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Shea TB. Improvement of cognitive performance by a nutraceutical formulation: Underlying mechanisms revealed by laboratory studies. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:281-304. [PMID: 34352370 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline, decrease in neuronal function and neuronal loss that accompany normal aging and dementia are the result of multiple mechanisms, many of which involve oxidative stress. Herein, we review these various mechanisms and identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, including modification of diet, that may reduce the risk and progression of cognitive decline. The optimal degree of neuronal protection is derived by combinations of, rather than individual, compounds. Compounds that provide antioxidant protection are particularly effective at delaying or improving cognitive performance in the early stages of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Laboratory studies confirm alleviation of oxidative damage in brain tissue. Lifestyle modifications show a degree of efficacy and may augment pharmacological approaches. Unfortunately, oxidative damage and resultant accumulation of biomarkers of neuronal damage can precede cognitive decline by years to decades. This underscores the importance of optimization of dietary enrichment, antioxidant supplementation and other lifestyle modifications during aging even for individuals who are cognitively intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Shea
- Laboratory for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
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2
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Sumi MP, Guru SA, Mir R, Bhat MA, Sahu S, Girish MP, Saxena A. Molecular evaluation of exon 8 cystathionine rs5742905T T>C gene polymorphism and determination of its frequency, distribution pattern, and association with susceptibility to Coronary Artery Disease. In North Indian Population. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:115-122. [PMID: 33719952 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x21666210315121027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein coded by cystathionine β synthase (CBS) gene act as a catalyzer, converts homocysteine to cystathionine. Impairment of CBS gene leads to homocystinuria by cystathionine β synthase deficiency which is linked to Coronary Artery Disease. A number of polymorphisms study have been performed in cystathione β synthase gene. In the current study we planned to analyze the influence of CBS T833C gene polymorphism and its association with Coronary Artery Disease development and its progression in the north Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHOD The present study comprises 100 angiographically confirmed CAD patients and 100 age and sex-matched healthy controls. A ≥ 50% luminal stenosis at one major coronary artery was considered for the inclusion criteria of the cases. The investigation of T833C polymorphism in the CBS gene was performed by PCR- RFLP technique. RESULT In result, we found that homozygous mutant (CC ) and heterozygous (TC) genotypes of CBS T833C gene polymorphism, were significantly higher in CAD patients as compared to healthy subjects. We also observed a substantial increased CAD risk exists in dominant, codominant inheritance and allele specific models for the CBS T833C gene polymorphism. We, analyzed the differential distribution with respect to disease severity, but there was no significant association (p=0.96). CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study demonstrates that CBS T833C gene polymorphism plays a key role in developing coronary artery disease and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta P Sumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi. India
| | - Sameer Ahmad Guru
- Department of Biochemistry and Multidisciplinary Research Unit (MRU), MAMC, University of Delhi. India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk . Saudi Arabia
| | - Musadiq A Bhat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology-Neuropharmacology, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich. Switzerland
| | - Samantak Sahu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Science. India
| | - M P Girish
- iDepartment of Cardiology, GB Pant Hospital, University of Delhi. India
| | - Alpana Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi. India
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A customized scaffolds approach for the detection and phasing of complex variants by next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15060. [PMID: 32929119 PMCID: PMC7490669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is widely used in genetic testing for the highly sensitive detection of single nucleotide changes and small insertions or deletions. However, detection and phasing of structural variants, especially in repetitive or homologous regions, can be problematic due to uneven read coverage or genome reference bias, resulting in false calls. To circumvent this challenge, a computational approach utilizing customized scaffolds as supplementary reference sequences for read alignment was developed, and its effectiveness demonstrated with two CBS gene variants: NM_000071.2:c.833T>C and NM_000071.2:c.[833T>C; 844_845ins68]. Variant c.833T>C is a known causative mutation for homocystinuria, but is not pathogenic when in cis with the insertion, c.844_845ins68, because of alternative splicing. Using simulated reads, the custom scaffolds method resolved all possible combinations with 100% accuracy and, based on > 60,000 clinical specimens, exceeded the performance of current approaches that only align reads to GRCh37/hg19 for the detection of c.833T>C alone or in cis with c.844_845ins68. Furthermore, analysis of two 1000 Genomes Project trios revealed that the c.[833T>C; 844_845ins68] complex variant had previously been undetected in these datasets, likely due to the alignment method used. This approach can be configured for existing workflows to detect other challenging and potentially underrepresented variants, thereby augmenting accurate variant calling in clinical NGS testing.
