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Mohtasebi S, Sazmand A, Zafari S, Verocai GG, Otranto D. Lungworms of Non-Ruminant Terrestrial Mammals and Humans in Iran. Pathogens 2023; 12:759. [PMID: 37375449 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With over 300 terrestrial and aquatic mammalian species, Iran is considered a country with an ample mastofauna. Although many studies have assessed the distribution of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in animals and humans in Iran, lungworms have not received adequate attention. Following a previous article in which we reviewed the diversity and prevalence of lungworm infections in pastoral and wild ruminants of Iran, this report compiles the available scientific information about the occurrence of lungworms in non-ruminant mammals and humans from 1980 to 2022 to provide insights into the epidemiology of these infections. International and national scientific databases were searched, and twenty-six articles in peer-reviewed journals, one conference paper, and one D.V.M. thesis were included in the study. In total, 10 species belonging to seven genera, including Dictyocaulus, Deraiophoronema, Protostrongylus, Crenosoma, Eucoleus, Aelurostrongylus, and Metastrongylus, were reported in the respiratory tract or feces of humans, domestic animals (i.e., camels, equids, dogs, and cats), and wildlife species (i.e., hedgehogs, wild boars, and hares). Most of the studies (22/28) were performed using post-mortem examinations. The overall prevalence of respiratory nematode infection varied according to animal species in camels (14.83%), equids (13.31%), dogs (5%), wild boars (45.66%), hedgehogs (42.57%), and hares (1.6%). In addition, pulmonary capillariasis caused by Eucoleus aerophilus was reported in a 9 year old child. The prevalence of lungworm species in domestic camels, equids, and dogs, combined with a lack of labeled anthelmintic products, supports the need to improve our understanding of these important nematode parasites and inform the development of sustainable control strategies. From a zoo and wildlife medicine point of view, there is a shortage of information about the presence and prevalence of lungworm infections in the majority of mammalian species, pending epidemiological studies that integrate classical parasitology and molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mohtasebi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517658978, Iran
| | - Salman Zafari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838736, Iran
| | - Guilherme G Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517658978, Iran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy
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Zárate-Rendón DA, Salazar-Espinoza MN, Catalano S, Sobotyk C, Mendoza AP, Rosenbaum M, Verocai G. Molecular characterization of Dipetalonema yatesi from the black-faced spider monkey ( Ateles chamek) with phylogenetic inference of relationships among Dipetalonema of Neotropical primates. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:152-157. [PMID: 35096523 PMCID: PMC8783072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Species of the genus Dipetalonema are parasitic nematodes of the family Onchocercidae (Nematoda; Filarioidea) which infect the peritoneal cavity of Neotropical primates. Of these, six species have been taxonomically described, two of these have been reported infecting the black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek): Dipetalonema gracile and Dipetalonema yatesi. Description of Dipetalonema species have been based on morphological characteristics, and their phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved. A few molecular studies have been carried out in Dipetalonema spp. infecting Neotropical primates. Seven filarioid nematodes (6 females and one male) recovered from one A. chamek in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest were morphologically identified as D. yatesi and molecularly characterized. A multi-locus genetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal region (18S) and mitochondrial (cox1, 12S, and nad5) gene sequences supported D. yatesi as a distinct lineage and yielded a highly resolved phylogenetic lineage tree for this filarioid genus of Neotropical primates. Our results highlighted that Dipetalonema species are divided in two well-supported clades, one containing D. yatesi and D. caudispina, and the second containing D. robini, D. gracile, and D. graciliformis. Due to sequence ambiguities from GenBank entries, relationships among isolates of D. gracile and D. graciliformis cannot be fully resolved, which requires further investigation. However, this suggests that these could represent a species complex. Our study confirms that D. yatesi is a valid species and constitutes the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of this parasite in black-faced spider monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Zárate-Rendón
