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Dos Santos M, de Faria MT, da Silva JO, Gandra IB, Ribeiro AJ, Silva KA, Nogueira LM, Machado JM, da Silveira Mariano RM, Gonçalves AAM, Ludolf F, Candia-Puma MA, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Campos-da-Paz M, Giunchetti RC, Galdino AS. A Mini-Review on Elisa-Based Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:585-598. [PMID: 37143281 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230504140828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus schistosoma, which affects approximately 240 million people worldwide. the diagnosis of the disease can be performed by parasitological, molecular, and/or immunological methods, however, the development of new diagnostic methods still essential to guide policy decisions, monitor disease trends and assess the effectiveness of interventions. OBJECTIVE in this sense, the current work summarizes the findings of a systematic review regarding antigens applied in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, which were patented and published over the last ten years. METHODS the literature search strategy used medical subject heading (mesh) terms to define as descriptors. "schistosoma mansoni" was used in arrangement with the descriptors "immunoassay", "enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay", "elisa", and "antigens", using the "and" connector. the patent search was done using keywords, including diagnosis and schistosoma or schistosomiasis or schistosome. several databases were employed for the patent search, such as intellectual property national institute; european patent office; the united states patent and trademark office; patent scope, and google patents. RESULTS forty-one articles were retrieved, of which only five met the eligibility criteria. seventeen patents were taken from the databases, and a brief description of the most relevant inventions is given here. CONCLUSION schistosomiasis is considered the most important helminthic disease in worldwide. therefore, it is important to of searching for and develops diagnostic methods based on serology to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelli Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Teixeira de Faria
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora Braga Gandra
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Julia Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Kamila Alves Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Lais Moreira Nogueira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Martins Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Mariana Campos-da-Paz
- Laboratório de Bioativos & NanoBiotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São Joao Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, Divinópolis, 400, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
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Magalhães FDC, Moreira JMP, de Rezende MC, Favero V, Graeff-Teixeira C, Coelho PMZ, Carneiro M, Geiger SM, Negrão-Corrêa D. Evaluation of isotype-based serology for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection in individuals living in endemic areas with low parasite burden. Acta Trop 2023; 248:107017. [PMID: 37774894 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating disease that affects public health systems worldwide. Control interventions to reduce morbidity primarily involve the diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals. However, the recommended Kato-Katz (KK) parasitological method shows low sensitivity in individuals with low parasite loads and is not useful for monitoring elimination of parasite transmission at later stages. In the current study, we evaluated the accuracy of serum reactivity levels of different immunoglobulin isotypes in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), utilizing Schistosoma mansoni crude extracts, with the aim to improve the diagnosis of infected individuals with low parasite loads. The serum reactivity of IgM and IgG subclass antibodies (IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4) against soluble adult worm and egg antigen preparations was evaluated in residents from a schistosomiasis-endemic area in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The parasitological status of the study population was determined through fecal examination with multiple parasitological tests to create a consolidated reference standard (CRS) plus a fecal DNA detection test (q-PCR). Twelve months after praziquantel treatment, a second serum sample was obtained from the population for reexamination. A two-graph receiver operating characteristic curve (TG-ROC) analysis was performed using the serum reactivity of non-infected endemic controls and egg-positive individuals, and the cut-off value was established based on the intersection point of the sensibility and specificity curves in TG-ROC analyses. The diagnostic accuracy of each serological test was evaluated in relation to the parasitological CRS and to the combination of CRS plus qPCR results. The data revealed that serum reactivity of IgM and IgG3 against S. mansoni antigens did not allow identification of infected individuals from the endemic area. In contrast, serum IgG1 and IgG4-reactivity against schistosome antigens could distinguish between infected and non-infected individuals, with AUC values ranging between 0.728-0.925. The reactivity of IgG4 anti-soluble egg antigen - SEA (sensitivity 79 %, specificity 69 %, kappa = 0.49) had the best diagnostic accuracy, showing positive reactivity in more than 75 % of the infected individuals who eliminated less than 12 eggs per gram of feces. Moreover, serum IgG4 reactivity against SEA and against soluble worm antigen preparation (SWAP) was significantly reduced in the serum of infected individuals after 12 months of confirmed parasitological cure and in the absence of re-infection. These results reinforce that the described IgG4 anti-SEA ELISA assay is a sensitive alternative for the diagnosis of active intestinal schistosomiasis in individuals from endemic areas, including in those with a very low parasite load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda do Carmo Magalhães
