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Liang Z, Wang L, Wu H, Singh D, Zhang X. Integrative analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in MARC-145 cells infected with PRRSV. Virus Genes 2020; 56:610-620. [PMID: 32785889 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes tremendous economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. miRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression and a wide range of complex interactions of miRNAs-mRNAs is possible during virus infection. However, there is no comprehensive integrated study of miRNA and mRNA networks in MARC-145 cells after infection with PRRSV. We analyzed the differential expressions, co-relations, annotations, and putative functions of miRNA and mRNA networks in PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Based on the filtering criterion, 22 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) (15 up- and 7 downregulated) were filtered out. miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were constructed. For the 18 selected miRNAs, 390 potential target genes were predicted from the differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRs). GO and KEGG pathway annotations predicted 34 KEGG pathways, 12 of which are known to be involved in virus infection. Real-time PCR validated the RNA-seq results. Our analysis showed that miR-27a-5p and miR-21-3p downregulate the expression of two of their potential target genes-SPARC, CLIC1, and cofilin-1, COX7A2, respectively. Further experiments proved that miR-21-3p and miR-27a-5p can promote PRRSV replication significantly. It is the first report that these two miRNAs participate in the interaction of host cells with PRRSV. Our results provide insights into the role of miRNAs in response to PRRSV infection, which will aid the research for developing novel therapies against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpu Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Deepali Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201312, India
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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2
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Sato T, Kataoka K, Ito Y, Yokoyama S, Inui M, Mori M, Takahashi S, Akita K, Takada S, Ueno-Kudoh H, Asahara H. Lin28a/let-7 pathway modulates the Hox code via Polycomb regulation during axial patterning in vertebrates. eLife 2020; 9:53608. [PMID: 32479258 PMCID: PMC7259951 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The body plan along the anteroposterior axis and regional identities are specified by the spatiotemporal expression of Hox genes. Multistep controls are required for their unique expression patterns; however, the molecular mechanisms behind the tight control of Hox genes are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the Lin28a/let-7 pathway is critical for axial elongation. Lin28a–/– mice exhibited axial shortening with mild skeletal transformations of vertebrae, which were consistent with results in mice with tail bud-specific mutants of Lin28a. The accumulation of let-7 in Lin28a–/– mice resulted in the reduction of PRC1 occupancy at the Hox cluster loci by targeting Cbx2. Consistently, Lin28a loss in embryonic stem-like cells led to aberrant induction of posterior Hox genes, which was rescued by the knockdown of let-7. These results suggest that the Lin28/let-7 pathway is involved in the modulation of the ‘Hox code’ via Polycomb regulation during axial patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tempei Sato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kataoka
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Metabolism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Masafumi Inui
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Chemistry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akita
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Ueno-Kudoh
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Reproduction Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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3
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Li X, Pan X, Fu X, Yang Y, Chen J, Lin W. MicroRNA-26a: An Emerging Regulator of Renal Biology and Disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:287-297. [PMID: 31163420 DOI: 10.1159/000499646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that modulate many key biological processes by simultaneously suppressing multiple target genes. Among them, miR-26a, a conserved miRNA among vertebrates, is highly expressed in various tissues. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that miR-26a plays pivotal roles in cellular differentiation, cell growth, apoptosis, and metastasis, thereby participating in the initiation and development of various human diseases, such as metabolic disease and cancer. More recently, miR-26a was found as a versatile regulator of renal biology and disease. miR-26a is intensively involved in the maintenance of podocyte homeostasis and the actin cytoskeleton. It is also able to modulate the homeostasis and function of mesangial cells. In addition, miR-26a affects the expansion of regulatory T cells in the context of ischemia-reperfusion injury and autoimmune diabetes and thus protects the renal system from immune attack. These available data strongly suggest that renal miR-26a possesses critical pathological functions and represents a potential target for renal disease therapies. This review summarizes current knowledge of miR-26a in renal biology and disease, laying the foundation for exploring its previously unknown functions and mechanisms in the renal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Pan
- Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Lin
- Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, .,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,
