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Sanchez MM, Tonmoy TI, Park BH, Morgan JT. Development of a Vascularized Human Skin Equivalent with Hypodermis for Photoaging Studies. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121828. [PMID: 36551256 PMCID: PMC9775308 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoaging is an important extrinsic aging factor leading to altered skin morphology and reduced function. Prior work has revealed a connection between photoaging and loss of subcutaneous fat. Currently, primary models for studying this are in vivo (human samples or animal models) or in vitro models, including human skin equivalents (HSEs). In vivo models are limited by accessibility and cost, while HSEs typically do not include a subcutaneous adipose component. To address this, we developed an "adipose-vascular" HSE (AVHSE) culture method, which includes both hypodermal adipose and vascular cells. Furthermore, we tested AVHSE as a potential model for hypodermal adipose aging via exposure to 0.45 ± 0.15 mW/cm2 385 nm light (UVA). One week of 2 h daily UVA exposure had limited impact on epidermal and vascular components of the AVHSE, but significantly reduced adiposity by approximately 50%. Overall, we have developed a novel method for generating HSE that include vascular and adipose components and demonstrated potential as an aging model using photoaging as an example.
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Tseng TJ, Hsieh YL, Ko MH, Hsieh ST. Redistribution of voltage-gated sodium channels after nerve decompression contributes to relieve neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury. Brain Res 2014; 1589:15-25. [PMID: 25038561 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nerve decompression is an important therapeutic strategy to relieve neuropathic pain and promote the peripheral nerve regeneration. To address these issues, we investigated the effects of nerve decompression on relief of neuropathic pain behaviors, redistribution of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), and skin reinnervation with chronic constriction injury (CCI). At post-operative week (POW) 4, animals were divided into a decompression group, in which the ligatures were removed, and a CCI group, in which the ligatures remained. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia at POW 8 had distinct reductions in decompression group compared to CCI group. At that time in CCI group, morphological evidence of pan VGSCs (Pan Nav) and isoforms of VGSCs (Nav1.6, Nav1.9, except for Nav1.8) were shown the widely distribution along the injured sciatic nerve. All of the VGSCs in decompression group became clustering around the node of Ranvier, similar to the pattern of control sciatic nerve at POW 8. Skin reinnervation was demonstrated by epidermal nerve density (END) for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers and a significant difference between groups only at POW 24 (p=0.01). Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) is participated in the nerve fiber growth and sprouting, a difference in END for GAP-43-IR nerve fibers at POW 24 between groups were also significant (p=0.02). These observations demonstrated that nerve decompression was accompanied with the disappearance of neuropathic pain behaviors after CCI. Morphological studies provided the evidence that redistribution of VGSCs along the injured sciatic nerve but still with an incomplete skin reinnervation. These significant findings demonstrated a role of VGSCs in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, and gave an approaching in pharmacological basis of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- To-Jung Tseng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miau-Hwa Ko
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Buonocore M, Gagliano MC, Bonezzi C. Dynamic mechanical allodynia following finger amputation: Unexpected skin hyperinnervation. World J Clin Cases 2013; 1:197-201. [PMID: 24303500 PMCID: PMC3845956 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v1.i6.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of chronic pain after amputations is not an uncommon event. In some cases the most disabling problem is represented by the symptom called dynamic mechanical allodynia, characterized by the painful sensation evoked by gently stroking the skin. Despite the growing interest in understanding pain mechanisms, little is known about the mechanism sustaining this peculiar type of pain. We present here the case of a 53-year-old female patient who complained of severe tactile allodynia in the hand after amputation of her left second finger, resistant to several medical and surgical treatments. In order to gain information about the pain mechanism, two neurodiagnostic skin biopsies were obtained from the area of tactile allodynia and from the contralateral, normal skin area. Skin biopsies showed an unexpected increased innervation of the allodynic skin compared to the contralateral, normal skin area (+ 80.1%). Hyperinnervation has been proposed as a mechanism of pain following nerve lesions, but the increased innervation described here could be also attributed to neuronal plasticity occurring in chronic inflammatory conditions. Independently from the uncertain cause of the epidermal hyperinnervation, in this patient we tried to reduce the elevated number of epidermal nerve fibres by treating the skin with topical capsaicin (0.075%) three times a day, and obtained a persistent pain relief. In conclusion, neurodiagnostic skin biopsy might represent an useful tool for detecting derangements of epidermal innervation in patients with dynamic mechanical allodynia and can help to select an individually tailored therapeutic strategy in such difficult clinical conditions. Further studies are needed to clarify this issue and try to gain better understanding of chronic pain mechanisms in patients who underwent finger amputation.