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Hendrix P, Foreman PM, Harrigan MR, Fisher WS, Vyas NA, Lipsky RH, Lin M, Walters BC, Tubbs RS, Shoja MM, Pittet JF, Mathru M, Griessenauer CJ. Association of cystathionine beta-synthase polymorphisms and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2018; 128:1771-1777. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.2.jns162933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVECystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is involved in homocysteine and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism. Both products have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases. The impact of CBS polymorphisms on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and its clinical sequelae is poorly understood.METHODSBlood samples from all patients enrolled in the CARAS (Cerebral Aneurysm Renin Angiotensin System) study were used for genetic evaluation. The CARAS study prospectively enrolled aSAH patients at 2 academic institutions in the United States from 2012 to 2015. Common CBS polymorphisms were detected using 5′exonuclease genotyping assays. Analysis of associations between CBS polymorphisms and aSAH was performed.RESULTSSamples from 149 aSAH patients and 50 controls were available for analysis. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the insertion allele of the 844ins68 CBS insertion polymorphism showed a dominant effect on aSAH. The GG genotype of the CBS G/A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs234706) was independently associated with unfavorable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale Score 3–6) at discharge and last follow-up, but not clinical vasospasm or delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI).CONCLUSIONSThe insertion allele of the 844ins68 CBS insertion polymorphism was independently associated with aSAH while the GG genotype of rs234706 was associated with an unfavorable outcome both at discharge and last follow-up. Increased CBS activity may exert its neuroprotective effects through alteration of H2S levels, and independent of clinical vasospasm and DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hendrix
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Paul M. Foreman
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mark R. Harrigan
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Winfield S. Fisher
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nilesh A. Vyas
- 3Department of Neurosciences, Inova Health System, Falls Church
| | - Robert H. Lipsky
- 3Department of Neurosciences, Inova Health System, Falls Church
- 4Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Mingkuan Lin
- 4Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Beverly C. Walters
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
- 4Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | - Mohammadali M. Shoja
- 6Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mali Mathru
- 7Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christoph J. Griessenauer
- 8Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- 9Department of Neurosurgery, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania
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Gallegos-Arreola MP, Figuera-Villanueva LE, Ramos-Silva A, Salas-González E, Puebla-Pérez AM, Peralta-Leal V, García-Ortiz JE, Dávalos-Rodríguez IP, Zúñiga-González GM. The association between the 844ins68 polymorphism in the CBS gene and breast cancer. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:1214-24. [PMID: 25624861 PMCID: PMC4296076 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.47830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) gene plays an important role in homocysteine metabolism because it catalyzes the first step of the transsulfuration pathway, during which homocysteine is converted to cystathionine. Polymorphisms of CBS have been associated with cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined the role of the 844ins68 polymorphism by comparing the genotypes of 371 healthy Mexican women with the genotypes of 323 Mexican women with breast cancer (BC). RESULTS The observed genotype frequencies for controls and BC patients were 1% and 2% for Ins/Ins, 13% and 26% for W/Ins, and 86% and 72% for W/W, respectively. We found that the odds ratio (OR) was 2.2, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 1.5-3.3, p = 0.0001. The association was also evident when comparing the distribution of the W/Ins-Ins/Ins genotypes in patients in the following categories: 1) menopause and high γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels (OR of 2.17, 95% CI: 1.17-4.26, p = 0.02), 2) chemotherapy response and high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (OR 2.2, 95% CI: 1.08-4.4, p = 0.027), 3) chemotherapy response and high GGT levels (OR 2.46, 95% CI: 1.2-4.8, p = 0.007), and 4) body mass index (BMI) and III-IV tumor stage (OR 3.2, 95% CI: 1.2-8.3, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the genotypes W/Ins-Ins/Ins of the 844ins68 polymorphism in the CBS gene contribute significantly to BC susceptibility in the analyzed sample from the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | | | - Adriana Ramos-Silva
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
- Doctorado en Farmacología, CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | | | | | - Valeria Peralta-Leal
- Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales (FMeISC), Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Sun HW, Chen YL, Ouyang JY, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang XY. Correlation between cystathionine β-synthase T883C genetic polymorphism and primary hypertension. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:713-718. [PMID: 25120587 PMCID: PMC4113645 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) T833C polymorphisms and primary hypertension. A case-control study was conducted by genotyping the representative variation in 545 hypertensive individuals (aged 49.23±7.56 years) and 500 normotensive individuals (aged 49.90±10.01 years). The T833C genetic polymorphisms of the CBS enzyme were detected in all subjects by amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The CBS T833C polymorphism was successfully genotyped in the general population with a sample size of 1,045 (545+500) individuals. The genotypic and allelic frequency distributions of the CBS T833C polymorphism were not significantly different between the hypertensive and normotensive groups (P>0.05). The CC genotype was significantly different (P<0.05) from the CT and TT genotypes in terms of body mass index (BMI), and the levels of triglycerides (TG) and homocysteine (Hcy). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI, total cholesterol (TC) level, smoking, plasma Hcy level and a family history of hypertension were the independent risk factors for hypertension in the population studied. The results indicate that the level of plasma Hcy was a risk factor for hypertension in the population studied. However, the mutation of the CBS T833C gene was not concluded to be an important hereditary factor for influencing the level of plasma Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Huan-Wen Sun
- Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lan Chen
- Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Ju-Yan Ouyang
- Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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7
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Murthy J, Lakkakula S, Gurramkonda VB, Pathapati RM, Maram R, Lakkakula BVKS. CBS c.844ins68 Polymorphism Frequencies in Control Populations: Implications on Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip With or Without Cleft Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2014; 52:49-53. [PMID: 24437588 DOI: 10.1597/13-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a common birth defect with substantial clinical and social impact. Folate deficiency is one of the factors that have been associated with increased risk for NSCLP. Polymorphisms in folate and homocysteine pathway genes may act as susceptibility factors. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate prevalence estimates of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) insertion of 68-bp (c.844ins68) polymorphisms and their correlation with NSCLP. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 236 unrelated individuals from seven Indian populations and an additional 355 cases with NSCLP and 357 controls without NSCLP were included in this study. We investigated the CBS c.844ins68 polymorphism in all samples. Genotyping was performed with polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. The data were statistically analyzed using the chi-square test. RESULTS The CBS c.844ins68 allele is present in six of the seven populations analyzed, and allele frequencies range from 1.5% in Balija to 9.1% in Sugali populations. The CBS c.844ins68 polymorphism showed a significant protective effect on NSCLP at both genotype (WW versus WI: odds ratio [OR] = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31 to 0.95, P = .149) and allele levels (W versus I: OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.32 to 0.96, P = .033). CONCLUSIONS The current study observed significant differences in the frequency of the CBS 844ins68 allele across populations. There is a significant association between CBS c.844ins68 polymorphism and cleft lip and palate in the Indian population. Additional studies are warranted to identify the functional variants in the genes controlling homocysteine as etiological contributors to the formation of oral clefts.