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4
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Hu S, Han R, Shi J, Zhu X, Qin W, Zeng C, Bao H, Liu Z. The long noncoding RNA LOC105374325 causes podocyte injury in individuals with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:20227-20239. [PMID: 30389788 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common kidney disease that results in nephrotic syndrome. FSGS arises from dysfunction and apoptosis of podocytes in the glomerulus of the kidney, leading to podocytopathy. The molecular mechanisms underlying podocyte apoptosis remain incompletely understood. Using an array of gene expression profiling, PCR, and in situ hybridization assay, we found here that the levels of the long noncoding RNA LOC105374325 were elevated in the renal podocytes of individuals with FSGS. We also observed that the microRNAs miR-34c and miR-196a/b down-regulated the expression of the apoptosis regulators BCL2-associated X, apoptosis regulator (Bax), and BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 (Bak) in podocytes. Competitive binding between LOC105374325 and miR-34c or miR-196a/b increased Bax and Bak levels and caused podocyte apoptosis. Of note, the mitogen-activated protein kinase P38 and the transcription factor CCAAT enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) up-regulated LOC105374325 expression. P38 inhibition or C/EBPβ silencing decreased LOC105374325 levels and inhibited apoptosis in adriamycin-treated podocytes. LOC105374325 overexpression decreased miR-34c and miR-196a/b levels, increased Bax and Bak levels, and induced proteinuria and focal segmental lesions in mice. In conclusion, activation of the P38/C/EBPβ pathway stimulates the expression of LOC105374325, which, in turn, increases Bax and Bak levels and causes apoptosis by competitively binding to miR-34c and miR-196a/b in the podocytes of individuals with FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Hu
- From the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002 and
| | - Runhong Han
- From the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002 and; the School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingsong Shi
- From the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002 and
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- From the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002 and
| | - Weisong Qin
- From the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002 and
| | - Caihong Zeng
- From the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002 and
| | - Hao Bao
- From the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002 and.
| | - Zhihong Liu
- From the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002 and.
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5
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Yin H, Zhang X, Li K, Li Z, Yang Z. Effects of miR-200b-3p inhibition on the TRPC6 and BK Ca channels of podocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 653:80-89. [PMID: 29958896 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa), two of the key ion channels for blood filtration function of podocytes, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Moreover, it has been reported that miR-200 b plays an important role in regulating the biological processes of podocytes. In this study, we aimed to examine whether there was a relationship between miR-200 b-3p and the two ion channels. It was suggested that miR-200 b-3p down-regulation inhibited the currents of TRPC6 and BKCa channels. It also showed that miR-200 b-3p inhibition reduced the levels of protein expression and mRNA transcription of TRPC6 and BKCa channels. Moreover, the down-regulation of miR-200 b-3p resulted in the decrease of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. It was also suggested that the decrease of BKCa currents resulting from miR-200 b-3p inhibition could be regulated by TRPC6 channels. TRPC6 blockage also inhibited BKCa currents and reduced the level of BKCa expression. These results together suggested that miR-200 b-3p inhibition reduced the currents of TRPC6, which led to the decrease of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The decrease of Ca2+ source required for BKCa activation may result in the inhibition of BKCa currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Yin
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhigui Li
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Zhuo Yang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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6
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Zhang C, Li W, Wen J, Yang Z. Autophagy is involved in mouse kidney development and podocyte differentiation regulated by Notch signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1315-1328. [PMID: 28158917 PMCID: PMC5487928 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte dysfunction results in glomerular diseases accounted for 90% of end-stage kidney disease. The evolutionarily conserved Notch signalling makes a crucial contribution in podocyte development and function. However, the underlying mechanism of Notch pathway modulating podocyte differentiation remains less obvious. Autophagy, reported to be related with Notch signalling pathways in different animal models, is regarded as a possible participant during podocyte differentiation. Here, we found the dynamic changes of Notch1 were coincided with autophagy: they both increased during kidney development and podocyte differentiation. Intriguingly, when Notch signalling was down-regulated by DAPT, autophagy was greatly diminished, and differentiation was also impaired. Further, to better understand the relationship between Notch signalling and autophagy in podocyte differentiation, rapamycin was added to enhance autophagy levels in DAPT-treated cells, and as a result, nephrin was recovered and DAPT-induced injury was ameliorated. Therefore, we put forward that autophagy is involved in kidney development and podocyte differentiation regulated by Notch signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyue Zhang
