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An Overview of Recent Advances and Clinical Applications of Exon Skipping and Splice Modulation for Muscular Dystrophy and Various Genetic Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1828:31-55. [PMID: 30171533 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8651-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exon skipping is a therapeutic approach that is feasible for various genetic diseases and has been studied and developed for over two decades. This approach uses antisense oligonucleotides (AON) to modify the splicing of pre-mRNA to correct the mutation responsible for a disease, or to suppress a particular gene expression, as in allergic diseases. Antisense-mediated exon skipping is most extensively studied in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and has developed from in vitro proof-of-concept studies to clinical trials targeting various single exons such as exon 45 (casimersen), exon 53 (NS-065/NCNP-01, golodirsen), and exon 51 (eteplirsen). Eteplirsen (brand name Exondys 51), is the first approved antisense therapy for DMD in the USA, and provides a treatment option for ~14% of all DMD patients, who are amenable to exon 51 skipping. Eteplirsen is granted accelerated approval and marketing authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), on the condition that additional postapproval trials show clinical benefit. Permanent exon skipping achieved at the DNA level using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology holds promise in current preclinical trials for DMD. In hopes of achieving clinical success parallel to DMD, exon skipping and splice modulation are also being studied in other muscular dystrophies, such as Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), dysferlinopathy including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B), Miyoshi myopathy (MM), and distal anterior compartment myopathy (DMAT), myotonic dystrophy, and merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A). This chapter also summarizes the development of antisense-mediated exon skipping therapy in diseases such as Usher syndrome, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), and allergic diseases.
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Cardiac involvement in Fukuyama muscular dystrophy is less severe than in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Brain Dev 2017; 39:861-868. [PMID: 28578814 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main complications in patients with muscular dystrophies is cardiac dysfunction. The literature on cardiac involvement in patients with Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is limited. AIM To compare cardiac involvement between patients with FCMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). METHODS We compared cardiac involvement between 30 patients with FCMD and 181 patients with DMD using echocardiography and serum biomarkers. All patients were receiving regular checkups at Kobe University Hospital. We used single regression analysis to compare echocardiographic parameters, age, and serum biomarkers. RESULTS Almost all clinical and echocardiographic parameters were lower in patients with FCMD than DMD. The brain natriuretic peptide concentration in patients with FCMD showed no correlation with age or left ventricular ejection fraction (r=0.231, p=0.22 and r=0.058, p=0.76, respectively). A log-rank test revealed that the risk of left ventricular systolic dysfunction was lower in patients with FCMD than DMD (p=0.046, hazard ratio=0.348). CONCLUSION The clinical progression of cardiac dysfunction is significantly milder in patients with FCMD than DMD, while skeletal muscle involvement is significantly worse in patients with FCMD. These data suggest that the pathophysiological findings of FCMD can be explained by less severe cardiac dysfunction in FCMD than DMD.