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Yakub M, Moti N, Parveen S, Chaudhry B, Azam I, Iqbal MP. Polymorphisms in MTHFR, MS and CBS genes and homocysteine levels in a Pakistani population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33222. [PMID: 22470444 PMCID: PMC3310006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia (>15 µmol/L) is highly prevalent in South Asian populations including Pakistan. In order to investigate the genetic determinants of this condition, we studied 6 polymorphisms in genes of 3 enzymes--methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; C677T; A1298C), methionine synthase (MS; A2756G), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS; T833C/844ins68, G919A) involved in homocysteine metabolism and investigated their interactions with nutritional and environmental factors in a Pakistani population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In a cross-sectional survey, 872 healthy adults (355 males and 517 females; age 18-60 years) were recruited from a low-income urban population in Karachi. Fasting venous blood was obtained and assessed for plasma/serum homocysteine; folate, vitamin B12, pyridoxal phosphate and blood lead. DNA was isolated and genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP (restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism) based assays. The average changes in homocysteine levels for MTHFR 677CT and TT genotypes were positive [β(SE β), 2.01(0.63) and 16.19(1.8) µmol/L, respectively]. Contrary to MTHFR C677T polymorphism, the average changes in plasma homocysteine levels for MS 2756AG and GG variants were negative [β(SE β), -0.56(0.58) and -0.83(0.99) µmol/L, respectively]. The average change occurring for CBS 844ins68 heterozygous genotype (ancestral/insertion) was -1.88(0.81) µmol/L. The combined effect of MTHFR C677T, MS A2756G and CBS 844ins68 genotypes for plasma homocysteine levels was additive (p value <0.001). Odds of having hyperhomocysteinemia with MTHFR 677TT genotype was 10-fold compared to MTHFR 677CC genotype [OR (95%CI); 10.17(3.6-28.67)]. Protective effect towards hyperhomocysteinemia was observed with heterozygous (ancestral/insertion) genotype of CBS 844ins68 compared to homozygous ancestral type [OR (95% CI); 0.58 (0.34-0.99)]. Individuals with MTHFR 677CT or TT genotypes were at a greater risk of hyperhomocysteinemia in folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies and high blood lead (p value <0.05) level. CONCLUSIONS Gene polymorphism (especially MTHFR C677T transition), folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies, male gender and high blood lead level appear to be contributing towards the development of hyperhomocysteinemia in a Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Yakub
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naushad Moti
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Siddiqa Parveen
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Chaudhry
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Azam
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Perwaiz Iqbal
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Coppedè F. One-carbon metabolism and Alzheimer's disease: focus on epigenetics. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:246-60. [PMID: 21119889 PMCID: PMC2930664 DOI: 10.2174/138920210791233090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia in the elderly, characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive capacity severe enough to interfere with daily functioning and the quality of life. Rare, fully penetrant mutations in three genes (APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2) are responsible for familial forms of the disease. However, more than 90% of AD is sporadic, likely resulting from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Increasing evidence supports a role for epigenetic modifications in AD pathogenesis. Folate metabolism, also known as one-carbon metabolism, is required for the production of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which is the major DNA methylating agent. AD individuals are characterized by decreased plasma folate values, as well as increased plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels, and there is indication of impaired SAM levels in AD brains. Polymorphisms of genes participating in one-carbon metabolism have been associated with AD risk and/or with increased Hcy levels in AD individuals. Studies in rodents suggest that early life exposure to neurotoxicants or dietary restriction of folate and other B vitamins result in epigenetic modifications of AD related genes in the animal brains. Similarly, studies performed on human neuronal cell cultures revealed that folate and other B vitamins deprivation from the media resulted in epigenetic modification of the PSEN1 gene. There is also evidence of epigenetic modifications in the DNA extracted from blood and brains of AD subjects. Here I review one-carbon metabolism in AD, with emphasis on possible epigenetic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Romano M. G runs in cystathionine beta-synthase c.833C/c.844_845ins68 mRNA are splicing silencers of pathogenic 3' splice sites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:568-74. [PMID: 20601281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The c.844_845ins68 is an evolutionary conserved polymorphism of the cystathionine beta-synthase gene that segregates with the pathogenic c.833C mutation and consists of a 68nt insertion duplicating the 3' splice site between intron 7 and exon 8. The gene rearrangement brought two GGGG runs close to each other and generated a splicing control element that allows the constitutive selection of the more distal 3' splice site in the c.844_854ins68 carriers. In this study, we have characterized functionally the two G4 runs within the duplication and have found that they work as silencers of the upstream potentially pathogenic 3' splice sites has been functionally characterized. This selection allows skipping of both the 68nt-insertion and the c.833C mutation, and is essential to preserve the wild-type ORF. Knocking down hnRNP H and F expression modulated the rescue of the proximal 3' splice site more than hnRNP H alone. These observations suggest that hnRNP H/F contribute jointly to prevention of CBS deficiency in c.844_854ins68 carriers by silencing the potentially pathogenic upstream acceptor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Romano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 28, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Kumar J, Garg G, Karthikeyan G, Sengupta S. Cystathionine β-synthase 844Ins68 polymorphism is not associated with the levels of homocysteine and cysteine in an Indian population. Biomarkers 2010; 15:283-7. [DOI: 10.3109/13547501003658106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Golimbet V, Korovaitseva G, Abramova L, Kaleda V. The 844ins68 polymorphism of the cystathionine beta-synthase gene is associated with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2009; 