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento Académico de Nutrición, Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, 12, Peru
| | - Michelle N. Salazar-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento Académico de Nutrición, Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, 12, Peru
| | - Stefano Catalano
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Caroline Sobotyk
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ana Patricia Mendoza
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, Moyobamba, San Martín, 22001, Peru
| | - Marieke Rosenbaum
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Guilherme Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Bilegjargal J, Rzad I, Fukumoto S, Chinchuluun B, Lkhagvatseren S, Gantuya S, Azjargal G, Batsukh Z, Munkhjargal T. Microscopic and molecular detection of Deraiophoronema evansi (Lewis, 1882) in domestic Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) of Mongolia. Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102404. [PMID: 34129934 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cameline filarosis is an important parasitic disease having an economic impact on the camel industry around the world. However, there has been no study on filarosis in Bactrian camels of Mongolia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to detect and identify microfilariae of Deraiophoronema evansi (D. evansi) in Bactrian camels from three provinces, located in southern and southwestern Mongolia. Blood samples were obtained from 400 healthy two-humped camels of different ages and both sexes. All blood samples were analysed using a variety of diagnostic techniques. Microfilariae were detected in 30 Bactrian camels (7.5%) by the Knott technique, while 13 Bactrian camels (3.3%) tested positive in a direct smear test. D. evansi was detected in 18 Bactrian camels (4.5%) by PCR assay. Prevalence was shown to be high among Bactrian camels in the age group up to 5 years, while the lowest positive results were obtained for Bactrian camels in the 5-10-year age group and the over 10-year age group. To confirm the morphological identification, D. evansi-COI gene sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analyses. The D. evansi-COI gene sequences from Mongolian two-humped camels were identical to sequences from Iranian one-humped camels and were clustered together with these sequences in the phylogeny. This is the first report of molecular detection and identification of microfilariae of D. evansi in Bactrian camels of Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izabella Rzad
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 16, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Boldbaatar Chinchuluun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sukhbaatar Lkhagvatseren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sambuu Gantuya
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Zayat Batsukh
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tserendorj Munkhjargal
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
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Filarial worms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diversity in animals from Iran with emphasis on human cases. Parasitology 2020; 147:909-921. [PMID: 32249728 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000058x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate the prevalence reports of filariasis in animals in Iran along with human cases. Studies were screened, relevant papers were selected and the random-effect model was used by forest plot with 95% confidence interval (CI). Of 17 records of human case-reports, particularly from Khuzestan province (5 cases), Dirofilaria repens was the most detected parasite (10 cases) with higher involvement of the right eye (7 cases) than other organs. Eleven animal species were reported to be parasitised by filarioids in Iran. The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in canids was 14.69% (95% CI: 10.33-19.67), with highest rates (20.92%; 95% CI: 13.84-29.03) in free-ranging dogs. Male (10.07%; 95% CI: 5.10-16.47) and more than 1-year old (20.77%; 95% CI: 8.66-36.42) dogs were more likely to be found infected. The frequency of other filarioids of zoonotic interest was: Acanthocheilonema reconditum in dogs 2.15% (95% CI: 0.71-4.33), Dipetalonema evansi in camels 10.16% (95% CI: 4.73-17.34), Onchocerca cervicalis in horses 3.63% (95% CI: 1.44-6.75%) and Onchocerca fasciata 16.57% (95% CI: 10.12-24.24%) in camels. Still, our knowledge on parasitic filariae in Iran is limited and more investigation is needed in both human and animal populations.