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Lebonvallet N, Pennec JP, Le Gall C, Pereira U, Boulais N, Cheret J, Jeanmaire C, Danoux L, Pauly G, Misery L. Effect of human skin explants on the neurite growth of the PC12 cell line. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:224-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christelle Le Gall
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de Brest, LNB, EA46855; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Brest; France
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de Brest, LNB, EA46855; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Brest; France
| | - Nicholas Boulais
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de Brest, LNB, EA46855; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Brest; France
| | - Jeremy Cheret
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de Brest, LNB, EA46855; Université de Bretagne Occidentale; Brest; France
| | | | - Louis Danoux
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS; Pulnoy; France
| | - Gilles Pauly
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France SAS; Pulnoy; France
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Beggs S, Alvares D, Moss A, Currie G, Middleton J, Salter MW, Fitzgerald M. A role for NT-3 in the hyperinnervation of neonatally wounded skin. Pain 2012; 153:2133-2139. [PMID: 22871470 PMCID: PMC3657181 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a target-derived neurotrophic factor that regulates sensory neuronal survival and growth. Here we report that NT-3 plays a critical permissive role in cutaneous sensory nerve sprouting that contributes to pain and sensitivity following skin wounding in young animals. Sensory terminal sprouting in neonatally wounded dermis and epidermis is accompanied by increased NT-3 transcription, NT-3 protein levels, and NT-3 protein release 3-7 days post skin injury in newborn rats and mice. Functional blockade of NT-3 activity with specific antibodies greatly reduces sensory neurite outgrowth induced by wounded skin, but not by naïve skin, in dorsal root ganglion/skin co-cultures. The requirement for NT-3 for sensory terminal sprouting in vivo is confirmed by the absence of wound-induced hyperinnervation in heterozygous transgenic mice (NT-3(+/-)lacZ). We conclude that upregulation of NT-3 in neonatally wounded skin is a critical factor mediating the sensory nerve sprouting that underlies hypersensitivity and pain following skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beggs
- Programme in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Programme in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8. Tel.: +1 4168135021.
| | - Debie Alvares
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Moss
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gillian Currie
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueta Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael W. Salter
- Programme in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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Rieger S, Sagasti A. Hydrogen peroxide promotes injury-induced peripheral sensory axon regeneration in the zebrafish skin. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000621. [PMID: 21629674 PMCID: PMC3101194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of H2O2 by injured zebrafish skin cells promotes the regeneration of nearby somatosensory axon terminals, thus coordinating wound healing of the skin with sensory reinnervation. Functional recovery from cutaneous injury requires not only the healing and regeneration of skin cells but also reinnervation of the skin by somatosensory peripheral axon endings. To investigate how sensory axon regeneration and wound healing are coordinated, we amputated the caudal fins of zebrafish larvae and imaged somatosensory axon behavior. Fin amputation strongly promoted the regeneration of nearby sensory axons, an effect that could be mimicked by ablating a few keratinocytes anywhere in the body. Since injury produces the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) near wounds, we tested whether H2O2 influences cutaneous axon regeneration. Exposure of zebrafish larvae to sublethal levels of exogenous H2O2 promoted growth of severed axons in the absence of keratinocyte injury, and inhibiting H2O2 production blocked the axon growth-promoting effects of fin amputation and keratinocyte ablation. Thus, H2O2 signaling helps coordinate wound healing with peripheral sensory axon reinnervation of the skin. Touch-sensing neurons project axonal processes that branch extensively within the outer layers of skin to detect touch stimuli. Recovering from skin injuries thus requires not only repair of damaged skin tissue but also regeneration of the sensory axons innervating it. To study whether skin wound healing is coordinated with sensory innervation, we compared the regeneration of severed sensory axons innervating larval zebrafish tail fins with and without concomitant injury to surrounding skin cells. Severed axons regenerated more robustly when nearby skin cells were also damaged, suggesting that wounded skin releases a short-range factor that promotes axon growth. The reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is known to be produced by injured cells, making it a candidate for mediating this signal. We found that adding exogenous H2O2 improved the regeneration of severed axons. Conversely, blocking H2O2 production prevented the axon growth-promoting effect of skin injury. Thus, H2O2 promotes axon growth after skin damage, helping to ensure that healing skin is properly innervated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rieger
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (SR)
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (SR)
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Henderson J, Terenghi G, Ferguson MWJ. The reinnervation and revascularisation pattern of scarless murine fetal wounds. J Anat 2011; 218:660-7. [PMID: 21434911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal wounds can heal without scarring. There is evidence that the sensory nervous system plays a role in mediating inflammation and healing, and that the reinnervation pattern of adult wounds differs from that of unwounded skin. Ectoderm is required for development of the cutaneous nerve plexus in early gestation. It was hypothesised that scarless fetal wounds might completely regenerate their neural and vascular architecture. Wounds were made on mouse fetuses at embryonic day 16.5 of a 19.5-day gestation, which healed without visible scars. Immunohistochemical analysis of wound sites was performed to assess reinnervation, using antibodies to the pan neuronal marker PGP9.5 as well as to the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Staining for the endothelial marker von Willebrand factor (VWF) allowed comparison of reinnervation and revascularisation. Wounds were harvested at timepoints from day 1 after wounding to postnatal day 6. Quantification of wound reinnervation and revascularisation was performed for timepoints up to 6 days post-wounding. Hypervascularisation of the wounds occurred within 24 h, and blood vessel density within the wounds remained significantly elevated until postnatal day 2 (4 days post- wounding), after which VWF immunoreactivity was similar between wound and control groups. Wound nerve density returned to a level similar to that of unwounded skin within 48 h of wounding, and PGP9.5 immunoreactive nerve fibre density remained similar to control skin thereafter. CGRP and SP immunoreactivity followed a similar pattern to that of PGP9.5, although wound levels did not return to those of control skin until postnatal day 1. Scarless fetal wounds appeared to regenerate their nerve and blood vessel microanatomy perfectly after a period of hypervascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Henderson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