170:168-71. [PMID: 19906435 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A subtle genetic defect in homocysteine metabolism is thought to play an etiologic role in schizophrenia. Cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) is a key enzyme related to homocysteine levels. The aim of the present study was to search for association between the 844ins68 polymorphism of the CBS gene and schizophrenia in a large Russian sample using case-control and family-based designs. The sample comprised 1135 patients, 626 controls and 172 families. There was a trend for association between the 844ins68 polymorphism and schizophrenia in the case-control study, with higher frequency of the insertion in the control group. The FBAT revealed a statistically significant difference in transmission of alleles from parents to the affected proband, with preferential transmission of the variant without insertion. When the sample of patients was stratified by sex and forms of schizophrenia, the significantly lower frequency of insertion was observed in the group of female patients with chronic schizophrenia (n=180) as compared to psychiatrically well women. The insertion variant has been reported earlier to be related to decreased levels of homocysteine and thus thought to play a protective role. In conclusion, our study revealed a possible relation of the CBS 844ins68 polymorphism to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Golimbet
- Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Chen JM, Férec C, Cooper DN. Closely spaced multiple mutations as potential signatures of transient hypermutability in human genes. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1435-48. [PMID: 19685533 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Data from diverse organisms suggests that transient hypermutability is a general mutational mechanism with the potential to generate multiple synchronous mutations, a phenomenon probably best exemplified by closely spaced multiple mutations (CSMMs). Here we have attempted to extend the concept of transient hypermutability from somatic cells to the germline, using human inherited disease-causing multiple mutations as a model system. Employing stringent criteria for data inclusion, we have retrospectively identified numerous potential examples of pathogenic CSMMs that exhibit marked similarities to the CSMMs reported in other systems. These examples include (1) eight multiple mutations, each comprising three or more components within a sequence tract of <100 bp; (2) three possible instances of "mutation showers"; and (3) numerous highly informative "homocoordinate" mutations. Using the proportion of CpG substitution as a crude indicator of the relative likelihood of transient hypermutability, we present evidence to suggest that CSMMs comprising at least one pair of mutations separated by < or =100 bp may constitute signatures of transient hypermutability in human genes. Although this analysis extends the generality of the concept of transient hypermutability and provides new insights into what may be considered a novel mechanism of mutagenesis underlying human inherited disease, it has raised serious concerns regarding current practices in mutation screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Chen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U613, Brest, France.
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The complex relationship between folate/homocysteine metabolism and risk of Down syndrome. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2009; 682:54-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Millar DS, Lewis MD, Horan M, Newsway V, Rees DA, Easter TE, Pepe G, Rickards O, Norin M, Scanlon MF, Krawczak M, Cooper DN. Growth hormone (GH1) gene variation and the growth hormone receptor (GHR) exon 3 deletion polymorphism in a West-African population. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 296:18-25. [PMID: 18950677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among Europeans, functionally significant GH1 gene variants occur not only in individuals with idiopathic growth hormone (GH) deficiency and/or short stature but also fairly frequently in the general population. To assess the generality of these findings, 163 individuals from Benin, West Africa were screened for mutations and polymorphisms in their GH1 genes. A total of 37 different sequence variants were identified in the GH1 gene region, 24 of which occurred with a frequency of >1%. Although four of these variants were novel missense substitutions (Ala13Val, Arg19His, Phe25Tyr and Ser95Arg), none of these had any measurable effect on either GH function or secretion in vitro. Some 37 different GH1 promoter haplotypes were identified, 23 of which are as yet unreported in Europeans. The mean in vitro expression level of the GH1 promoter haplotypes observed in the African population was significantly higher than that previously measured in Britons (p<0.001). A gene conversion in the GH1 promoter, previously reported in a single individual of British origin, was found to occur at polymorphic frequency (5%) in the West-African population and was associated with a 1.7-fold increase in promoter activity relative to the wild-type. The d3 allele of the GHR exon 3 deletion polymorphism, known to be associated with increased GH responsiveness, was also found to occur at an elevated frequency in these individuals from Benin. We speculate that both elevated GH1 gene expression and increased GHR-mediated GH responsiveness may constitute adaptive responses to the effects of scarce food supply in this West-African population since increased circulating GH appears to form part of a physiological response to nutritional deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Millar
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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Origin and evolution of the c.844_845ins68/c.833T>C mutations within the cystathionine beta-synthase gene in great apes. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:423-6. [PMID: 18201569 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The c.[833C; 844_845ins68] is a common haplotype of the human cystathionine beta-synthase gene among healthy individuals. This polymorphism (5-40% allelic frequency in different populations) consists of the c.844_845ins68 insertion that segregates in cis with the pathogenic c.833T>C substitution (p.I278T). Through genotyping of primates, we have found that gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos are homozygous for the 68bp insertion, c.844_845ins68. In gorillas and bonobos, the c.844_845ins68 lesion segregates in cis with the wild-type c.833T variant, whilst chimpanzees present the human haplotype. These genetic evidences suggest that the origin of the 68bp insertion might be dated back to 6-8 million years ago, and that the c.833T>C substitution occurred within the allele carrying the insertion. The evolutionary conservation of this peculiar haplotype supports the hypothesis of its protective effects against cardiovascular diseases.