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo Peixoto Moreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michelle Carvalho de Rezende
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vivian Favero
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stefan Michael Geiger
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Aula OP, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gordon CA. Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:109. [PMID: 34206495 PMCID: PMC8293433 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease of impoverished people and livestock in many developing countries in tropical Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Substantial progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis in some African countries, but the disease still prevails in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 800 million people at risk of infection. Current control strategies rely primarily on treatment with praziquantel, as no vaccine is available; however, treatment alone does not prevent reinfection. There has been emphasis on the use of integrated approaches in the control and elimination of the disease in recent years with the development of health infrastructure and health education. However, there is a need to evaluate the present status of African schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and the factors affecting the disease as the basis for developing more effective control and elimination strategies in the future. This review provides an historical perspective of schistosomiasis in Africa and discusses the current status of control efforts in those countries where the disease is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyime Poise Aula
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia;
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
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Graeff-Teixeira C, Favero V, de Souza RP, Pascoal VF, Bittencourt HR, Fukushige M, Geiger SM, Negrão-Corrêa D. Use of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) for antibody detection and diagnosis of schistosomiasis: The need for improved accuracy evaluations of diagnostic tools. Acta Trop 2021; 215:105800. [PMID: 33352167 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many antigens for use in antibody-detection systems for schistosomiasis have been investigated over the past 40 years. In particular, soluble egg antigens (SEA) are still widely used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. Here, we conducted a literature review to examine accuracy evaluations of SEA-Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-ELISAs performed to detect Schistosoma mansoni infections and published between 1979 and 2019. S. mansoni is the main causative agent for intestinal schistosomiasis in many countries in Africa and Central and South America. After retrieving 214 relevant abstracts from the PubMed database, we selected 15 publications to undergo a full review. Sensitivity and specificity values varied from 71 to 99%, and from 6 to 100%, respectively. In addition, 11/15 studies did not state confidence intervals. Therefore, the findings from this review indicate that after four decades, we still do not have consistent evaluation estimates of SEA-IgG-ELISAs. Antigen mass per well and dilution of test sera in these articles varied from 0.018 µg to 1.5 µg, and from 1:50 to 1:500, respectively. Most of the reported accuracy evaluations used control sera which were selected based on parasitological examinations for egg detection, although ill-defined criteria were also noted. The number and composition of control serum panels was considered not adequate in approximately half of the studies. It is also noteworthy that among more than 30 diagnostic antigen preparations under development since the 1970s, most were not validated in the field and they failed to reach populations in need. Thus, attention to guidelines for standardization, estimations of accuracy, and reporting of results is needed to facilitate coordinated efforts aimed at schistosomiasis control and elimination.
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Chen C, Guo Q, Fu Z, Liu J, Lin J, Xiao K, Sun P, Cong X, Liu R, Hong Y. Reviews and advances in diagnostic research on Schistosoma japonicum. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105743. [PMID: 33159894 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection has decreased significantly in prevalence and intensity of infection in China. However, this disease still remains a serious public health problem in some endemic areas of the Philippines and Indonesia. Thus, more accurate and sensitive methods are much needed for further control of this disease. Here, we review the research progress in techniques for the diagnosis of S. japonicum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P.R.China
| | - Qinghong Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P.R.China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P.R.China
| | - Jinming Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P.R.China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P.R.China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Huancui Development Center for Animal Husbandry, Weihai, 264200, P.R.China
| | - Pengxiang Sun
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Huancui, Weihai, 264200, P.R.China
| | - Xiaonan Cong
- Huancui Development Center for Animal Husbandry, Weihai, 264200, P.R.China
| | - Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yang Hong
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P.R.China..
