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Wong DCS, Harvey JP, Jurkute N, Thomasy SM, Moosajee M, Yu-Wai-Man P, Gilhooley MJ. OPA1 Dominant Optic Atrophy: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. J Neuroophthalmol 2023; 43:464-474. [PMID: 37974363 PMCID: PMC10645107 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. S. Wong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua P. Harvey
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Neringa Jurkute
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Gilhooley
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCSW, PY-W-M), John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Eye Unit (DCSW, PY-W-M), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (JPH, NJ, MM, PY-W-M, MJG), London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science (SMT), School of Medicine, U.C. Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (SMT), School of Veterinary Medicine, U.C. Davis, California; Great Ormond Street Hospital (MM), London, United Kingdom; and The Francis Crick Institute (MM), London, United Kingdom
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Li H, Yuan S, Minegishi Y, Suga A, Yoshitake K, Sheng X, Ye J, Smith S, Bunkoczi G, Yamamoto M, Iwata T. Novel mutations in malonyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase provoke autosomal recessive optic neuropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:444-458. [PMID: 31915829 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited optic neuropathies are rare eye diseases of optic nerve dysfunction that present in various genetic forms. Previously, mutation in three genes encoding mitochondrial proteins has been implicated in autosomal recessive forms of optic atrophy that involve progressive degeneration of optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Using whole exome analysis, a novel double homozygous mutation p.L81R and pR212W in malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase (MCAT), a mitochondrial protein involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, has now been identified as responsible for an autosomal recessive optic neuropathy from a Chinese consanguineous family. MCAT is expressed in RGC that are rich in mitochondria. The disease variants lead to structurally unstable MCAT protein with significantly reduced intracellular expression. RGC-specific knockdown of Mcat in mice, lead to an attenuated retinal neurofiber layer, that resembles the phenotype of optic neuropathy. These results indicated that MCAT plays an essential role in mitochondrial function and maintenance of RGC axons, while novel MCAT p.L81R and p.R212W mutations can lead to optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.,Ningxia Clinical Research Center of Blinding Eye Disease, Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 936, Huang He East Road,Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Shiqin Yuan
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.,Ningxia Clinical Research Center of Blinding Eye Disease, Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 936, Huang He East Road,Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Yuriko Minegishi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Akiko Suga
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Xunlun Sheng
- Ningxia Clinical Research Center of Blinding Eye Disease, Ningxia Eye Hospital, People Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 936, Huang He East Road,Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University Systems, 6400, Perkin Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700, Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Gabor Bunkoczi
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, UK
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
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Colavito D, Maritan V, Suppiej A, Del Giudice E, Mazzarolo M, Miotto S, Farina S, Dalle Carbonare M, Piermarocchi S, Leon A. Non-syndromic isolated dominant optic atrophy caused by the p.R468C mutation in the AFG3 like matrix AAA peptidase subunit 2 gene. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:451-454. [PMID: 29181157 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is the most frequent form of hereditary optic atrophy, a disease presenting with considerable inter- and intra-familial clinical variability. Although a number of mutations in different genes are now known to cause DOA, many cases remain undiagnosed. In an attempt to identify the underlying genetic defect, whole exome sequencing was performed in a 19-year-old male that had been affected by isolated DOA since childhood. The exome sequencing revealed a pathogenic mutation (p.R468C, c.1402C>T) in the AFG3 like matrix AAA peptidase subunit 2 (AFG3L2) gene, a gene known to be associated with spinocerebellar ataxia. The patient did not show any signs other than DOA. Thus, the result demonstrates the possibility that mutations in the AFG3L2 gene may be a cause of isolated autosomal DOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica Maritan
- Paediatric Low Vision Center, Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Agnese Suppiej
- Child Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Pediatric University Hospital of Padua, I-35100 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Monica Mazzarolo
- Paediatric Low Vision Center, Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Miotto
- ULSS 6 Euganea, phthalmology Unit, Camposampiero Hospital, I-35012 Padua, Italy
| | - Sofia Farina
- Research and Innovation Srl, I-35127 Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberta Leon
- Research and Innovation Srl, I-35127 Padua, Italy
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Luz AL, Godebo TR, Smith LL, Leuthner TC, Maurer LL, Meyer JN. Deficiencies in mitochondrial dynamics sensitize Caenorhabditis elegans to arsenite and other mitochondrial toxicants by reducing mitochondrial adaptability. Toxicology 2017; 387:81-94. [PMID: 28602540 PMCID: PMC5535741 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission, fusion, and mitophagy are interlinked processes that regulate mitochondrial shape, number, and size, as well as metabolic activity and stress response. The fundamental importance of these processes is evident in the fact that mutations in fission (DRP1), fusion (MFN2, OPA1), and mitophagy (PINK1, PARK2) genes can cause human disease (collectively >1/10,000). Interestingly, however, the age of onset and severity of clinical manifestations varies greatly between patients with these diseases (even those harboring identical mutations), suggesting a role for environmental factors in the development and progression of certain mitochondrial diseases. Using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, we screened ten mitochondrial toxicants (2, 4-dinitrophenol, acetaldehyde, acrolein, aflatoxin B1, arsenite, cadmium, cisplatin, doxycycline, paraquat, rotenone) for increased or decreased toxicity in fusion (fzo-1, eat-3)-, fission (drp-1)-, and mitophagy (pdr-1, pink-1)-deficient nematodes using a larval growth assay. In general, fusion-deficient nematodes were the most sensitive to toxicants, including aflatoxin B1, arsenite, cisplatin, paraquat, and rotenone. Because arsenite was particularly potent in fission- and fusion-deficient nematodes, and hundreds of millions of people are chronically exposed to arsenic, we investigated the effects of these genetic deficiencies on arsenic toxicity in more depth. We found that deficiencies in fission and fusion sensitized nematodes to arsenite-induced lethality throughout aging. Furthermore, low-dose arsenite, which acted in a "mitohormetic" fashion by increasing mitochondrial function (in particular, basal and maximal oxygen consumption) in wild-type nematodes by a wide range of measures, exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction in fusion-deficient nematodes. Analysis of multiple mechanistic changes suggested that disruption of pyruvate metabolism and Krebs cycle activity underlie the observed arsenite-induced mitochondrial deficits, and these disruptions are exacerbated in the absence of mitochondrial fusion. This research demonstrates the importance of mitochondrial dynamics in limiting arsenite toxicity by permitting mitochondrial adaptability. It also suggests that individuals suffering from deficiencies in mitodynamic processes may be more susceptible to the mitochondrial toxicity of arsenic and other toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Luz
