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Chen R, Ren L, Cai Q, Zou Y, Fu Q, Ma Y. The role of epigenetic modifications in the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:507-520. [PMID: 31203665 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1593395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, stem cells have drawn extensive attention from scientists due to their full potential in tissue engineering, gene therapy, and cell therapy. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), which represent one type of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), hold great promise in bone tissue engineering due to their painless collection procedure, their ability to self-renew and their multi-lineage differentiation properties. Major epigenetic mechanisms, which involve DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA interference (RNAi), are known to represent one of the determining factors of ADSC fate and differentiation. Understanding the epigenetic modifications of ADSCs may provide a clue for improving stem cell therapy in bone repair and regeneration. The aim of this review is to present the recent advances in understanding the epigenetic mechanisms that facilitate ADSC differentiation into an osteogenic lineage, in addition to the characteristics of the main epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qingwei Cai
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yang Zou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology , Guangzhou , China
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Abstract
Aging is the result of two overlapping processes, "intrinsic" and "extrinsic." Intrinsic structural changes occur as a consequence of physiologic aging and are genetically determined; extrinsic relates to exposure to harmful events and habits, like smoking, bad diet, alcohol consumption, lack of sleep, stress, sun exposure, environmental pollution, etc. Aging may be decelerated by improving bad habits or treating signs of aging with various esthetic methods, food supplements, and antioxidants. It is believed that we cannot stop aging entirely due to the intrinsic part, which leads to irreversible cell damage, as well as tissue and organ damage due to their limited ability to regenerate. Stem cells and their ability to exhibit telomerase activity, to self-renew, and to differentiate into all three embryonic tissues challenges aging as a process, which is not inevitable and can even possibly be reversed. Stem cells can promote regeneration of aged tissues and organs by replacing apoptotic and necrotic cells with healthy ones. In addition, they can have antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic properties by paracrine-secreting growth factors and cytokines on the site of administration. Autologous adipose-derived stem cells are the most promising because they can be easily harvested in huge numbers with minimally invasive liposuction and, as such, represent a powerful tool in anti-aging and regenerative medicine. In this contribution, the author discusses their properties and application in clinical practice.
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Mizuno H, Tobita M, Uysal AC. Concise review: Adipose-derived stem cells as a novel tool for future regenerative medicine. Stem Cells 2012; 30:804-10. [PMID: 22415904 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of stem cell-based therapies for the repair and regeneration of various tissues and organs offers a paradigm shift that may provide alternative therapeutic solutions for a number of diseases. The use of either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells in clinical situations is limited due to cell regulations and to technical and ethical considerations involved in the genetic manipulation of human ESCs, even though these cells are, theoretically, highly beneficial. Mesenchymal stem cells seem to be an ideal population of stem cells for practical regenerative medicine, because they are not subjected to the same restrictions. In particular, large number of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can be easily harvested from adipose tissue. Furthermore, recent basic research and preclinical studies have revealed that the use of ASCs in regenerative medicine is not limited to mesodermal tissue but extends to both ectodermal and endodermal tissues and organs, although ASCs originate from mesodermal lineages. Based on this background knowledge, the primary purpose of this concise review is to summarize and describe the underlying biology of ASCs and their proliferation and differentiation capacities, together with current preclinical and clinical data from a variety of medical fields regarding the use of ASCs in regenerative medicine. In addition, future directions for ASCs in terms of cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mizuno
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Al Battah F, De Kock J, Ramboer E, Heymans A, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Snykers S. Evaluation of the multipotent character of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and red blood cell lysis treatment. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1224-30. [PMID: 21645610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the multipotent potential of two differential isolated human adipose-derived stem cell (hADSC) populations was evaluated. More specifically, hADSC isolated by means of classical Ficoll (F) gradient centrifugation were compared to hADSC isolated by means of red blood cell (RBC) lysis treatment and subsequent cultivation as 3D spheres. No significant difference in the genotypic expression of the multipotent markers Oct-4, Sox-2, Nanog, Klf-4 and cMyc could be observed between both isolation methods. Upon adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, both hADSC populations showed lipid droplet accumulation and mineral deposition, respectively. Although, a more pronounced mineral deposition was observed in hADSC-RBC, suggesting a higher osteogenic potential. Upon exposure to keratinogenic media, both hADSC populations expressed the keratinocyte markers filaggrin and involucrin, evidencing a successful keratinogenic differentiation. Yet, no differences in expression were observed between the distinctive isolation procedures. Finally, upon exposure to neurogenic differentiation media, a significant difference in marker expression was observed. Indeed, hADSC-RBC only expressed vimentin and nestin, whereas hADSC-F expressed vimentin, nestin, NF-200, MBP and TH, suggesting a higher neurogenic potential. In summary, our data suggest that the choice of the most efficient isolation procedure of hADSC depends on the differentiated cell type ultimately required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Al Battah