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Kobayashi K, Kato R, Kondo-Iida E, Taniguchi-Ikeda M, Osawa M, Saito K, Toda T. Deep-intronic variant of fukutin is the most prevalent point mutation of Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy in Japan. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:945-948. [PMID: 28680109 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), which is caused by mutations in the fukutin gene, is the second most common form of childhood muscular dystrophy in Japan. The founder haplotype is the most prevalent in the chromosomes of Japanese FCMD patients, and corresponds to an SVA retrotransposal insertion in the 3'-untranslated region of fukutin. Although other mutations have been reported, the mutation corresponding to the second most prevalent haplotype in Japanese FCMD patients remained unknown. Recently a deep-intronic point mutation c.647+2084G>T was identified in Korean patients with congenital muscular dystrophy. Here, we performed mutational analysis of 10 patients with the second most prevalent haplotype and found that all of them were compound-heterozygous for the SVA insertion and this c.647+2084G>T mutation. The fukutin mRNA of these patients contained a pseudoexon between exon 5 and exon 6, which was consistent with the previous Korean study. As expected, the mutated fukutin protein was smaller than the normal protein, reflecting the truncation of fukutin due to a premature stop codon. Immunostaining analysis showed a decrease in the signal for the glycosylated form of α-dystroglycan. These findings indicated that this mutation is the second most prevalent loss-of-function mutation in Japanese FCMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Brain Science/Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Reiko Kato
- Division of Molecular Brain Science/Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eri Kondo-Iida
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Taniguchi-Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Brain Science/Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makiko Osawa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Saito
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Molecular Brain Science/Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Touznik A, Lee JJA, Yokota T. New developments in exon skipping and splice modulation therapies for neuromuscular diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:809-19. [PMID: 24620745 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.896335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antisense oligonucleotide (AON) therapy is a form of treatment for genetic or infectious diseases using small, synthetic DNA-like molecules called AONs. Recent advances in the development of AONs that show improved stability and increased sequence specificity have led to clinical trials for several neuromuscular diseases. Impressive preclinical and clinical data are published regarding the usage of AONs in exon-skipping and splice modulation strategies to increase dystrophin production in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and survival of motor neuron (SMN) production in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). AREAS COVERED In this review, we focus on the current progress and challenges of exon-skipping and splice modulation therapies. In addition, we discuss the recent failure of the Phase III clinical trials of exon 51 skipping (drisapersen) for DMD. EXPERT OPINION The main approach of AON therapy in DMD and SMA is to rescue ('knock up' or increase) target proteins through exon skipping or exon inclusion; conversely, most conventional antisense drugs are designed to knock down (inhibit) the target. Encouraging preclinical data using this 'knock up' approach are also reported to rescue dysferlinopathies, including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B, Miyoshi myopathy, distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Touznik
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Genetics , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
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Antisense therapy in neurology. J Pers Med 2013; 3:144-76. [PMID: 25562650 PMCID: PMC4251390 DOI: 10.3390/jpm3030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense therapy is an approach to fighting diseases using short DNA-like molecules called antisense oligonucleotides. Recently, antisense therapy has emerged as an exciting and promising strategy for the treatment of various neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders. Previous and ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials have provided encouraging early results. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), dysferlinopathy (including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B; LGMD2B, Miyoshi myopathy; MM, and distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset; DMAT), and myotonic dystrophy (DM) are all reported to be promising targets for antisense therapy. This paper focuses on the current progress of antisense therapies in neurology.
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A new mutation of the fukutin gene causing late-onset limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 23:562-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Yis U, Uyanik G, Heck PB, Smitka M, Nobel H, Ebinger F, Dirik E, Feng L, Kurul SH, Brocke K, Unalp A, Özer E, Cakmakci H, Sewry C, Cirak S, Muntoni F, Hehr U, Morris-Rosendahl DJ. Fukutin mutations in non-Japanese patients with congenital muscular dystrophy: less severe mutations predominate in patients with a non-Walker-Warburg phenotype. Neuromuscul Disord 2010; 21:20-30. [PMID: 20961758 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Six genes including POMT1, POMT2, POMGNT1, FKRP, Fukutin (FKTN) and LARGE encode proteins involved in the glycosylation of α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Abnormal glycosylation of α-DG is a common finding in Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), congenital muscular dystrophy types 1C and 1D and some forms of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2I, LGMD2K, LGMD2M), and is associated with mutations in the above genes. FCMD, caused by mutations in Fukutin (FKTN), is most frequent in Japan, but an increasing number of FKTN mutations are being reported outside of Japan. We describe four new patients with FKTN mutations and phenotypes ranging from: severe WWS in a Greek-Croatian patient, to congenital muscular dystrophy and cobblestone lissencephaly resembling MEB-FCMD in two Turkish patients, and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and no mental retardation in a German patient. Four of the five different FKTN mutations have not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uluc Yis