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Tewodros R Godebo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Latasha L Smith
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Tess C Leuthner
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Laura L Maurer
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, 08801-3059, USA
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Rönnbäck C, Nissen C, Almind GJ, Grønskov K, Milea D, Larsen M. Genotype-phenotype heterogeneity of ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer deficit in autosomal-dominant optic atrophy. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:762-6. [PMID: 26385429 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the thickness of the combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers (GC-IPL) and the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in patients with OPA1 c.983A>G or c.2708_2711delTTAG autosomal-dominant optic atrophy (ADOA). METHODS The study included 20 individuals with c.983A>G and nine individuals with c.2708_2711delTTAG. Data for comparison were drawn from 49, previously published, individuals with OPA1 c.2826_2836delinsGGATGCTCCA and 51 individuals with no OPA1 mutation. Subjects underwent refraction, best-corrected visual acuity assessment, axial length measurement and high-definition optical coherence tomography. RESULTS There was overlap in GC-IPL thickness in subjects younger than 20-30 years between the two new groups of ADOA patients and controls. Numerical decreases in GC-IPL thickness with age did not reach statistical significance in individuals with c.983A>G (p = 0.18) or in healthy controls (p = 0.22), but it did in individuals with c.2708_2711delTTAG (p = 0.02). Visual acuity decreased with decreasing GC-IPL thickness (p = 0.0006 in c.983A>G and p = 0.0084 in c.2708_2711delTTAG). Unlike c.2826_2836delinsGGATGCTCCA, individuals with c.983A>G or c.2708_2711delTTAG did not show a pattern of maximum GC-IPL deficit inferonasal of the fovea. CONCLUSION Genotype-phenotype heterogeneity in OPA1 ADOA is evident when inner retinal atrophy is examined as a function of age. Thus, a pronounced decline with age in GC-IPL thickness is observed in c.2708_2711delTTAG ADOA, an intermediate decline with age is observed in c.983A>G ADOA, whereas little or no change with age is observed in c.2826_2836delinsGGATGCTCCA ADOA. This genotype-phenotype heterogeneity may explain why some patients have progressive visual loss while others have a relatively stable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rönnbäck
- Department of Ophthalmology; Glostrup Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Claus Nissen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Glostrup Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Gitte J. Almind
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Kennedy Center; Clinical Genetic Clinic; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Kennedy Center; Clinical Genetic Clinic; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Dan Milea
- Department of Ophthalmology; Glostrup Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Singapore Eye Research Institute; Singapore National Eye Centre and Duke-NUS; Singapore Singapore
| | - Michael Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Glostrup Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Kennedy Center; National Eye Clinic; Copenhagen Denmark
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies many human disorders, including those that affect the visual system. The retinal ganglion cells, whose axons form the optic nerve, are often damaged by mitochondrial-related diseases which result in blindness. Both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear gene mutations impacting many different mitochondrial processes can result in optic nerve disease. Of particular importance are mutations that impair mitochondrial network dynamics (fusion and fission), oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and formation of iron-sulfur complexes. Current genetic knowledge can inform genetic counseling and suggest strategies for novel gene-based therapies. Identifying new optic neuropathy-causing genes and defining the role of current and novel genes in disease will be important steps toward the development of effective and potentially neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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Agarwal N, Hanumunthadu D, Afrasiabi M, Malaguarnera G, Cordeiro MF. Clinical update in optic nerve disorders. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1003544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rönnbäck C, Grønskov K, Larsen M. Retinal vessel diameters decrease with macular ganglion cell layer thickness in autosomal dominant optic atrophy and in healthy subjects. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:670-4. [PMID: 24612963 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate retinal trunk vessel diameters in subjects with autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) and mutation-free healthy relatives. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 52 ADOA patients with the optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) exon 28 (c.2826_2836delinsGGATGCTCCA) mutation (age 8.6-83.5 years) (best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 8-94 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters) and 55 mutation-free first-degree healthy relatives (age 8.9-68.7 years, BCVA 80-99). Analysis of fundus photographs provided integrated magnification-corrected measures of retinal vessel diameters (central retinal artery equivalent, CRAE, and central retinal vein equivalent, CRVE). Statistical analysis was corrected for age, gender, spherical equivalent refraction, axial length and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in a mixed model analysis. RESULTS Retinal arteries and veins were thinner in ADOA than in healthy controls (CRAE (mean ± 2 standard deviations (SD)) 153.9 ± 41.0 μm and CRVE 236.1 ± 42.0 μm in ADOA, CRAE 172.5 ± 25.0 μm (p = 0.0004) and CRVE 254.2 ± 37.6 μm (p = 0.0019) in healthy controls). MABP was comparable in the two groups (p = 0.18), and in both groups, CRAE decreased with increasing MABP (p = 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively). In ADOA, CRAE and CRVE decreased with age (p = 0.011 and p = 0.020, respectively) and CRAE decreased with decreasing BCVA (p = 0.011). In patients with ADOA and in healthy controls, CRAE decreased with decreasing average macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness (p = 0.0017 and p = 0.0057, respectively). CONCLUSION Narrow retinal arteries and veins were associated not only with the severity of ADOA but with ganglion cell volume in patients with ADOA and in healthy subjects. This suggests that narrow vessels are a consequence rather than the cause of inner retinal hypoplasia or atrophy, although longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rönnbäck