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Senemar S, Doroudchi M, Pezeshki AM, Bazrgar M, Torab-Jahromi A, Ghaderi A. Frequency of cystathionine beta-synthase 844INS68 polymorphism in Southern Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 36:353-6. [PMID: 18046625 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Iranian population with an Indo-European origin is one of the oldest populations in the world. Historical evidence suggests the close similarity in the origin of Iranian, European and north Indian population. However, there are few anthropological and genetic evidences on this subject. This study, which is the first report from Iran, was performed to investigate the genetic origin of Iranian population using a polymorphism in Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) gene known as 844INS68bp in this respect, genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood of 480 healthy normal blood donors referred to Fars Blood Transfusion Center, using a salting out method. The fragment containing 844INS68bp was amplified, the normal fragment was 174 bp and the fragment containing the insertion was 242 bp in length. Results indicated that 418 (87.08%) out of 480 individuals had a normal (N/N) genotype, 59 (12.29%) individuals were heterozygote (N/I) and 3 (0.63%) had homozygote a mutated genotype (I/I). The total frequency of 844INS68bp allele was found 6.8% which is similar to with the reported in White Caucasians. Comparison of the genotype of this study with the polymorphism in other populations revealed that Southern Iranian population has a great similarity with other Caucasians populations' especially South Italy and North America while differed from East Asian and African populations. These results are in agreement with the result of other studied polymorphisms. Therefore, despite the great admixture of Iranian population with the neighboring non-Caucasian populations during the time, Iranian population still share a genetic background with other Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Senemar
- Human Genetics Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education & Research (ACECR), Fars Branch, Allay 43, Zand Street, Shiraz, Iran.
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Fredriksen A, Meyer K, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Grotmol T, Schneede J. Large-scale population-based metabolic phenotyping of thirteen genetic polymorphisms related to one-carbon metabolism. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:856-65. [PMID: 17436311 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several polymorphisms of genes involved in one-carbon metabolism have been identified. The reported metabolic phenotypes are often based on small studies providing inconsistent results. This large-scale study of 10,601 population-based samples was carried out to investigate the association between a panel of biochemical parameters and genetics variants related to one-carbon metabolism. Concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy), folate, vitamin B(12) (cobalamin), methylmalonic acid (MMA), vitamin B(2) (riboflavin), vitamin B(6) (PLP), choline, betaine, dimethylglycine (DMG), cystathionine, cysteine, methionine, and creatinine were determined in serum/plasma. All subjects were genotyped for 13 common polymorphisms: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) c.665C>T (known as 677C>T; p.Ala222Val) and c.1286A>C (known as 1298A>C; p.Glu429Ala); methionine synthase (MTR) c.2756A>G (p.Asp919Gly); methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) c.66A>G (p.Ile22Met); methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) c.1958G>A (p.Arg653Gln); betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) c.716G>A (known as 742G>A; p.Arg239Gln); cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) c.844_845ins68 and c.699C>T (p.Tyr233Tyr); transcobalamin-II (TCN2) c.67A>G (p.Ile23Val) and c.776C>G (p.Pro259Arg); reduced folate carrier-1 (SLC19A1) c.80G>A (p.Arg27His); and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) c.163T>A (p.Leu55Met) and c.575A>G (p.Gln192Arg). The metabolic profile in terms of the measured vitamins and metabolites were investigated for these 13 polymorphisms. We confirmed the strong associations of MTHFR c.665C>T with tHcy and folate, but also observed significant (P<0.01) changes in metabolite concentrations according to other gene polymorphisms. These include MTHFR c.1286A>C (associations with tHcy, folate and betaine), MTR c.2756A>G (tHcy), BHMT c.716G>A (DMG), CBS c.844_845ins68 (tHcy, betaine), CBS c.699C>T (tHcy, betaine, cystathionine) and TCN2 c.776C>G (MMA). No associations were observed for the other polymorphisms investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ase Fredriksen
- LOCUS for Homocysteine and Related Vitamins, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Urreizti R, Asteggiano C, Vilaseca MA, Corbella E, Pintó X, Grinberg D, Balcells S. A CBS haplotype and a polymorphism at the MSR gene are associated with cardiovascular disease in a Spanish case–control study. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:864-8. [PMID: 17553479 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms present in genes related to homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism with coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN AND METHODS We examined 8 polymorphisms in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), methionine synthase (MS), methionine synthase reductase (MSR) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes in 140 CAD patients and 113 controls, by means of Chi-square, logistic regression, ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The c.66 G allele of MSR conferred an odds-ratio for CAD of 1.76 (95% CI 1.12-2.77), while a CBS haplotype [c.699C-c.844wt-c.1080C] was found over-represented in CAD [OR of 2.16 (1.29-3.63)]. CONCLUSIONS Our results not only highlight the involvement of the MSR and CBS genes in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, but also emphasize the strength of haplotype analyses in association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Urreizti