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Husain EA, Al-Daraji WI. Epithelial sheath neuroma: be aware of benign perineural invasion! J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:570-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ulmann L, Rodeau JL, Danoux L, Contet-Audonneau JL, Pauly G, Schlichter R. Dehydroepiandrosterone and neurotrophins favor axonal growth in a sensory neuron–keratinocyte coculture model. Neuroscience 2009; 159:514-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Malin SA, Davis BM, Molliver DC. Production of dissociated sensory neuron cultures and considerations for their use in studying neuronal function and plasticity. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:152-60. [PMID: 17401349 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dissociated primary sensory neurons are commonly used to study growth factor-dependent cell survival, axon outgrowth, differentiation and basic mechanisms of sensory physiology and pain. Spinal or trigeminal sensory neurons can be collected from embryos, neonates or adults, treated with enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix, triturated and grown in defined media with or without growth factors and additional animal sera. Production of cultures can take as little as 2.5 h. Cells can be used almost immediately or maintained for as long as 1 month. Ease of production and the ability to control growth conditions make sensory neuron culture a powerful model system for studying basic neurobiology of central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha A Malin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, 3350 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Ulmann L, Rodeau JL, Danoux L, Contet-Audonneau JL, Pauly G, Schlichter R. Trophic effects of keratinocytes on the axonal development of sensory neurons in a coculture model. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:113-25. [PMID: 17596190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis, the outermost structure of the skin, fulfils important roles as a physical barrier between the organism and its environment and as a neuroendocrine, immune and sensory organ. It is innervated by unmyelinated sensory fibres conveying nociceptive and thermoceptive information. Little is known concerning the functional interactions between these sensory fibres and the keratinocytes, which constitute 95% of the epidermal cells. We have developed a coculture model of primary rat sensory neurons and keratinocytes, as well as of equivalent cell-lines: ND7-23 neurons and A431 keratinocytes. We show that primary dorsal root ganglion neurons survive well in a standard keratinocyte reference medium containing a low concentration of calcium, but fail to extend axons. However, when neurons are cocultured with keratinocytes, axonal outgrowth is strongly stimulated. The use of a Transwell culture system indicated that the stimulation of axonal growth depends on a soluble factor secreted by keratinocytes. Axon outgrowth was also induced by nerve growth factor or brain-derived neurotrophic factor, but not by neurotrophin 3 or glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurons cocultured with keratinocytes did not change their responses to ATP, capsaicin or high potassium solution, as measured by calcium imaging. The trophic effect of keratinocytes concerned essentially a population of medium-sized (17-25 microm) neurons, some of which expressed substance P-like immunoreactivity and responded to capsaicin. Our preparation, in which cells are maintained at low external calcium concentration, could represent a useful in vitro model for characterizing the effect of skin-derived guidance and trophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Ulmann
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), UMR7168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Louis Pasteur, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
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Henderson J, Terenghi G, McGrouther DA, Ferguson MWJ. The reinnervation pattern of wounds and scars may explain their sensory symptoms. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006; 59:942-50. [PMID: 16920586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2005.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anaesthesia, pruritus and pain are common in cutaneous scars. The reinnervation pattern of healing wounds and scars might help to explain these symptoms, as sensory neurotransmitters are known to be mediators of inflammation and healing. We quantified the regeneration patterns of blood vessels and nerves in excisional skin wounds as they matured into scars. Mice underwent 1cm(2) full thickness skin excisions. Wounds were harvested between five and 84 days. Sections underwent immunohistochemical staining for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) a pan-neuronal marker, and the sensory neuropeptides calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). The endothelial marker von Willebrand factor (VWF) was used to allow co-localisation and quantification of blood vessels. Nerve fibre density was quantified at multiple sites within wounds. There was no difference in the reinnervation/revascularisation pattern between peripheral and central sites. The density of PGP9.5, CGRP, SP and VWF peaked between 14 and 42 days, and levels of PGP9.5, CGRP and VWF all decreased to approximately those found in unwounded skin by 84 days (mature scar). SP levels, however, remained elevated at approximately twice the density found in unwounded skin. Increased densities of SP and CGRP in healing wounds could explain the unpleasant sensory symptoms of healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henderson
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research, 3.102 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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