- Department of Ophthalmology; Glostrup Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics; Kennedy Center; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology; Glostrup Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- National Eye Clinic; Kennedy Center; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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Imaging of the Macula Indicates Early Completion of Structural Deficit in Autosomal-Dominant Optic Atrophy. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:2672-2677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Yu-Wai-Man P, Chinnery PF. Dominant optic atrophy: novel OPA1 mutations and revised prevalence estimates. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:1712-1712.e1. [PMID: 23916084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Almind GJ, Ek J, Rosenberg T, Eiberg H, Larsen M, Lucamp L, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Grønskov K. Dominant optic atrophy in Denmark - report of 15 novel mutations in OPA1, using a strategy with a detection rate of 90%. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:65. [PMID: 22857269 PMCID: PMC3507804 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Investigation of the OPA1 mutation spectrum in autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) in Denmark. Methods Index patients from 93 unrelated ADOA families were assessed for a common Danish founder mutation (c.2826_2836delinsGGATGCTCCA) inOPA1. If negative, direct DNA sequencing of the coding sequence and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) were performed. Results from MLPA analysis have been previously reported. Haplotype analysis was carried out analysing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Retrospective clinical data were retrieved from medical files. Results Probably causative mutations were identified in 84 out of 93 families (90%) including 15 novel mutations. Three mutations c.983A > G, c.2708_2711delTTAG and c.2826_2836delinsGGATGCTCCA, were responsible for ADOA in10, 11 and 28 families, respectively, corresponding to 11%, 12% and 30%. A common haplotype in nine of ten c.983A > G families suggests that they descend from a single founder. The c.2708_2711delTTAG mutation was present on at least two haplotypes and has been repeatedly reported in various ethnic groups,thus represents a mutational hotspot. Clinical examinations of index patients with the two latter mutations demonstrated large inter- and intra-familial variations apparently. Conclusions Genetic testing for OPA1mutations assist in the diagnosis. We have identified mutations in OPA1 in 90% of families including 15 novel mutations. Both DNA sequencing and MLPA analysis are necessary to achieve a high detection rate. More than half of the affected families in Denmark are represented by three common mutations, at least two of which are due to a founder effect, which may account for the high prevalence of ADOA in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte J Almind
- Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Antico Arciuch VG, Elguero ME, Poderoso JJ, Carreras MC. Mitochondrial regulation of cell cycle and proliferation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1150-80. [PMID: 21967640 PMCID: PMC3315176 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic mitochondria resulted from symbiotic incorporation of α-proteobacteria into ancient archaea species. During evolution, mitochondria lost most of the prokaryotic bacterial genes and only conserved a small fraction including those encoding 13 proteins of the respiratory chain. In this process, many functions were transferred to the host cells, but mitochondria gained a central role in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, and in the modulation of metabolism; accordingly, defective organelles contribute to cell transformation and cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Most cell and transcriptional effects of mitochondria depend on the modulation of respiratory rate and on the production of hydrogen peroxide released into the cytosol. The mitochondrial oxidative rate has to remain depressed for cell proliferation; even in the presence of O₂, energy is preferentially obtained from increased glycolysis (Warburg effect). In response to stress signals, traffic of pro- and antiapoptotic mitochondrial proteins in the intermembrane space (B-cell lymphoma-extra large, Bcl-2-associated death promoter, Bcl-2 associated X-protein and cytochrome c) is modulated by the redox condition determined by mitochondrial O₂ utilization and mitochondrial nitric oxide metabolism. In this article, we highlight the traffic of the different canonical signaling pathways to mitochondria and the contributions of organelles to redox regulation of kinases. Finally, we analyze the dynamics of the mitochondrial population in cell cycle and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Eugenia Elguero
- Laboratory of Oxygen Metabolism, University of Buenos Aires, University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José Poderoso
- Laboratory of Oxygen Metabolism, University of Buenos Aires, University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Carreras
- Laboratory of Oxygen Metabolism, University of Buenos Aires, University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, INFIBIOC and School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gallus GN, Cardaioli E, Rufa A, Collura M, Da Pozzo P, Pretegiani E, Tumino M, Pavone L, Federico A. High frequency of OPA1 mutations causing high ADOA prevalence in south-eastern Sicily, Italy. Clin Genet 2011; 82:277-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Almind GJ, Grønskov K, Milea D, Larsen M, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Ek J. Genomic deletions in OPA1 in Danish patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:49. [PMID: 21457585 PMCID: PMC3079616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA, Kjer disease, MIM #165500) is the most common form of hereditary optic neuropathy. Mutations in OPA1 located at chromosome 3q28 are the predominant cause for ADOA explaining between 32 and 89% of cases. Although deletions of OPA1 were recently reported in ADOA, the frequency of OPA1 genomic rearrangements in Denmark, where ADOA has a high prevalence, is unknown. The aim of the study was to identify copy number variations in OPA1 in Danish ADOA patients. Methods Forty unrelated ADOA patients, selected from a group of 100 ADOA patients as being negative for OPA1 point mutations, were tested for genomic rearrangements in OPA1 by multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA). When only one probe was abnormal results were confirmed by additional manually added probes. Segregation analysis was performed in families with detected mutations when possible. Results Ten families had OPA1 deletions, including two with deletions of the entire coding region and eight with intragenic deletions. Segregation analysis was possible in five families, and showed that the deletions segregated with the disease. Conclusion Deletions in the OPA1 gene were found in 10 patients presenting with phenotypic autosomal dominant optic neuropathy. Genetic testing for deletions in OPA1 should be offered for patients with clinically diagnosed ADOA and no OPA1 mutations detected by DNA sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte J Almind
- Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics, The Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark.
