluate disinfectants in vitro using C. parvum as model organism as compared to the E. tenella animal infection assay (95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Dresely
- Institute of Parasitology, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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