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Sellheyer K, Krahl D. Skin mesenchymal stem cells: Prospects for clinical dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:859-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Akay I, Oxmann D, Helfenstein A, Mentlein R, Schünke M, Hassenpflug J, Kurz B. Tumor risk by tissue engineering: cartilaginous differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells reduces tumor growth. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:389-96. [PMID: 19944200 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Implantation of autologous chondrocytes (AC) is a promising option for the treatment of cartilage defects, but problems with cell harvesting, dedifferentiation, or the donor age limit the clinical outcome. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) gain much interest because of their simple isolation and multipotential differentiation capacity along with their immunosuppressive properties. The latter might introduce tumor manifestation. The influence of undifferentiated and chondrogenically differentiated MSC or AC on tumor growth and metastasis formation was investigated in a murine melanoma model. METHODS Allogeneic melanoma cells and either syngeneic MSC (C3H10T1/2, transduced with enhanced green fluorescent protein gene) or AC were co-injected at a distance of 3 cm into the contra lateral groins of five mice/group, and evaluated macroscopically and histologically after 4 weeks. RESULTS Undifferentiated MSC migrated to the tumor site and induced strong tumor growth and metastasis formation. Even avital MSC promoted tumor growth and spreading, but insignificantly without detectable MSC at the tumor site. Chondrogenically differentiated MSC did not migrate and had a significantly lower impact on tumor growth and spreading; AC had no measurable influence on melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that differentiation of MSC reduces MSC-dependent promotion of latent tumors and that native AC do not introduce any increased risk of tumor growth. The question of how far MSC should be differentiated prior to clinical application should be addressed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Akay
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Cancer gene therapy is based on the transfer of genetic material to cancer cells to modify a normal or abnormal cellular function, or to induce cell death. Modified viruses or stem cells have been used as carriers to transfer the genetic material to cancer cells avoiding trafficking through normal cells. However, although the current vectors have been successful in delivering genes in vitro and in vivo, little has been achieved with human cerebral gliomas. Poor transduction efficiency of viruses in human glioma cells and limited spread and distribution to the tumor limits our current expectations for successful gene therapy of central nervous system cancer until and if effective transfer vehicles are available. Nevertheless, continuing research in better vector development may overcome these limitations and offer a therapeutic advantage over the standard therapies for glioma.
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Derive and conquer: sourcing and differentiating stem cells for therapeutic applications. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:131-42. [PMID: 18079756 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although great progress has been made in the isolation and culture of stem cells, the future of stem-cell-based therapies and their productive use in drug discovery and regenerative medicine depends on two key factors: finding reliable sources of multipotent and pluripotent cells and the ability to control their differentiation to generate desired derivatives. It is essential for clinical applications to establish reliable sources of pathogen-free human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and develop suitable differentiation techniques. Here, we address some of the problems associated with the sourcing of human ESCs and discuss the current status of stem-cell differentiation technology.
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Tseng SS, Lee MA, Reddi AH. Nonunions and the potential of stem cells in fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 Suppl 1:92-8. [PMID: 18292363 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.g.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in human embryonic and adult stem cell research is a cause for much enthusiasm in bone and joint surgery. Stem cells have therapeutic potential in the realm of orthopaedic surgery because of their capacity to self-renew and differentiate into various types of mature cells and tissues, including bone. Because nonunions remain a clinically important problem, there is interest in the use of cell-based strategies to augment fracture repair. Such strategies are being investigated with variations in the model systems, sources of stem cells, and methods for the application and enhancement of osseous healing, including genetic modifications and tissue-engineering. This review highlights the recent progress in the utilization of stem cells and cell-based gene therapy in promoting fracture-healing and its potential utility in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Tseng
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, 4635 Second Avenue, Research Building 1, Room 2000, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Boquest AC, Noer A, Collas P. Epigenetic programming of mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2:319-29. [PMID: 17848719 DOI: 10.1007/bf02698059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stromal stem cells identified in various adult mesenchymal tissues (commonly called mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]) have in past years received more attention as a result of their potential interest as replacement cells in regenerative medicine. An abundant and easily accessible source of adult human MSCs are stem cells harvested from liposuction material. Similarly to bone marrow-derived MSCs, human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) can give rise to a variety of cell types in vitro and in vivo; however, they have a propensity to differentiate into primarily mesodermal lineages. Even so, their capacity to differentiate into nonadipogenic mesodermal pathways seems to be restricted. Emerging DNA methylation profiles at adipogenic and nonadipogenic gene promoters in freshly isolated, cultured, or differentiated ASCs aim to provide an epigenetic explanation for this restrictive differentiation potential. A review of these studies indicates that human ASCs are epigenetically marked by mosaic hypomethylation of adipogenic promoters, whereas nonadipogenic lineage-specific promoters are hypermethylated. Surprisingly, in vitro differentiation toward various pathways maintains the overall methylation profiles of undifferentiated cells, raising the hypothesis that ASCs are at least epigenetically preprogrammed for adipogenesis. Novel attempts at reprogramming the epigenome of MSCs have been initiated to enhance the differentiation capacity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Boquest
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Cho E, Li WJ. Human stem cells, chromatin, and tissue engineering: Boosting relevancy in developmental toxicity testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 81:20-40. [PMID: 17539011 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment derives its confidence from toxicology research that is based on relevancy to human health. This article focuses on two highly topical areas of current scientific research, stem cells and chromatin biology, which present new avenues for preclinical and clinical applications, and the frontier role of tissue engineering and regeneration. Appreciating the utility and necessity of chromatin and human somatic stem cells as research tools and looking toward tissue engineering may close the uncertainty gaps between animal and human cross-species toxicology evaluations. The focus will be on developmental toxicology applications, but appropriate extrapolation to any other areas of toxicology can be made. We further provide background on basic biology of these three areas and examples of how early life exposure to known and potential environmental toxicants induce malformations, childhood and adult-onset diseases, through aberrant chromatin modification of critical gene expressions (acute lymphocyte leukemia, heavy-metal nickel and cadmium-associated defects, and reproductive tract malformations and carcinomas induced by the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cho
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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