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15
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Santiesteban-Freixas R, Mendoza-Santiesteban CE, Columbie-Garbey Y, Quevedo AG, Garcia AG, Rodríguez RC. Cuban epidemic optic neuropathy and its relationship to toxic and hereditary optic neuropathy. Semin Ophthalmol 2010; 25:112-22. [PMID: 20695731 DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2010.500267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The similarities and differences between toxic/nutritional and hereditary optic neuropathy and the pathophysiologic mechanisms that they have in common are described. This is based on data from the epidemic suffered in Cuba in 1992, which affected the optic nerves of many individuals and the experience of the authors in dealing with various toxic optic neuropathies, as well as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.
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Fraser JA, Biousse V, Newman NJ. The neuro-ophthalmology of mitochondrial disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2010; 55:299-334. [PMID: 20471050 PMCID: PMC2989385 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases frequently manifest neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms and signs. Because of the predilection of mitochondrial disorders to involve the optic nerves, extraocular muscles, retina, and even the retrochiasmal visual pathways, the ophthalmologist is often the first physician to be consulted. Disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction can result from abnormalities in either the mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes which encode mitochondrial proteins. Inheritance of these mutations will follow patterns specific to their somatic or mitochondrial genetics. Genotype-phenotype correlations are inconstant, and considerable overlap may occur among these syndromes. The diagnostic approach to the patient with suspected mitochondrial disease entails a detailed personal and family history, careful ophthalmic, neurologic, and systemic examination, directed investigations, and attention to potentially life-threatening sequelae. Although curative treatments for mitochondrial disorders are currently lacking, exciting research advances are being made, particularly in the area of gene therapy. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, with its window of opportunity for timely intervention and its accessibility to directed therapy, offers a unique model to study future therapeutic interventions. Most patients and their relatives benefit from informed genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Alexander Fraser
- Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A.F., V.B., N.J.N.), Neurology (V.B., N.J.N.), and Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Valérie Biousse
- Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A.F., V.B., N.J.N.), Neurology (V.B., N.J.N.), and Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Nancy J. Newman
- Departments of Ophthalmology (J.A.F., V.B., N.J.N.), Neurology (V.B., N.J.N.), and Neurological Surgery (N.J.N.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Segel R, Born AP, Conrad C, Loeys B, Brooks SS, Müller L, Zeschnigk C, Botti C, Rabinowitz R, Uyanik G, Crocq MA, Kraus U, Degen I, Faes F. New RAB3GAP1 mutations in patients with Warburg Micro Syndrome from different ethnic backgrounds and a possible founder effect in the Danish. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:1100-6. [PMID: 20512159 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Warburg Micro Syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by microcephaly, microphthalmia, microcornia, congenital cataracts, optic atrophy, cortical dysplasia, in particular corpus callosum hypoplasia, severe mental retardation, spastic diplegia, and hypogonadism. We have found five new mutations in the RAB3GAP1 gene in seven patients with suspected Micro Syndrome from families with Turkish, Palestinian, Danish, and Guatemalan backgrounds. A thorough clinical investigation of the patients has allowed the delineation of symptoms that are consistently present in the patients and may aid the differential diagnosis of Micro Syndrome for patients in the future. All patients had postnatal microcephaly, micropthalmia, microcornia, bilateral congenital cataracts, short palpebral fissures, optic atrophy, severe mental retardation, and congenital hypotonia with subsequent spasticity. Only one patient had microcephaly at birth, highlighting the fact that congenital microcephaly is not a consistent feature of Micro syndrome. Analysis of the brain magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) revealed a consistent pattern of polymicrogyria in the frontal and parietal lobes, wide sylvian fissures, a thin hypoplastic corpus callosum, and increased subdural spaces. All patients were homozygous for the mutations detected and all mutations were predicted to result in a truncated RAB3GAP1 protein. The analysis of nine polymorphic markers flanking the RAB3GAP1 gene showed that the mutation c.1410C>A (p.Tyr470X), for which a Danish patient was homozygous, occurred on a haplotype that is shared by the unrelated heterozygous parents of the patient. This suggests a possible founder effect for this mutation in the Danish population.
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Milea D, Sander B, Wegener M, Jensen H, Kjer B, Jørgensen TM, Lund-Andersen H, Larsen M. Axonal loss occurs early in dominant optic atrophy. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88:342-6. [PMID: 19302076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study set out to investigate retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in relation to age in healthy subjects and patients with OPA1 autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA). METHODS We carried out a cross-sectional investigation of RNFL thickness and ganglion cell layer density in 30 healthy subjects and 10 patients with OPA1 DOA using optical coherence tomography (OCT). We then performed a regression analysis of RNFL thickness and BCVA versus age. RESULTS Both healthy subjects and DOA patients demonstrated a gradual reduction in RNFL thickness with age; the relationship was best described statistically by a model that assumed a constant offset between the two groups. Best corrected VA decreased significantly with age in DOA patients, in whom BCVA was correlated with peripapillary RNFL thickness in the inferior and superior peripapillary quadrants and with total macular thickness at eccentricities of 500-3000 microm. The observations were best described by a constant offset of 41.9 microm separating the two groups and an annual decrease in RNFL thickness of 0.48 microm (p < 0.0001). In patients with DOA, increasing age was associated with decreasing BCVA (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS This cross-sectional study found evidence of comparable age-related decreases in RNFL thickness in healthy subjects and in DOA patients, where the deficit in DOA patients is best described using a model that assumes the deficit between the groups does not vary with age. The gradual reduction of BCVA with age may be a consequence of a relative deficit in RNFL thickness that is established before the second decade of life.