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Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Harbach RE. A detailed review of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Trop 2019; 194:106-122. [PMID: 30898616 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are the most significant arthropods of medical importance because of the burden of diseases, such as malaria, encephalitis and filariasis, which are caused by pathogens and parasites they transmit to humans. In 2007, the most recently published checklist of Iranian mosquitoes included 64 species representing seven genera. Public databases were searched to the end of August 2018 for publications concerning the diseases in Iran caused by mosquito-borne pathogens. Pertinent information was extracted and analyzed, and the checklist of Iranian mosquitoes was updated. Six arboviral diseases, two bacterial diseases, four helminthic diseases and two protozoal diseases occur in Iran. The agents of these diseases are biologically or mechanically known or assumed to be transmitted by mosquitoes. The updated checklist of Iranian mosquitoes includes 69 species representing seven or 11 genera depending on the generic classification of aedines. There is no published information about the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of the causal agents of avian malaria, avian pox, bovine ephemeral fever, dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, Sindbis fever, Deraiophoronema evansi infection, lymphatic filariasis, anthrax and tularemia in Iran. There is just one imported case of lymphatic filariasis, which is not endemic in the country. It seems arthropods do not play an important role in the epidemiology of anthrax and ixodid ticks are the main vectors of the tularemia bacterium. In view of the recent finding of only a few adults and larvae of Aedes albopictus in southeastern Iran and the absence of Ae. aegypti, it is not possible to infer the indigenous transmission of the dengue fever virus in Iran. Considering the importance of mosquito-borne diseases in the country, it is necessary to improve vector and vector-borne disease surveillance in order to apply the best integrated vector management interventions as a part of the One Health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Behzad Norouzi
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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Vector-borne bacteria in blood of camels in Iran: New data and literature review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:48-53. [PMID: 31300125 PMCID: PMC7112553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Information about vector-borne bacteria of camels is scarce. Anaplasmataceae, SFG rickettsiae, Bartonella and Borrelia were investigated in blood of 200 dromedary camels of Iran. PCR results revealed 30 animals (15%) to be infected with Anaplasmataceae bacteria. BlastN® analysis of positive samples revealed identity with “Candidatus Anaplasma camelii” isolates. This paper reviews the current knowledge on camels’ tick-borne bacteria including microscopy, serology and molecular studies.
Despite close association between camels and humans, molecular based studies on vector-borne pathogens infecting camels are scarce compared to other animals in Iran. The current study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of vector-borne bacteria in the blood of dromedaries by molecular tools. A total of 200 peripheral blood samples were collected from apparently healthy animals. Microscopic examination was performed on Giemsa-stained blood smears, and drops of blood were spotted on Whatman FTA® cards for molecular analyses. Genomic DNA was extracted from the cards, and PCR amplification followed by sequencing of positive samples was carried out for the detection of Anaplasmataceae, spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae, Bartonella spp. and Borrelia spp. Intra-cytic forms of any blood pathogens could not be detected by light microscopy. PCR results revealed 30 animals (15%) to be infected with Anaplasmataceae bacteria. Analyses of sequences revealed a strain of Anaplasma sp. identical to Candidatus Anaplasma camelii isolated from camels, cattle and deer in Asia and Africa. Neither SFG rickettsiae, nor Borrelia or Bartonella species were found. Further studies for determining epidemiological role of camels and its zoonotic potential are recommended. This paper reviews the current knowledge on camels’ tickborne bacteria including microscopy, serology and molecular studies.
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Abstract
Dipetalonema gracile is a common parasite in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), which can cause malnutrition and progressive wasting of the host, and lead to death in the case of massive infection. This study aimed to identify a suspected D. gracile worm from a dead squirrel monkey by means of molecular biology, and to amplify its complete mitochondrial genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis. The results identified the worm as D. gracile, and the full length of its complete mitochondrial genome was 13,584 bp, which contained 22 tRNA genes, 12 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, one AT-rich region and one small non-coding region. The nucleotide composition included A (16.89%), G (20.19%), T (56.22%) and C (6.70%), among which A + T = 73.11%. The 12 protein-coding genes used TTG and ATT as start codons, and TAG and TAA as stop codons. Among the 22 tRNA genes, only trnS1AGN and trnS2UCN exhibited the TΨC-loop structure, while the other 20 tRNAs showed the TV-loop structure. The rrnL (986 bp) and rrnS (685 bp) genes were single-stranded and conserved in secondary structure. This study has enriched the mitochondrial gene database of Dipetalonema and laid a scientific basis for further study on classification, and genetic and evolutionary relationships of Dipetalonema nematodes.