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERER, IBUB, Av Diagonal, 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Vyletal P, Sokolová J, Cooper DN, Kraus JP, Krawczak M, Pepe G, Rickards O, Koch HG, Linnebank M, Kluijtmans LAJ, Blom HJ, Boers GHJ, Gaustadnes M, Skovby F, Wilcken B, Wilcken DEL, Andria G, Sebastio G, Naughten ER, Yap S, Ohura T, Pronicka E, Laszlo A, Kožich V. Diversity of cystathionine beta-synthase haplotypes bearing the most common homocystinuria mutation c.833T>C: a possible role for gene conversion. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:255-64. [PMID: 17072863 PMCID: PMC2630376 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for the c.833T>C transition (p.I278T) in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene represents the most common cause of pyridoxine-responsive homocystinuria in Western Eurasians. However, the frequency of the pathogenic c.833C allele, as observed in healthy newborns from several European countries (qc.833C ≊ 3.3 × 10–3), is ∼20-fold higher than expected on the basis of the observed number of symptomatic homocystinuria patients carrying this mutation (qc.833C ≊ 0.18 × 10–3), implying clinical underascertainment. Intriguingly, the c.833C mutation is also present in combination with a 68-bp insertion, c.[833C; 844_845ins68], in a substantial proportion of chromosomes from nonhomocystinuric individuals worldwide. We have sought to study the relationship between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic c.833C-bearing chromosomes and to determine whether the pathogenic c.[833C; −] chromosomes are identical-by-descent or instead arose by recurrent mutation. Initial haplotype analysis of 780 randomly selected Czech and sub-Saharan African wild-type chromosomes, employing 12 intragenic markers, revealed 29 distinct CBS haplotypes, of which 10 carried the c.[833C; 844_845ins68] combination; none carried an isolated c.833C or c.844_845ins68 mutation. Subsequent examination of 69 pathogenic c.[833C; −] chromosomes, derived from homocystinuria patients of predominantly European origin, disclosed three unrelated haplotypes that differed from their wild-type counterparts by virtue of the presence of c.833C, thereby indicating that c.833T>C transition has occurred repeatedly and independently in the past. Since c.833T does not reside within an obvious mutational hotspot, we surmise that the three pathogenic and comparatively prevalent c.[833C; −] chromosomes may have originated by recurrent gene conversion employing the common nonpathogenic c.[833C; 844_845ins68] chromosomes as templates. Hum Mutat 28(3), 255–264, 2007. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.†
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vyletal
- Center for Applied Genomics, Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University 1st Faculty of MedicinePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Sokolová
- Center for Applied Genomics, Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University 1st Faculty of MedicinePrague, Czech Republic
| | - David N. Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jan P. Kraus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAurora, Colorado
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik und Statistik, Christian-Albrechts UniversitätKiel, Germany
| | - Guglielmina Pepe
- Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, Center of Research, Transfer, High Education “DENOthe,” University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Olga Rickards
- Centre of Molecular Anthropology for Ancient DNA Studies, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”Rome, Italy
| | - Hans G. Koch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebank
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Leo A. J. Kluijtmans
- Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, University Medical Centre NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Henk J. Blom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, University Medical Centre NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Godfried H. J. Boers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital NijmegenNijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mette Gaustadnes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University HospitalAarhus, Denmark
| | - Flemming Skovby
- Department of Clinical Genetics, RigshospitaletCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bridget Wilcken
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David E. L. Wilcken
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Prince of Wales HospitalRandwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Generoso Andria
- Department of Paediatrics, Federico II UniversityNaples, Italy
| | | | - Eileen R. Naughten
- The National Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, The Children's University HospitalDublin, Ireland
| | - Sufin Yap
- The National Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, The Children's University HospitalDublin, Ireland
| | - Toshihiro Ohura
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of MedicineSendai, Japan
| | - Ewa Pronicka
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Children's Memorial Health InstituteWarsaw, Poland
| | - Aranka Laszlo
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical Center, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Center for Applied Genomics, Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University 1st Faculty of MedicinePrague, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence to: Dr. Viktor Kožich, Institute of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Charles University 1st Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 08 Praha 2, Czech Republic. E-mail:
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Dutta S, Sinha S, Chattopadhyay A, Gangopadhyay PK, Mukhopadhyay J, Singh M, Mukhopadhyay K. Cystathionine beta-synthase T833C/844INS68 polymorphism: a family-based study on mentally retarded children. Behav Brain Funct 2005; 1:25. [PMID: 16375773 PMCID: PMC1334203 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-1-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) mediates conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine and deficiency in enzyme activity may lead to hyperhomocysteinemia/homocystinuria, which are often associated with mental retardation (MR). A large number of polymorphisms have been reported in the CBS gene, some of which impair its activity and among these, a T833C polymorphism in cis with a 68 bp insertion at 844 in the exon 8 is found to be associated with mild hyperhomocysteinemia in different ethnic groups. Methods The present study is aimed at investigating the association between T833C/844ins68 polymorphism and MR. One hundred and ninety MR cases were recruited after psychometric evaluation. Hundred and thirty-eight control subjects, two hundred and sixty-seven parents of MR probands and thirty cardiovascular disorder (CVD) patients were included for comparison. Peripheral blood was collected after obtaining informed written consent. The T833C/844ins68 polymorphism was investigated by PCR amplification of genomic DNA