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The prevalence and natural history of dominant optic atrophy due to OPA1 mutations. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:1538-46, 1546.e1. [PMID: 20417570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is a major cause of visual impairment in young adults that is characterized by selective retinal ganglion cell loss. To define the prevalence and natural history of this optic nerve disorder, we performed a population-based epidemiologic and molecular study of presumed DOA cases in the north of England. DESIGN Case series. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-six affected probands with a clinical diagnosis of DOA were identified from our neuro-ophthalmology and neurogenetics database. METHODS OPA1 genetic testing was performed using a polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing strategy. OPA1-negative cases were then screened for large-scale OPA1 rearrangements and OPA3 mutations. Additional affected family members identified through contact tracing were examined, and longitudinal visual data were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence and molecular characteristics of DOA in the north of England. Visual function and disease progression among patients with OPA1-positive mutations. RESULTS The detection rate of OPA1 mutations was 57.6% among probands with a positive family history of optic atrophy (19/33) and 14.0% among singleton cases (6/43). Approximately two thirds of our families with DOA harbored OPA1 mutations (14/22, 63.6%), and 5 novel OPA1 mutations were identified. Only 1 family carried a large-scale OPA1 rearrangement, and no OPA3 mutations were found in our optic atrophy cohort. The minimum point prevalence of DOA in the north of England was 2.87 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.54-3.20), or 2.09 per 100,000 (95% CI, 1.95-2.23) when only OPA1-positive cases were considered. Snellen visual acuity varied markedly between OPA1-positive cases with a mean of 20/173 (range 20/20 to hand movements), and visual function worsened in 67.4% of patients during follow-up. The mean rate of visual loss was 0.032 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution per year, but some patients experienced faster visual decline (range = 0-0.171 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution/year). OPA1 missense mutations were associated with a significantly worse visual outcome compared with other mutational subtypes (P=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Dominant optic atrophy causes significant visual morbidity and affects at least 1 in 35,000 of the general population.
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20
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Yen MY, Wang AG, Lin YC, Fann MJ, Hsiao KJ. Novel mutations of the OPA1 gene in Chinese dominant optic atrophy. Ophthalmology 2009; 117:392-6.e1. [PMID: 19969356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate OPA1 gene mutations in Chinese patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy and sporadic optic atrophy. DESIGN Molecular genetic studies and observational case series. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-four patients from 10 unrelated Chinese pedigrees of autosomal-dominant optic atrophy, 35 isolated cases with bilateral optic atrophy of unknown cause, and 50 unrelated normal controls. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. All 28 coding exons of the OPA1 gene and flanking intron splice sites were sequenced. Putative mutations were reexamined for segregation in the respective families by direct sequencing. Further characterization of selected splicing site mutations was performed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of each patient's leukocyte mRNA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Direct sequencing of the OPA1 gene. RESULTS Four OPA1 gene mutations were detected, including 2 splicing site mutations (c.1065+2T>C on intron 10 and c.1212+2insT on intron 12), 1 deletion (c.1776_1778delACT on exon 19), and 1 missense mutation (c.2846 T>C on exon 28). The c.1212+2insT, c.1776_1778delACT, and c.2846T>C mutations were newly identified OPA1 mutations. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and direct sequencing revealed that the splicing site mutations on c.1065+2T>C and c.1212+2insT caused skipping of exons 10 and 12, respectively. The c.1776_1778delACT mutation led to a deletion of the Leu amino acid on residue 593. OPA1 mutations were found in 4 of 10 familial cases (40 %) and in 1 of 35 sporadic cases of optic atrophy. CONCLUSIONS OPA1 gene mutations are causative in Chinese autosomal-dominant optic atrophy and sporadic optic atrophy. Screening for OPA1 gene mutations in patients with childhood onset optic atrophy who have no affected relatives is useful in making the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Yung Yen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Amati-Bonneau P, Milea D, Bonneau D, Chevrollier A, Ferré M, Guillet V, Gueguen N, Loiseau D, Crescenzo MAPD, Verny C, Procaccio V, Lenaers G, Reynier P. OPA1-associated disorders: Phenotypes and pathophysiology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1855-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Aggarwal D, Carelli V, Sadun AA. Genotype–phenotype correlations in mitochondrial optic neuropathies. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Yu-Wai-Man P, Griffiths PG, Hudson G, Chinnery PF. Inherited mitochondrial optic neuropathies. J Med Genet 2009; 46:145-58. [PMID: 19001017 PMCID: PMC2643051 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.054270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) are the two most common inherited optic neuropathies and they result in significant visual morbidity among young adults. Both disorders are the result of mitochondrial dysfunction: LHON from primary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations affecting the respiratory chain complexes; and the majority of DOA families have mutations in the OPA1 gene, which codes for an inner mitochondrial membrane protein critical for mtDNA maintenance and oxidative phosphorylation. Additional genetic and environmental factors modulate the penetrance of LHON, and the same is likely to be the case for DOA which has a markedly variable clinical phenotype. The selective vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a key pathological feature and understanding the fundamental mechanisms that underlie RGC loss in these disorders is a prerequisite for the development of effective therapeutic strategies which are currently limited.