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Sassa M, Chadeka EA, Cheruiyot NB, Tanaka M, Moriyasu T, Kaneko S, Njenga SM, Cox SE, Hamano S. Prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children under two years of age in Mbita, Western Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008473. [PMID: 32841228 PMCID: PMC7447014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite growing evidence that infants and very young children can be infected with schistosomes, the epidemiological features and risk factors are not well described in this age group. We aimed to assess the prevalence of S. mansoni infection in children under two years of age from a population with a known high burden of infection in school-aged children and adults and thus inform the need for interventions in this potentially vulnerable age group. In a cross-sectional study in Mbita Sub-county, along the east coast of Lake Victoria, Western Kenya, we enrolled 361 children aged 6-23 months. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was detected using the Kato-Katz stool examination and a point-of-care test for urinary circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) (Rapid Medical Diagnostics, Pretoria, South Africa). Three-hundred and five (305) children had complete data of whom 276 (90.5%, 95%CI: 86.6-93.5) children were positive for S. mansoni by the POC-CCA test, while 11 (3.6%, 95%CI: 1.8-6.4) were positive by the Kato-Katz method. All Kato-Katz positive cases were also positive by the POC-CCA test. In multivariable analysis, only geographical area, Rusinga West (AOR = 7.1, 95%CI: 1.4-35.2, P = 0.02), was associated with S. mansoni infection using Kato-Katz test. Independent associations for POC-CCA positivity included age, (12-17 months vs 6-11 months; AOR = 7.8, 95%CI: 1.8-32.6, P = 0.002) and breastfeeding in the previous 24 hours (AOR = 3.4, 95%CI: 1.3-9.0, P = 0.009). We found a potentially very high prevalence of S. mansoni infection among children under two years of age based on POC-CCA test results in Mbita Sub-county, Kenya, which if confirmed strongly supports the need to include infants in public health strategies providing universal prophylactic treatment in high burden settings. Further research is required to determine the accuracy of diagnostic tools to detect light infection among very young children and possible long-term health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sassa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/ Research Centre on Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Evans A. Chadeka
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/ Research Centre on Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ngetich B. Cheruiyot
- The Joint Usage/ Research Centre on Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mio Tanaka
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/ Research Centre on Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Leading program, Program for Nuring Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Taeko Moriyasu
- The Joint Usage/ Research Centre on Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/ Research Centre on Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sammy M. Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sharon E. Cox
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Global Health Development Policy Science, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SEC); (SH)
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- The Joint Usage/ Research Centre on Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, Kenya Research Station, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Nairobi, Kenya
- Leading program, Program for Nuring Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (SEC); (SH)
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Nigo MM, Salieb-Beugelaar G, Battegay M, Odermatt P, Hunziker P. Schistosomiasis: from established diagnostic assays to emerging micro/nanotechnology-based rapid field testing for clinical management and epidemiology. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.33218/prnano3(1).191205.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected invasive worm disease with a huge disease burden in developing countries, particularly in children, and is seen increasingly in non-endemic regions through transfer by travellers, expatriates, and refugees. Undetected and untreated infections may be responsible for the persistence of transmission. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is the key to treatment and control. So far, parasitological detection methods remain the cornerstone of Schistosoma infection diagnosis in endemic regions, but conventional tests have limited sensitivity, in particular in low-grade infection. Recent advances contribute to improved detection in clinical and field settings. The recent progress in micro- and nanotechnologies opens a road by enabling the design of new miniaturized point-of-care devices and analytical platforms, which can be used for the rapid detection of these infections. This review starts with an overview of currently available laboratory tests and their performance and then discusses emerging rapid and micro/nanotechnologies-based tools. The epidemiological and clinical setting of testing is then discussed as an important determinant for the selection of the best analytical strategy in patients suspected to suffer from Schistosoma infection. Finally, it discusses the potential role of advanced technologies in the setting near to disease eradication is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Odermatt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Chapman PA, Cribb TH, Flint M, Traub RJ, Blair D, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Mills PC. Spirorchiidiasis in marine turtles: the current state of knowledge. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:217-245. [PMID: 31187736 DOI: 10.3354/dao03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood flukes of the family Spirorchiidae are important disease agents in marine turtles. The family is near cosmopolitan in distribution. Twenty-nine marine species across 10 genera are currently recognized, but taxonomic problems remain and it is likely that more species will be discovered. Spirorchiids infect the circulatory system, where they and their eggs cause a range of inflammatory lesions. Infection is sometimes implicated in the death of the turtle. In some regions, prevalence in stranded turtles is close to 100%. Knowledge of life cycles, important for control and epidemiological studies, has proven elusive until recently, when the first intermediate host identifications were made. Recent molecular studies of eggs and adult worms indicate that a considerable level of intrageneric and intraspecific diversity exists. The characterization of this diversity is likely to be of importance in exploring parasite taxonomy and ecology, unravelling life cycles, identifying the differential pathogenicity of genotypes and species, and developing antemortem diagnostic tools, all of which are major priorities for future spirorchiid research. Diagnosis to date has been reliant on copromicroscopy or necropsy, which both have significant limitations. The current lack of reliable antemortem diagnostic options is a roadblock to determining the true prevalence and epidemiology of spirorchiidiasis and the development of effective treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Chapman
- Veterinary-Marine Animal Research, Teaching and Investigation, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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Cosenza M, Barrios E, Felibertt P, Castillo-Corujo A, Ochoa G, Velasquez E, Rojas A. IgM and IgG responses in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice using egg and worm antigens: Does response vary with parasitic burden and phase of infection? Exp Parasitol 2017; 179:36-42. [PMID: 28655585 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma, endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. The hepatic pathology of this parasitic disease could develop complications, such as fibrosis and cirrhosis, which can be fatal. The Venezuelan endemic area is considered as one of low transmission, which complicates the detection of infected individuals and signals the importance of improving the sensitivity of immunodiagnostic methods. Using ELISA, an evaluation was conducted of IgM and IgG responses to soluble antigens of eggs and female worms (SEA and SFWA) and excretion-secretion products of eggs and female worms (ESPE and ESPAW) in infected Balb/c mice with different parasitic burden and infection times. A high positivity rate by IgM detection was observed for all antigen preparations in 7-week infections (100% by SEA, SFWA, ESPE, and ESPWA in high parasitic burden) as well as a reduction of this immunoglobulin in chronic infection. Positivity rate for IgG detection was higher in 20-week infections (100% by ESPE in low burden, 100% by SEA and ESPE in medium burden, and 100% by ESPE and ESPAW in high burden conditions). The potential use of combined or unique antigenic preparations associated with IgM or IgG for detection of active infection, regardless the parasitic burden, was demonstrated. Differences between immunoglobulin responses show its application for phase-specific diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cosenza
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Institute of Molecular Biology of Parasites (BioMolP), Venezuela; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela.
| | - Emilia Barrios
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Institute of Molecular Biology of Parasites (BioMolP), Venezuela; Department of Research and Professional Development, Bioanalysis School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
| | - Pimali Felibertt
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
| | - Angel Castillo-Corujo
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Institute of Molecular Biology of Parasites (BioMolP), Venezuela; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
| | - Génesis Ochoa
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Institute of Molecular Biology of Parasites (BioMolP), Venezuela
| | - Eva Velasquez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Institute of Molecular Biology of Parasites (BioMolP), Venezuela; Department of Morphologic Sciences, Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Alejandra Rojas
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Institute of Molecular Biology of Parasites (BioMolP), Venezuela; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
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Hinz R, Schwarz NG, Hahn A, Frickmann H. Serological approaches for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis - A review. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 31:2-21. [PMID: 27986555 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a common disease in endemic areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Asia. It is rare in Europe, mainly imported from endemic countries due to travelling or human migration. Available methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis comprise microscopic, molecular and serological approaches, with the latter detecting antigens or antibodies associated with Schistosoma spp. infection. The serological approach is a valuable screening tool in low-endemicity settings and for travel medicine, though the interpretation of any diagnostic results requires knowledge of test characteristics and a patient's history. Specific antibody detection by most currently used assays is only possible in a relatively late stage of infection and does not allow for the differentiation of acute from previous infections for therapeutic control or the discrimination between persisting infection and re-infection. Throughout the last decades, new target antigens have been identified, and assays with improved performance and suitability for use in the field have been developed. For numerous assays, large-scale studies are still required to reliably characterise assay characteristics alone and in association with other available methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Apart from S. mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum, for which most available tests were developed, other species of Schistosoma that occur less frequently need to be taken into account. This narrative review describes and critically discusses the results of published studies on the evaluation of serological assays that detect antibodies against different Schistosoma species of humans. It provides insights into the diagnostic performance and an overview of available assays and their suitability for large-scale use or individual diagnosis, and thus sets the scene for serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis and the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hinz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Andreas Hahn