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Mirzaei M, Ghahvei Y, Lefoulon E, Lia RP, Otranto D, Martin C, Sazmand A. Morphological and molecular characterization of Onchocerca fasciata (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) from dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran. Parasite 2018; 25:50. [PMID: 30234481 PMCID: PMC6146669 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin nodules of Onchocerca fasciata Railliet and Henry, 1910 (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) are a common finding in dromedary camels, though with a minimal clinical impact. There is little information about the morphology, molecular make-up and pathological impact of this parasite. Onchocerca fasciata nodules (1.3-2.1 cm in diameter and 509-841 mg in weight) were detected on the neck region in 31.5% of dromedary camels examined in Kerman province, southeastern Iran. Of 38 isolated nodules, only 23 (60.5%) contained viable worms. Measurement and morphological analyses were performed on isolated female worms by light microscopy. The identification of O. fasciata specimens was confirmed by sequence analysis of two mitochondrial genes (12S rDNA and cox1), which showed 0.4% divergence from available O. fasciata sequences. In addition, a phylogeny of filarial nematodes was constructed, based on these two mitochondrial genes and five nuclear genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, MyoHC, rbp1, hsp70); this indicated that O. fasciata belongs to clade ONC3 of Onchocercidae, with representatives of the genera Onchocerca and Dirofilaria. Within the genus Onchocerca, O. fasciata is grouped with bovine parasitic species and the human parasitic Onchocerca volvulus, which suggests an impact of domestication on the radiation of the genus. Data provided here on the distribution and morphology of O. fasciata contribute to the molecular identification and phylogenetic position of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirzaei
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Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Postal code: 7616914111
Kerman Iran
| | - Younes Ghahvei
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Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Postal code: 7616914111
Kerman Iran
| | - Emilie Lefoulon
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Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc. 240 County Rd Ipswich MA
01938 USA
| | - Riccardo Paolo Lia
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Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3 70010
Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
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Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3 70010
Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - Coralie Martin
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Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS 75231
Paris cedex 05 France
| | - Alireza Sazmand
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Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University Postal code: 6517658978
Hamedan Iran
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Sazmand A, Joachim A. Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017) - a literature review. Parasite 2017; 24:21. [PMID: 28617666 PMCID: PMC5479402 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases of camels are major causes of impaired milk and meat production, decreases in performance or even death. Some camel parasites also represent a threat to human health. About 171,500 one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) and 100-300 two-humped camels (Camelus bactrianus) live in Iran. Knowledge of the biodiversity of their parasites is still limited. The present review covers all information about camel parasitic diseases in Iran published as dissertations and in both Iranian and international journals from 1931 to February 2017. Ten genera of Protozoa (Trypanosoma, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis, Besnoitia, Theileria, Babesia and Balantidium), 48 helminth species detected in the digestive system, including three species of Trematoda, four species of Cestoda, and 41 species of Nematoda, as well as helminths from other organs - Echinococcus spp., Dictyocaulus filaria, Thelazia leesei, Dipetalonema evansi and Onchocerca fasciata - have so far been described in Iranian camels. Furthermore, 13 species of hard ticks, mange mites, the myiasis flies Cephalopina titillator and Wohlfahrtia magnifica, and immature stages of the Pentastomida Linguatula serrata have also been reported from camels of Iran. Camel parasitic diseases are a major issue in Iran in terms of economics and public health. The present review offers information for an integrated control programme against economically relevant parasites of camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sazmand
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Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Postal Code 8915173160
Yazd Iran
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Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Veterinaerplatz 1 1210
Vienna Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
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Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Veterinaerplatz 1 1210
Vienna Austria
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