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MESH Headings
- DNA, Mitochondrial
- Female
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/diagnosis
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/epidemiology
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Autosomal Dominant/pathology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/diagnosis
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/epidemiology
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/genetics
- Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber/pathology
- Point Mutation
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yu-Wai-Man
- Mitochondrial Research Group, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P G Griffiths
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G Hudson
- Mitochondrial Research Group, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P F Chinnery
- Mitochondrial Research Group, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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24
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Sherwin JC, Hewitt AW, Ruddle JB, Mackey DA. Genetic isolates in ophthalmic diseases. Ophthalmic Genet 2008; 29:149-61. [PMID: 19005985 DOI: 10.1080/13816810802334341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, noteworthy gains have been made in unravelling the genetic contribution to some complex ocular diseases, principally age-related macular degeneration. Yet, a relatively poor understanding of the genetic aetiology for many other heritable blinding diseases, such as glaucoma, keratoconus and myopia, remains. Genetic isolates, populations with varying degrees of geographical or cultural seclusion, provide an effective means for investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in human diseases. This is particularly true for rare diseases in which founded alleles can be rapidly driven to a high frequency due to restriction of gene flow in the population. Recent success in complex gene mapping has resulted from the widened linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the genome of genetically isolated populations. An improved understanding of the predisposing genetic risk factors allows for enhanced screening modalities and paves the foundations for the translation of genomic technology into the clinic. This review focuses on the role population isolates have had in the investigation of genes underlying complex eye diseases and discusses their likely usefulness given the expansion of large-scale case-control association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Sherwin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, elbourne, Australia
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25
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Davies VJ, Hollins AJ, Piechota MJ, Yip W, Davies JR, White KE, Nicols PP, Boulton ME, Votruba M. Opa1 deficiency in a mouse model of autosomal dominant optic atrophy impairs mitochondrial morphology, optic nerve structure and visual function. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:1307-18. [PMID: 17428816 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OPA1 is a ubiquitously expressed, nuclear dynamin-related GTPase, targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which plays a role in mitochondrial fusion. Mutations in the OPA1 gene on chromosome 3q28-qter are associated with autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), the most common inherited optic neuropathy, in which retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are lost and visual acuity is impaired from an early age. We have generated a novel ENU-induced mutant mouse carrying a protein-truncating nonsense mutation in opa1 in order to explore the pathophysiology of ADOA. The heterozygous mutation, B6; C3-Opa1(Q285STOP), located in exon 8 immediately before the central dynamin-GTPase, leads to approximately 50% reduction in opa1 protein in retina and all tissues on western analysis. The homozygous mutation is embryonic lethal by 13.5 days post coitum, demonstrating the importance of Opa1 during early development. Fibroblasts taken from adult heterozygous mutant mice show an apparent alteration in morphology, with an increase in mitochondrial fission and fragmentation. Heterozygous mutants show a slow onset of degeneration in the optic nerve electron microscopy. Furthermore, they demonstrate a functional reduction in visual function on testing with the optokinetic drum and the circadian running wheel. These findings indicate that the opa1 GTPase contains crucial information required for the survival of RGCs and that Opa1 is essential for early embryonic survival. The Opa1 +/- mice described here provide a means to directly investigate the cellular pathophysiology of OPA1 ADOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Davies
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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26
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Abstract
Mitochondria integrate apoptotic signalling by releasing cytochrome c and other proapoptotic cofactors needed for activation of effector caspases. Previously overlooked morphological changes, mitochondrial fragmentation and cristae remodelling, emerged as subroutines of the mitochondrial programme of apoptosis in mammalian cells, as well as in developmental cell death of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mitochondrial morphology results from fusion and fission processes, controlled by a growing set of 'mitochondria-shaping' proteins. Their levels and function appear to influence mitochondrial pathways of cell death, but mechanisms are largely unknown. An emerging model implicates different signals converging on mitochondria-shaping proteins to activate or deactivate them during apoptosis. In turn, these proteins can orchestrate changes in mitochondrial shape to insure cytochrome c release and progression of the apoptotic cascade. These therefore appear an appealing novel therapeutic target to modulate cell death in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Cereghetti
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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Eiberg H, Hansen L, Kjer B, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Bille M, Rosenberg T, Tranebjaerg L. Autosomal dominant optic atrophy associated with hearing impairment and impaired glucose regulation caused by a missense mutation in the WFS1 gene. J Med Genet 2006; 43:435-40. [PMID: 16648378 PMCID: PMC2649014 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.034892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is genetically heterogeneous, with OPA1 on 3q28 being the most prevalently mutated gene. Additional loci are OPA3, OPA4, and OPA5, located at 19q13.2, 18q12.2, and 22q12.1-q13.1, respectively. Mutations in the WFS1 gene, at 4p16.3, are associated with either optic atrophy (OA) as part of the autosomal recessive Wolfram syndrome or with autosomal dominant progressive low frequency sensorineural hearing loss (LFSNHL) without any ophthalmological abnormalities. Linkage and sequence mutation analyses of the ADOA candidate genes OPA1, OPA3, OPA4, and OPA5, including the genes WFS1, GJB2, and GJB6 associated with recessive inherited OA or dominant LFSNHL, were performed. We identified one novel WFS1 missense mutation E864K, c.2590G-->A in exon 8 that co-segregates with ADOA combined with hearing impairment and impaired glucose regulation. This is the first example of autosomal dominant optic atrophy and hearing loss associated with a WFS1 mutation, supporting the notion that mutations in WFS1 as well as in OPA1 may lead to ADOA combined with impaired hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eiberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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28
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Ferré M, Amati-Bonneau P, Tourmen Y, Malthièry Y, Reynier P. eOPA1: an online database for OPA1 mutations. Hum Mutat 2006; 25:423-8. [PMID: 15832306 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), also known as Kjer disease, is characterized by moderate to severe loss of visual acuity with an insidious onset in early childhood, blue-yellow dyschromatopsia, and central scotoma. An optic atrophy gene, called OPA1, has been identified in most cases of the disease. A total of 83 OPA1 mutations, often family-specific, have been reported so far, and the observations support the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency and the functional loss of a single allele may lead to ADOA. We have developed a new locus-specific database (LSDB), eOPA1 (http://lbbma.univ-angers.fr/eOPA1/) aimed at collecting published and unpublished sequence variations in OPA1. The database has been designed to incorporate new submissions rapidly and will provide a secured online catalog of OPA1 mutations and nonpathogenic sequence variants (NPSVs). The LSDB should prove useful for molecular diagnosis, large-scale mutation statistics, and the determination of original genotype-phenotype correlations in studies on ADOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ferré
- INSERM-E0018, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU Angers, France.