- Takeda Pharma Vertrieb GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Germany
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González AY, Sulbarán GS, Ballen DE, Cesari IM. Immunocapture of circulating Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B antigen (Sm31) by anti-Sm31 polyclonal antibodies. Parasitol Int 2015; 65:191-5. [PMID: 26709076 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult Schistosoma mansoni parasites have the capacity to degrade ingested host hemoglobin and other host plasma proteins by using a series of gut proteolytic enzymes, including cathepsin B; this enzyme is released to the host intravascular environment during regurgitations of adult worms. Cathepsin B becomes thus a circulating parasite component that has been shown to be specifically recognized as the Sm31 antigen by antibodies present in most S. mansoni infected patients. Taking advantage of this immunological property, we attempted here to immunocapture Sm31 from sera of infected patients using specific polyclonal rabbit antibodies raised against a highly enriched preparation of Sm31 and detect its intrinsic proteolytic activity using a previously described solid-phase procedure called Cysteine Protease Immuno Assay (CPIA). To produce highly specific anti-Sm31/cathepsin B antibodies, cathepsin B (Sm31 or SmCB) was enriched more than 3000-folds from an adult worm preparation using a series of conventional biochemical steps including ion exchange and affinity chromatography. Anti-cathepsin B antibodies were generated by immunizing rabbits with the enriched cathepsin B fraction; these antibodies recognized a band of Mr.~31 kDa in Western-blot (WB) analysis of this fraction and were able to capture, in a modified CPIA procedure, Sm31/SmCB present in sera from infected Venezuelan patients living in low endemic areas for schistosomiasis. CPIA showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity; representing a new diagnostic tool to detect circulating Sm31 antigen in actual infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Y González
- Unidad de Trematodiasis, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Guidenn S Sulbarán
- Unidad de Trematodiasis, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Diana E Ballen
- Unidad de Trematodiasis, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Italo M Cesari
- Unidad de Trematodiasis, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that afflicts more than 240 million people, including many children and young adults, in the tropics and subtropics. The disease is characterized by chronic infections with significant residual morbidity and is of considerable public health importance, with substantial socioeconomic impacts on impoverished communities. Morbidity reduction and eventual elimination through integrated intervention measures are the focuses of current schistosomiasis control programs. Precise diagnosis of schistosome infections, in both mammalian and snail intermediate hosts, will play a pivotal role in achieving these goals. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts over several decades, the search for sensitive and specific diagnostics for schistosomiasis is ongoing. Here we review the area, paying attention to earlier approaches but emphasizing recent developments in the search for new diagnostics for schistosomiasis with practical applications in the research laboratory, the clinic, and the field. Careful and rigorous validation of these assays and their cost-effectiveness will be needed, however, prior to their adoption in support of policy decisions for national public health programs aimed at the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
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Yang F, Tan XD, Liu B, Yang C, Ni ZL, Gao XD, Wang Y. Meta-analysis of the diagnostic efficiency of the questionnaires screening for schistosomiasis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3509-19. [PMID: 26122990 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second widespread tropical disease that affects the health of over 240 million people of 78 countries. Questionnaires have been commonly used to diagnose schistosomiasis, while no meta-analysis of their efficacy had been reported previously. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess their diagnostic accuracy of schistosomiasis. Studies published prior to December 1, 2014, that had used questionnaires as a diagnostic tool were searched in PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. A total of 32 studies with 72,812 cases were identified for the meta-analysis. The best diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was obtained from Schistosoma haematobium (67.68, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 31.48 to 145.54), followed by Schistosoma japonicum (11.74, 95 % CI = 4.59 to 30.05) then Schistosoma mansoni (2.98, 95 % CI = 1.95 to 4.54). Pooled sensitivity and specificity were respectively 0.82, 0.88, and 0.46, and 0.59, 0.86, and 0.81 for S. japonicum, S. haematobium, and S. mansoni. The multivariable subgroup analyses showed that the questionnaires which had been pretested and standardized had better diagnostic performance. The result suggested that questionnaires can be used to diagnose schistosomiasis with moderate sensitivity and specificity and the questionnaires for diagnosing S. haematobium performed best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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