- Gaziantep Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Chang W, Winder TL, LeDuc CA, Simpson LL, Millar WS, Dungan J, Ginsberg N, Plaga S, Moore SA, Chung WK. Founder Fukutin mutation causes Walker-Warburg syndrome in four Ashkenazi Jewish families. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:560-9. [PMID: 19266496 PMCID: PMC2735827 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is a genetically heterogeneous congenital muscular dystrophy caused by abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG) that is associated with brain malformations and eye anomalies. The Fukutin (FKTN) gene, which causes autosomal recessively inherited WWS is most often associated with Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy in Japan. We describe the clinical features of four nonconsanguinous Ashkenazi Jewish families with WWS and identify the underlying genetic basis for WWS. METHOD We screened for mutations in POMGnT1, POMT1, POMT2, and FKTN, genes causing WWS, by dideoxy sequence analysis. RESULTS We identified an identical homozygous c.1167insA mutation in the FKTN gene on a common haplotype in all four families and identified 2/299 (0.7%) carriers for the c.1167insA mutation among normal American Ashkenazi Jewish adults. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the c.1167insA FKTN mutation described by us is a founder mutation that can be used to target diagnostic testing and carrier screening in the Ashkenazi Jewish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Chang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Lee J, Lee BL, Lee M, Kim JH, Kim JW, Ki CS. Clinical and genetic analysis of a Korean patient with Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy. J Neurol Sci 2009; 281:122-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Voskarides K, Patsias C, Pierides A, Deltas C. COL4A3 founder mutations in Greek-Cypriot families with thin basement membrane nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis dating from around 18th century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 12:273-8. [PMID: 18439107 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2007.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the COL4A3/COL4A4 genes of type IV collagen account for about 40% of cases of thin basement membrane nephropathy, a condition that is estimated to affect 1% or more of the general population. We recently described 10 Cypriot families with familial hematuria and thin basement membrane nephropathy in the presence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, with founder mutations on COL4A3 gene. Seven of the families carried mutation G1334E on haplotype K, and another three carried mutation G871C on haplotype Ky. In this report we performed extension of the haplotypes with additional polymorphic markers, 12 for haplotype K and 22 for haplotype Ky, to estimate the linkage disequilibrium value between the mutation and flanking noncommon markers. Haplotype Ky extended to 13.71 Mb, but we did not attempt further analysis owing to the small number of chromosomes. Haplotype K extended to 3.83 Mb, thereby suggesting that it was a much older event compared to mutation G871C. Mutation G1334E was calculated to be about 5-10 generations old with a possible origin between 1693 and 1818 AD, during the Ottoman ruling of the island. Both mutations are clustered in specific geographic regions with apparently formerly isolated populations, although mutation G1334E has been detected elsewhere on the island. The identification of founder mutations in large families with microscopic hematuria greatly facilitates presymptomatic diagnosis and provides useful information on the history of the population, while it may also assist in association studies in search for disease modifier genes.
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Ichida K, Hosoyamada M, Kamatani N, Kamitsuji S, Hisatome I, Shibasaki T, Hosoya T. Age and origin of the G774A mutation in SLC22A12 causing renal hypouricemia in Japanese. Clin Genet 2008; 74:243-51. [PMID: 18492088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Renal hypouricemia is an inherited disorder characterized by impaired tubular uric acid transport. Impairment of the function of URAT1, the main transporter for the reabsorption of uric acid at the apical membrane of the renal tubules, causes renal hypouricemia. The G774A mutation in the SLC22A12 gene encoding URAT1 predominates in Japanese renal hypouricemia. From data on linkage disequilibrium between the G774 locus and the 13 markers flanking it (12 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 1 dinucleotide insertion/deletion locus), we here estimate the age of this mutation at approximately 6820 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 1860-11,760 years; median = 2460 years]. This indicates that the origin of the G774A mutation dates back from between the time when the Jomon people predominated in Japan and the time when the Yayoi people started to migrate to Japan from the Korean peninsula. These data are consistent with a recent finding that this G774A mutation was also predominant in Koreans with hypouricemia and indicate that the mutation originated on the Asian continent. Thus, this mutation found in Japanese patients was originally brought by immigrant(s) from the continent and thereafter expanded in the Japanese population either by founder effects or by genetic drift (or both).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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Petit FM, Bézieau S, Gajdos V, Parisot F, Scoul C, Capel L, Stozinic V, Khrouf N, M'Rad R, Koshy A, Mollet-Boudjemline A, Francoual J, Labrune P. The Tunisian population history through the Crigler-Najjar type I syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:848-53. [PMID: 18197191 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I (CN-I) is a rare and severe metabolic disorder. A recurrent mutation - c.1070A>G in exon 3 - was identified in the Tunisian population, suggesting a founder effect. In 2004, the detection of this mutation in two Kuwaiti Bedouin families has called the Tunisian founder effect in question again. To determine the origin of this mutation, 21 Tunisian and 2 Kuwaiti Bedouin CN-I patients were screened using nine genetic markers. Haplotype analysis confirmed the founder effect hypothesis and dated the appearance of this mutation some 32 generations ago in the Tunisian population. Using the same genetic analysis, the ancestor haplotype was identified in these two families. This result genetically confirms the blending of the Bedouin nomads within today's Tunisian population. After population migration from east to west, this mutation was introduced into the Tunisian population, and then perpetuated, probably because of marriages in isolated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M Petit
- Department of Biochemistry, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Université Paris Sud, UFR Kremlin Bicêtre, Clamart Cedex, France.