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29
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Dadgar S, Hagens O, Dadgar SR, Haghighi EN, Schimpf S, Wissinger B, Garshasbi M. Structural model of the OPA1 GTPase domain may explain the molecular consequences of a novel mutation in a family with autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:702-6. [PMID: 16698014 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is the most frequent hereditary optic neuropathy. Three loci have been reported for ADOA: a major locus, harboring all identified mutations to date, maps to 3q28 (OPA1), a second locus is linked to 18q12.2-q12.3 (OPA4) and a third locus on 22q12.1-q13.1 (OPA5) has been reported recently. We describe a six-generation Iranian family in which optic atrophy runs as an autosomal dominant trait with an age of onset at 14-15years. We performed linkage analysis with markers mapping to 3q28 and 18q12.2-q12.3 and found linkage to 3q28. Subsequent sequencing of OPA1 identified a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.1313A>G) replacing aspartic acid by glycine (p.D438G) in the GTPase domain of OPA1. Interestingly, another missense mutation at the same position (c.1313A>T, D438V) has been reported before in two unrelated German families, indicating a possible mutation hot spot. Further evidence supporting the importance of D438 is its conservation from human to acoelomata. OPA1 is believed to be the human orthologue of yeast MGM1, a dynamin-related protein required for the integrity of mitochondrial DNA. Homology modeling of the OPA1 GTPase domain revealed extensive structural similarity to the Dictyostelium dynamin A GTPase domain and showed that D438 may interact with residues of the G1 and the G4 motifs, which are crucial in coordinating GTP. Based on this analysis, we propose a mechanism which explains the gradual decline of vision in ADOA patients with OPA1 mutations at position 438.
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30
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Nakamura M, Lin J, Ueno S, Asaoka R, Hirai T, Hotta Y, Miyake Y, Terasaki H. Novel mutations in the OPA1 gene and associated clinical features in Japanese patients with optic atrophy. Ophthalmology 2006; 113:483-488.e1. [PMID: 16513463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is characterized by symmetrical bilateral optic atrophy associated with reduced corrected visual acuity (VA), central or centrocecal scotoma, and color vision disturbances. The disease is genetically heterogeneous, and the OPA1 gene has been identified as the only causative gene. The aims of this study were to identify and report mutations in the OPA1 gene in Japanese patients with ADOA and to describe the clinical features associated with the mutations. DESIGN Molecular genetic study and observational case reports. PARTICIPANTS Nine unrelated Japanese families with optic atrophy and 8 isolated cases of optic atrophy. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes, and all exons containing the open reading frame of the OPA1 gene and the flanking intron splice sites were sequenced directly. Complete ophthalmologic examinations were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Direct sequencing of the OPA1 gene and clinical evaluations including VA, visual field, color vision, and disc appearance. RESULTS Ten different heterozygous mutations, including 6 novel mutations, were detected in the OPA1 gene. The identified mutations included 5 deletions/insertions (c.2061delA, c.2098_2103delCTTAAA, c.2538insT, c.2591insC, and c.2708_2711delTTAG), 4 nonsense mutations (c.112C>T [p.R38X], c.181C>T [p.Q61X], c.946A>T [p.R316X], and c.2713C>T [p.R905X]), and 1 missense mutation (c.1635C>A [p.S545R]). The most common mutation in Caucasians (c.2708_2711delTTAG) was found in 3 unrelated families, suggesting that it is a mutational hot spot. We detected an OPA1 mutation in 8 of 9 familial cases of optic atrophy and in 4 of 8 cases that were initially considered to be sporadic from the patients' family histories. Examinations of family members of 2 sporadic probands revealed the existence of other family members with the OPA1 mutations whose phenotype was very mild or within normal limits. This indicates that patients with ADOA sometimes seem to be sporadic because of the extensive variation in the phenotype or, alternatively, a low penetrance of ADOA. CONCLUSIONS OPA1 gene mutations are causative in most familial cases of ADOA in Japanese. Sporadic cases of optic atrophy frequently may be caused by OPA1 mutations in the Japanese population. Molecular genetic examinations are useful in determining the hereditary patterns in some cases of optic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Puomila A, Huoponen K, Mäntyjärvi M, Hämäläinen P, Paananen R, Sankila EM, Savontaus ML, Somer M, Nikoskelainen E. Dominant optic atrophy: correlation between clinical and molecular genetic studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 83:337-46. [PMID: 15948788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the clinical picture and molecular genetics of 14 Finnish families with dominant optic atrophy (DOA). METHODS The clinical status of family members was based on the assessment of visual acuity, colour vision, visual fields and optic nerve appearance; 31 individuals were affected, two suspect and 21 unaffected. A total of 30 coding exons and exon- intron boundaries of the OPA1 gene were sequenced in order to detect mutations. RESULTS Half the patients were diagnosed at the age of < or = 20 years. Ten out of 20 affected individuals followed up for > or = 6 years had a progressive disease and 10 had a stable disease. According to WHO criteria, 36% of the affected patients were visually handicapped. Eight OPA1 pathogenic mutations, all but one novel, and 18 neutral polymorphisms were detected. CONCLUSION The most sensitive indicators of DOA were optic disc pallor and dyschromatopsia. With molecular genetic analysis, asymptomatic mutation carriers and DOA cases with a mild clinical outcome were ascertained. No mutational hotspot or Finnish major mutation in the OPA1 gene could be demonstrated as most families carried a unique mutation. No obvious genotype- phenotype correlation could be detected. Detailed clinical assessment and exclusion of non-DOA families prior to mutation screening are necessary for obtaining a high mutation detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Puomila
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Abstract