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyKey Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of EducationNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Wen Li
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyKey Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of EducationNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Junkai Wen
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyKey Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of EducationNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zhuo Yang
- School of MedicineState Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyKey Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of EducationNankai UniversityTianjinChina
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7
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Li Z, Yin H, Hao S, Wang L, Gao J, Tan X, Yang Z. miR-200 family promotes podocyte differentiation through repression of RSAD2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27105. [PMID: 27251424 PMCID: PMC4890021 DOI: 10.1038/srep27105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature podocytes are highly differentiated cells with several characteristic phenotypic features that are involved in the glomerular filtration function. During kidney development, a series of changes of the morphological characteristics and cellular functions may happen in podocytes. The miR-200 family functions in various biological and pathological processes. But the underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-200 family that functions in podocyte differentiation remain poorly understood. Herein is shown that miR-200a, miR-200b and miR-429 are significantly upregulated during the differentiation of podocytes, with highest upregulation of miR-200a. In these cells, restraint of miR-200 family by RNA interference assay revealed a prominent inhibition of cell differentiation. More intriguingly, miR-200 family directly inhibited the radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 2 (RASD2) expression. Moreover, further upregulation of RSAD2 combining with restraint of miR-200 family revealed a promotion of podocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation. In addition, the expression of RSAD2 is consistent with that of in vitro podocyte differentiation in prenatal and postnatal mouse kidney, and significantly down-regulated during the kidney development. Together, these findings indicate that miR-200 family may potentially promote podocyte differentiation through repression of RSAD2 expression. Our data also demonstrate a novel role of the antiviral protein RSAD2 as a regulator in cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigui Li
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongqiang Yin
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang Hao
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tan
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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8
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Vlachos IS, Vergoulis T, Paraskevopoulou MD, Lykokanellos F, Georgakilas G, Georgiou P, Chatzopoulos S, Karagkouni D, Christodoulou F, Dalamagas T, Hatzigeorgiou AG. DIANA-mirExTra v2.0: Uncovering microRNAs and transcription factors with crucial roles in NGS expression data. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:W128-34. [PMID: 27207881 PMCID: PMC4987956 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential expression analysis (DEA) is one of the main instruments utilized for revealing molecular mechanisms in pathological and physiological conditions. DIANA-mirExTra v2.0 (http://www.microrna.gr/mirextrav2) performs a combined DEA of mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) to uncover miRNAs and transcription factors (TFs) playing important regulatory roles between two investigated states. The web server uses as input miRNA/RNA-Seq read count data sets that can be uploaded for analysis. Users can combine their data with 350 small-RNA-Seq and 65 RNA-Seq in-house analyzed libraries which are provided by DIANA-mirExTra v2.0. The web server utilizes miRNA:mRNA, TF:mRNA and TF:miRNA interactions derived from extensive experimental data sets. More than 450 000 miRNA interactions and 2 000 000 TF binding sites from specific or high-throughput techniques have been incorporated, while accurate miRNA TSS annotation is obtained from microTSS experimental/in silico framework. These comprehensive data sets enable users to perform analyses based solely on experimentally supported information and to uncover central regulators within sequencing data: miRNAs controlling mRNAs and TFs regulating mRNA or miRNA expression. The server also supports predicted miRNA:gene interactions from DIANA-microT-CDS for 4 species (human, mouse, nematode and fruit fly). DIANA-mirExTra v2.0 has an intuitive user interface and is freely available to all users without any login requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Vlachos
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N.S. Christeas', Medical School of Athens, University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Maria D Paraskevopoulou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Georgakilas
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Penny Georgiou
- 'Athena' Research and Innovation Center, 11524 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitra Karagkouni
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Artemis G Hatzigeorgiou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
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