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Hirai Y, Kodama Y, Moriwaki SI, Noda A, Cullings HM, Macphee DG, Kodama K, Mabuchi K, Kraemer KH, Land CE, Nakamura N. Heterozygous individuals bearing a founder mutation in the XPA DNA repair gene comprise nearly 1% of the Japanese population. Mutat Res 2006; 601:171-8. [PMID: 16905156 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who are homozygotes for mutations in DNA repair genes are at high risk for cancer. It is not well documented, however, if the heterozygous carriers of the mutation are also predisposed to cancer. To address the issue, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) in Japan is an interesting candidate because of three major reasons: XP is an autosomal recessive disorder with an enormously elevated risk of skin cancer, the frequency of XP patients is higher in Japan than in other parts of the world, and more than half of Japanese XP patients are homozygous for the same founder mutation in the XPA gene. We screened archival blood samples from Japanese individuals who resided in Hiroshima or Nagasaki. A simple PCR-RFLP method was developed that is highly specific for detection of XPA heterozygotes carrying the founder mutation. We identified nine XPA heterozygotes among 1,020 individuals screened for a prevalence of 0.88%. This rate, if representative, implies that there are about 1 million carriers of the XPA founder mutation in the Japanese population. Thus, investigation of their cancer risk may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hirai
- Department of Genetics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Watanabe M, Kobayashi K, Jin F, Park KS, Yamada T, Tokunaga K, Toda T. Founder SVA retrotransposal insertion in Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy and its origin in Japanese and Northeast Asian populations. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 138:344-8. [PMID: 16222679 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders in Japan, is characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with brain malformation due to a defect in neuronal migration. Previously, we identified the gene responsible for FCMD, which encodes the fukutin protein. Most FCMD-bearing chromosomes (87%) are derived from a single ancestral founder, who lived 2,000-2,500 years ago and whose mutation consisted of a 3-kb retrotransposal insertion in the 3' non-coding region of the fukutin gene. Here we show, through detailed sequence analysis, that the founder insertion is derived from the SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retroposon. To enable rapid detection of this insertion, we have developed a PCR-based diagnostic method that uses three primers simultaneously. We used this method to investigate the distribution and origin of the founder insertion, screening a total of 4,718 control DNA samples from Japanese and other Northeast Asian populations. Fifteen founder chromosomes were detected among 2,814 Japanese individuals. Heterozygous carriers were found in various regions throughout Japan, with an averaged ratio of 1 in 188. In Korean populations, we detected one carrier in 935 individuals. However, we were unable to detect any heterozygous alleles in 203 Mongolians and 766 Mainland Chinese populations. These data largely rule out the possibility that a single ancestor bearing an insertion-chromosome immigrated to Japan from Korea or Mainland China and appear to confirm that FCMD carriers are rare outside of Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Abstract
Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is the most severe of a group of multiple congenital anomaly disorders known as the cobblestone lissencephalies. These are characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy in conjunction with severe brain malformation and ocular abnormalities. In the last 3 years, important progress has been made towards the elucidation of the genetic causes of these disorders. Mutations in three genes, POMT1, fukutin and FKRP, have been described for WWS, which together account for approximately 20% of patients with Walker-Warburg. It has become evident that some of the underlying genes may cause a broad spectrum of phenotypes, ranging from limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I to WWS. In some cases, a genotype-phenotype correlation can be recognized. In line with the known or proposed functions of the resolved genes, all patients with cobblestone lissencephaly show defects in the O-linked glycosylation of the glycoprotein alpha-dystroglycan. Perhaps, the missing genes underlying the remainder of the unexplained WWS patients have also to be sought in the pathways involved in O-linked protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Reeuwijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical center, The Netherlands