and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, followed by statistical analysis. Results The genotypic distribution of the polymorphism was within the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A slightly increased genotypic frequency was observed in the Indian control population as compared to other Asian populations. Both haplotype-based haplotype relative risk analysis and transmission disequilibrium test reveled lack of association of the T833C/844ins68 polymorphism with MR; nevertheless, the relative risk calculated was higher (>1) and in a limited number of informative MR families, preferential transmission of the double mutant from heterozygous mothers to the MR probands was noticed (χ2 = 4.00, P < 0.05). Conclusion This is the first molecular genetic study of CBS gene dealing with T833C/844ins68 double mutation in MR subjects. Our preliminary data indicate lack of association between T833C/844ins68 polymorphism with MR. However, higher relative risk and biased transmission of the double mutation from heterozygous mothers to MR probands are indicative of a risk of association between this polymorphism with mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samikshan Dutta
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Swagata Sinha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Manoranjan Singh
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, India
| | - Kanchan Mukhopadhyay
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, India
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Marcucci R, Brunelli T, Fedi S, Pepe G, Giusti B, Gori AM, Prisco D, Falai M, Margheri M, Abbate R, Gensini GF. Relevance of post-methionine homocysteine and lipoprotein (a) in evaluating the cardiovascular risk in young CAD patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35:1-7. [PMID: 15638812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aims of our study were to evaluate the prevalence of high lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] and homocysteine levels - both in the fasting state (FHcy) and post-methionine (PMHcy) - in young coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, and to investigate the role of genetic and environmental factors for hyperhomocysteinaemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 140 patients with angiographically documented CAD (24 women </= 55 years and 116 men </= 50 years) and 140 healthy subjects as controls. RESULTS Both FHcy [13.2 (5.4-45.8) vs. 9.0 (5.1-24) micromol L(-1)); P < 0.0001] and PMHcy [(39.4 (9.0-66.4) vs. 25.2 (16.4-33.9); P < 0.0001] were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Lp(a) levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls (200 (3-1486) mg L(-1) vs. 97 (10-412) mg L(-1); P < 0.0001). At the multivariate analysis, adjusted for the classical cardiovascular risk factors and creatinine levels, the OR (95% CI) for CAD at young age significantly increased in the fourth quartile of the distribution of FHcy, PMHcy and Lp(a) levels [FHcy: 14.9 (4.1-58), P < 0.0001; PMHcy: 19.2 (4.0-86.3); P < 0.0001; Lp(a): 19.6 (4.7-78.6): < 0.0001]. Vitamin deficiencies were detected in 28/140 (20%) patients. The prevalence of the homozygous C677T (+/+) methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase genotype was higher, but not significantly different, in patients (22.8%) than in controls (18.6%). The allele frequency of the 844ins68 insertion variant in the cystathionine beta-synthase gene was 0.08 in the control group and 0.06 in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study indicate the usefulness of including fasting and post-methionine Hcy, and Lp(a) determination in the diagnostic panels of young CAD patients, in order to obtain a better assessment of their cardiovascular risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marcucci
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.
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De Lucca M, Casique L. Characterization of cystathionine beta-synthase gene mutations in homocystinuric Venezuelan patients: identification of one novel mutation in exon 6. Mol Genet Metab 2004; 81:209-15. [PMID: 14972327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes for the first time the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene mutations in Venezuelan patients. A total of five disease-causing mutations were identified in 9 out of 10 independent chromosomes. Four of the mutations have been previously described (G85R, T191M, D234N, and D444N) and a novel mutation was found (Q243X). Two common polymorphisms (699C/T and 1080C/T) were found in the CBS gene. Mutation analysis was performed using a combined screening approach for CBS mutations: restriction analysis, single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) scanning, and sequencing. All the mutations were detected in homozygous state, except for Q243X, detected in three heterozygous siblings. Each one of the patients studied presented a different mutation. All mutations and polymorphisms detected involved hypermutable CpG sites, except for the novel mutation Q243X. The most common mutations I278T and G307S were not found in any of the patients. The CBS mutations present in each country differ from each other depending on the demographic profile; therefore, specific mutations scanning must be performed in each population for diagnosis and prognosis purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisel De Lucca
- Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Centro de Biociencias y Medicina Molecular, Apartado 17606, Caracas 1015A, Venezuela.
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de Franchis R, Botto LD, Sebastio G, Ricci R, Iolascon A, Capra V, Andria G, Mastroiacovo P. Spina bifida and folate-related genes: a study of gene-gene interactions. Genet Med 2002; 4:126-30. [PMID: 12180146 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-200205000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether interactions of common alleles of two folate genes contribute to spina bifida risk. METHODS Case-control study, comparing 203 children with spina bifida to 583 controls. RESULTS Homozygosity for the 677C-T allele of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) alone was associated with an odds ratio for spina bifida of 1.57 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.38). For the 844ins68 allele of cystathionine-beta-synthase alone, the odds ratio was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.39-1.64). For the joint genotype, the odds ratio was 3.69 (95% CI, 1.04-13.50). CONCLUSIONS Interactions between common alleles of folate genes might contribute to the risk for spina bifida.