AIM To review the molecular genetic basis of primary inherited optic neuropathies. METHODS Medline and Embase search. RESULTS Inherited optic neuropathies are a genetically diverse group of disorders that present with reduced visual acuity and the clinical appearance of optic atrophy. The inherited optic neuropathies may be sporadic or familial, in which case the mode of inheritance may be Mendelian (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive) or non-Mendelian (mitochondrial). Two genes for dominantly inherited optic atrophy have been mapped (OPA1 and OPA4), of which the gene has been identified in one (OPA1). A gene for recessive optic atrophy (OPA3) has also been identified. X-linked optic atrophy (OPA2) has been mapped but to date no gene has been identified. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been identified in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in genes from both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes appear to be responsible. Mitochondrial dysfunction, in the broadest sense, is emerging as central to the pathogenesis of this group of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Delettre C, Lenaers G, Belenguer P, Hamel CP. Gene structure and chromosomal localization of mouse Opa1 : its exclusion from the Bst locus. BMC Genet 2003; 4:8. [PMID: 12735796 PMCID: PMC156655 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2003] [Accepted: 05/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant optic atrophy type 1 (DOA) is the most common form of hereditary optic atrophy in human. We have previously identified the OPA1 gene and shown that it was mutated in patients with DOA. OPA1 is a novel member of the dynamin GTPase family that play a role in the distribution of the mitochondrial network. The Bst (belly spot and tail) mutant mice show atrophy of the optic nerves and previous mapping data raise the possibility that Bst and OPA1 are orthologs. In order to analyse the Bst mouse as a model for DOA, we therefore characterized mouse Opa1 and evaluated it as a candidate for the Bst mutant mouse. RESULTS Comparison of mouse and human OPA1 sequences revealed 88% and 97% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. Presence of alternatively spliced mRNAs as seen in human was conserved in the mouse. Screening of the whole mRNA coding sequence and of the 31 exons of Opa1 did not reveal any mutation in Bst. Using a radiation hybrid panel (T31), we mapped Opa1 to chromosome 16 between genetic markers D16Mit3 and D16Mit124, which is 10 cM centromeric to the Bst locus. CONCLUSION On the basis of these results we conclude that Opa1 and Bst are distinct genes and that the Bst mouse is not the mouse model for DOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Delettre
- Inserm U. 254 71, rue de Navacelles 34090 Montpellier France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- CNRS UMR 5088 Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment IVR3-B1 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 4 France
| | - Pascale Belenguer
- CNRS UMR 5088 Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment IVR3-B1 118, route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse cedex 4 France
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Abstract
The primary inherited optic neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders that result in loss of retinal ganglion cells, leading to the clinical appearance of optic atrophy. They affect between 1:10,000 to 1:50,000 people. The main clinical features are a reduction in visual acuity, colour vision abnormalities, centro-caecal visual field defects and pallor of the optic nerve head. Electrophysiological testing shows a normal flash electroretinogram, absent or delayed pattern visually evoked potentials suggestive of a conduction deficit and N95 waveform reduction on the pattern electroretinogram, consistent with a primary ganglion cell pathology. The primary inherited optic neuropathies may be sporadic or familial. The mode of inheritance may be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked recessive or mitochondrial. Within each of these groups, the phenotypic characteristics vary in such features as the mode and age of onset, the severity of the visual loss, the colour deficit and the overall prognosis. A number of different genes (most as yet unidentified) in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, underlie these disorders. The elucidation of the role of the encoded proteins will improve our understanding of basic mechanisms of ganglion cell development, physiology and metabolism and further our understanding of the pathophysiology of optic nerve disease. It will also improve diagnosis, counselling and management of patients, and eventually lead to the development of new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Votruba
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
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Votruba M, Thiselton D, Bhattacharya SS. Optic disc morphology of patients with OPA1 autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:48-53. [PMID: 12488262 PMCID: PMC1771445 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) are genetically heterogeneous, but all have disc pallor. A degree of cupping in ADOA can make the distinction from normal tension glaucoma (NTG) clinically difficult. This study aimed to clarify the features of the optic nerve of patients with ADOA at the OPA1 locus. METHODS 29 patients (58 eyes), from 12 families, were identified in a prospective observational study of patients with ADOA examined by a single observer between 1995 and 1998, in whom genetic analysis showed either evidence for linkage to chromosome 3q28 or mutations in the ADOA gene, OPA1. All of the patients had disc and fundal photographs available for retrospective analysis. Clinical data collected included disc appearance, intraocular pressure, Snellen visual acuity, Hardy-Rand-Rittler colour vision plates, and Humphrey 30-2 visual fields. RESULTS Mean age at time of examination was 37 years and mean visual acuity was 6/24. Disc morphology showed temporal disc pallor in 30 eyes (52%) and total disc pallor in 28 eyes (48%). At least one disc showed a cup to disc ratio of more than 0.5 in 18 patients (28 discs, 48%). The temporal neuroretinal rim always showed pallor and shallow shelving (or saucerisation) was seen in 46 eyes (79%). Only 12 discs (21%) had deep excavation and baring of blood vessels. All of the patients had normal intraocular pressure and no family history of glaucoma. There was a temporal grey, pigmentary crescent in 12 patients (18 eyes, 31%) and peripapillary atrophy in 20 patients (40 eyes, 69%), but disc margin haemorrhages were not seen. There was no maculopathy or retinopathy. CONCLUSION The optic disc morphology, described for the first time in this genetically homogeneous population of patients with OPA1 ADOA, shows a distinctive absence of a healthy neuroretinal rim and shallow saucerisation of the optic disc cup, with frequent peripapillary atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Votruba
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Patel N, Churchill AJ, Toomes C, Marchbank NJ, Inglehearn CF, Foulds N, Moosavi A, Teimory M. Importance of molecular testing in dominant optic atrophy. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86:1314-5. [PMID: 12386098 PMCID: PMC1771346 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.86.11.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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