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Mathews CA, Reus VI, Bejarano J, Escamilla MA, Fournier E, Herrera LD, Lowe TL, McInnes LA, Molina J, Ophoff RA, Raventos H, Sandkuijl LA, Service SK, Spesny M, León PE, Freimer NB. Genetic studies of neuropsychiatric disorders in Costa Rica: a model for the use of isolated populations. Psychiatr Genet 2004; 14:13-23. [PMID: 15091311 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200403000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The importance of genetics in understanding the etiology of mental illness has become increasingly clear in recent years, as more evidence has mounted that almost all neuropsychiatric disorders have a genetic component. It has also become clear, however, that these disorders are etiologically complex, and multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to their makeup. So far, traditional linkage mapping studies have not definitively identified specific disease genes for neuropsychiatric disorders, although some potential candidates have been identified via these methods (e.g. the dysbindin gene in schizophrenia; Straub et al., 2002; Schwab et al., 2003). For this reason, alternative approaches are being attempted, including studies in genetically isolated populations. Because isolated populations have a high degree of genetic homogeneity, their use may simplify the process of identifying disease genes in disorders where multiple genes may play a role. Several areas of Latin America contain genetically isolated populations that are well suited for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders. Genetic studies of several major psychiatric illnesses, including bipolar disorder, major depression, schizophrenia, Tourette Syndrome, alcohol dependence, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, are currently underway in these regions. In this paper we highlight the studies currently being conducted by our groups in the Central Valley of Costa Rica to illustrate the potential advantages of this population for genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0810, USA.
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Chan TL, Chan YW, Ho JWC, Chan C, Chan ASY, Chan E, Lam PWY, Tse CW, Lee KC, Lau CW, Gwi E, Leung SY, Yuen ST. MSH2 c.1452-1455delAATG is a founder mutation and an important cause of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in the southern Chinese population. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1035-42. [PMID: 15042510 PMCID: PMC1181966 DOI: 10.1086/383591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) accounts for approximately 2% of all colorectal cancer (CRC) cases and is the most common hereditary CRC syndrome. We have previously reported a high incidence of microsatellite instability (MSI) and germline mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations in young Hong Kong Chinese with CRC. Ongoing studies at the Hereditary Gastrointestinal Cancer Registry in Hong Kong have revealed a unique germline MSH2 c.1452-1455delAATG mutation that has not been reported in other ethnic groups. Detailed analysis showed that this specific MSH2 mutation constituted 21% of all germline MMR gene mutations and 36% of all MSH2 germline mutations identified. We designed a specific PCR-based diagnostic test on paraffin-embedded tissues and identified this germline mutation in 2 (1.5%) of 138 consecutive patients with early-onset CRC (<46 years of age at diagnosis). Haplotype analysis was performed using 11 microsatellite markers located between D2S391 and D2S123. All 10 families had the same disease haplotype, suggesting a founder effect. These 10 families all originated from the Chinese province of Guangdong, which historically included Hong Kong. It is the most populous of the Chinese provinces, with a population of >93 million. Further analysis suggested that this founder mutation may date back to between 22 and 103 generations ago. The identification of this MSH2 founder mutation has important implications for the design of mutation-detection strategies for the southern Chinese population. Since there were major emigrations from Hong Kong and Guangdong province during the 19th and 20th centuries, this finding is also significant for Chinese communities worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun Leung Chan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Ostertag EM, Goodier JL, Zhang Y, Kazazian HH. SVA elements are nonautonomous retrotransposons that cause disease in humans. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73:1444-51. [PMID: 14628287 PMCID: PMC1180407 DOI: 10.1086/380207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Accepted: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