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Geisel J, Zimbelmann I, Schorr H, Knapp JP, Bodis M, Hübner U, Herrmann W. Genetic defects as important factors for moderate hyperhomocysteinemia. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001; 39:698-704. [PMID: 11592436 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2001.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The genes for the enzymes methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MS), methionine synthase reductase (MSR) and cytathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) play an important role in homocysteine metabolism. Rare mutations in these genes cause severe hyperhomocysteinemia and clinical symptoms. Growing interest has focused on common mutations with moderate effects on homocysteine levels. We studied 280 subjects of different age groups for the following mutations: MTHFR677C-->T and 1298A-->C, MS2756A-->G, MSR66A-->G and the 68 bp insertion in the CBS gene. The median value for homocysteine increased significantly with age (median homocysteine levels: 7.5, 12.4 and 16.5 micromol/l in the age groups 20-43, 65-75 and 85-96 years, respectively). The genotypes of the MTHFR677C-->T mutation were associated with differences in plasma homocysteine levels, but without reaching significance. Individuals homozygous for the MTHFR677C-->T mutation had a 2.3 micromol/l higher median homocysteine level compared to individuals with the wild-type allele. This effect was pronounced in combination with low folate levels and abolished with higher folate in plasma. For the other three mutations no association with homocysteine values could be determined. The analysis of homocysteine metabolite cystathionine by backward regression analysis revealed a significant correlation of the MS2756A-->G mutation with cystathionine level. This increase could indicate a disturbed remethylation. In summary, larger and homogeneous study populations are necessary to quantify the small effects of common mutations on homocysteine levels. This may also be the reason that no effects of genetic interactions between two genotypes were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Geisel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of the University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.
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Dilley A, Hooper WC, El-Jamil M, Renshaw M, Wenger NK, Evatt BL. Mutations in the genes regulating methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C-->T677) and cystathione beta-synthase (CBS G-->A919, CBS T-->c833) are not associated with myocardial infarction in African Americans. Thromb Res 2001; 103:109-15. [PMID: 11457468 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(01)00278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is a putative risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Molecular studies have demonstrated increased plasma homocysteine levels in the presence of DNA mutations in either the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme found in the remethylation pathway or the enzyme cystathione beta-synthase (CBS) of the transsulfuration pathway. To determine whether the mutation C-->T677 in the MTHFR gene or the T-->C833/844ins68 and G-->A919 mutations in the CBS gene are associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in African Americans, DNA was analyzed from samples obtained from a case-control study conducted at a large, inner-city hospital. One-hundred ten African American subjects with a diagnosis of MI and 185 race- and age-matched controls were recruited. Our results demonstrated that 15% of the MI cases were heterozygous for the C-->T677 (MTHFR) mutation, while 1.8% were homozygous. When compared to the controls in which 15% were heterozygous and 2.1% were homozygous, no significant association with MI was observed. In addition, 34% of the cases were heterozygous for the T-->C833 (CBS) mutation while 6% were homozygous. This is compared to 32% and 5% of the controls having the heterozygous and homozygous genotype, respectively. No significant association was observed for the T-->C833 (CBS) mutation among the cases and controls. Although this mutation has no significant association with MI, the prevalence of the heterozygous state was higher than what has been reported for whites (12%). No mutations for G-->A919 (CBS) were detected in the cases or controls. The racial differences of the CBS T-->C833 polymorphism suggest that further investigation into the other areas of the CBS gene is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dilley
- Hematologic Diseases Branch, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop E-64, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Kimura F, Florl AR, Steinhoff C, Golka K, Willers R, Seifert HH, Schulz WA. Polymorphic methyl group metabolism genes in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Mutat Res 2001; 458:49-54. [PMID: 11406421 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5726(01)00010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because polymorphisms in the methyl group metabolism genes methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase (MS), and cystathione beta-synthetase (CBS) affect plasma homocysteine levels and intracellular concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), they modify the susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Specifically, genome-wide decreased DNA methylation ('hypomethylation') in human cancers might be a consequence of decreased SAM levels. Because hypomethylation is particularly prevalent in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCC), the genotype distributions for the two each most prevalent MTHFR, MS, and CBS alleles were compared between 165 TCC patients and 150 population controls. The distributions of the MTHFR 677A/V and the MS 919G/D alleles were not significantly different between cancer patients and controls, even after stratification according to age, gender, tumor stage or grade. The CBS 844INS68 allele was slightly less frequent in TCC patients than in controls (q=0.07 versus 0.10), but was rarer among males in both groups. Among the TCC patients, this gender difference was highly significant (Mantel-Haenszel and chi(2)-test P=0.007). No significant difference between TCC patients and controls was found for any combined genotype. Likewise, the extent of DNA hypomethylation determined in 62 carcinoma specimens was not related to the respective genotypes. Thus, on their own, the MTHFR, MS and CBS genotypes do not appear to act upon susceptibility to TCC or influence the extent of DNA hypomethylation in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kimura
- Urologische Klinik, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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