L1 elements are the only active autonomous retrotransposons in the human genome. The nonautonomous Alu elements, as well as processed pseudogenes, are retrotransposed by the L1 retrotransposition proteins working in trans. Here, we describe another repetitive sequence in the human genome, the SVA element. Our analysis reveals that SVA elements are currently active in the human genome. SVA elements, like Alus and L1s, occasionally insert into genes and cause disease. Furthermore, SVA elements are probably mobilized in trans by active L1 elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Ostertag
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA
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Toda T, Kobayashi K, Takeda S, Sasaki J, Kurahashi H, Kano H, Tachikawa M, Wang F, Nagai Y, Taniguchi K, Taniguchi M, Sunada Y, Terashima T, Endo T, Matsumura K. Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) and alpha-dystroglycanopathy. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2003; 43:97-104. [PMID: 12893968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2003.tb01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), and muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease are clinically similar autosomal recessive disorders characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy, lissencephaly, and eye anomalies. Through positional cloning, we identified the gene for FCMD and MEB, which encodes the fukutin protein and the protein O-linked mannose beta1, 2-N-acetylglucosaminy ltransferase (POMGnT1), respectively. Recent studies have revealed that posttranslational modification of alpha-dystroglycan is associated with these congenital muscular dystrophies with brain malformations. In this review Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), other CMDs with brain malformations, and their relation with alpha-dystroglycan are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Toda
- Division of Functional Genomics, Department of Post-Genomics and Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Silan F, Yoshioka M, Kobayashi K, Simsek E, Tunc M, Alper M, Cam M, Guven A, Fukuda Y, Kinoshita M, Kocabay K, Toda T. A new mutation of the fukutin gene in a non-Japanese patient. Ann Neurol 2003; 53:392-6. [PMID: 12601708 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), Walker-Warburg syndrome, and muscle-eye-brain disease are clinically similar autosomal recessive disorders characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy, cobblestone lissencephaly, and eye anomalies. FCMD is frequent in Japan, but no FCMD patient with confirmed fukutin gene mutations has been identified in a non-Japanese population. Here, we describe a Turkish CMD patient with severe brain and eye anomalies. Sequence analysis of the patient's DNA identified a homozygous 1bp insertion mutation in exon 5 of the fukutin gene. To our knowledge, this is the first case worldwide in which a fukutin mutation has been found outside the Japanese population. This report emphasizes the importance of considering fukutin mutations for diagnostic purposes outside of Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Silan
- Department of Medical Biology, Abant Izzet Baysal University Duzce Medical Faculty, Duzce, Turkey
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Zanoteli E, Rocha JCC, Narumia LK, Fireman MAT, Moura LS, Oliveira ASB, Gabbai AA, Fukuda Y, Kinoshita M, Toda T. Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy: a case report in the Japanese population living in Brazil. Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 106:117-21. [PMID: 12100373 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present herein clinical, histological and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a patient with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD). He is the first case report in the Japanese population living in Brazil. CASE REPORT The child presented with neonatal hypotonia, delayed motor abilities and speech, seizures, cerebral and cerebellar gyrus abnormalities with signal intensity change in the white matter by MRI, high serum level of creatinephosphokinase (CK), and dystrophic skeletal muscle with normal merosin, alpha-sarcoglycan and dystrophin expression. The fukutin gene study showed one founder 3-kb retrotransposal insertion in the 3'-non-coding region, and in the other allele no mutation was detected after screening all exons and flanking introns by sequencing. DISCUSSION This case report emphasizes the importance to consider FCMD in Japanese people living in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zanoteli
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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