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Pakkarato S, Sakagami H, Goto K, Watanabe M, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W, Chomphoo S. Localization of phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5 kinase γ, phospholipase β3 and diacylglycerol kinase ζ in corneal epithelium in comparison with conjunctival epithelium of mice. Exp Eye Res 2022; 223:109205. [PMID: 35963308 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the theory that the phosphoinositide (PI) signal is involved in the physiology of cornea and conjunctiva, we examined the localization in the mouse anterior ocular epithelia of immunoreactivities for phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K), phospholipase C (PLC) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), enzymes that work sequentially in PI cycle. Immunoreactivity for PIP5Kγ in the corneal epithelium, including the limbus, was distinct in adults in contrast to faint or negligible immunoreactivity in the conjunctival epithelium in neonatal mice. This adult localization pattern was first recognized at the postnatal time of eyelid opening. Immunoreactivity for PLCβ3 was rather equally distinct throughout the entire corneal and conjunctival epithelia in adults. DGKζ-immunoreactive nuclei were mainly localized in the basal half domain of the corneal epithelium but in both basal and apical domains of the conjunctival epithelium in adults. This nuclear immunoreactivity was at weak or negligible levels in the peripheral and limbus cornea and in a considerable portion of the bulbar conjunctival epithelium continuous with the limbus. The adult patterns for PLCβ3 and DGKζ were already present at birth. The present findings suggest the following possibilities on the functional significance of the three enzyme molecules. PIP5Kγ is involved in cornea-specific functions such as bright-field vision, including corneal transparency, and in the stability of epithelial junctions, for which there seems to be a much higher requirement in the corneal epithelium than in the conjunctival epithelium. PLCβ3 is involved from birth in as-yet undefined functions exerted ubiquitously from birth in both corneal and conjunctival epithelia. DGKζ is involved in regulation from birth of the transcription in epithelial cells, including apoptosis as well as regulation of mitosis of epithelial cells in both cornea and conjunctiva, with the transcription involvement more apparent in the conjunctiva, although it does not work in stem cells of the corneal limbus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawetree Pakkarato
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Electron Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Electron Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Department of Anatomy, Electron Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Surang Chomphoo
- Department of Anatomy, Electron Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Singh BK, Lu W, Schmidt Paustian AM, Ge MQ, Koziol-White CJ, Flayer CH, Killingbeck SS, Wang N, Dong X, Riese MJ, Deshpande DA, Panettieri RA, Haczku A, Kambayashi T. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ promotes allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness through distinct mechanisms. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/597/eaax3332. [PMID: 31481522 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic allergic inflammatory airway disease caused by aberrant immune responses to inhaled allergens, which leads to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to contractile stimuli and airway obstruction. Blocking T helper 2 (TH2) differentiation represents a viable therapeutic strategy for allergic asthma, and strong TCR-mediated ERK activation blocks TH2 differentiation. Here, we report that targeting diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase zeta (DGKζ), a negative regulator of DAG-mediated cell signaling, protected against allergic asthma by simultaneously reducing airway inflammation and AHR though independent mechanisms. Targeted deletion of DGKζ in T cells decreased type 2 inflammation without reducing AHR. In contrast, loss of DGKζ in airway smooth muscle cells decreased AHR but not airway inflammation. T cell-specific enhancement of ERK signaling was only sufficient to limit type 2 airway inflammation, not AHR. Pharmacological inhibition of DGK diminished both airway inflammation and AHR in mice and also reduced bronchoconstriction of human airway samples in vitro. These data suggest that DGK is a previously unrecognized therapeutic target for asthma and reveal that the inflammatory and AHR components of asthma are not as interdependent as generally believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenal K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda M Schmidt Paustian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Moyar Q Ge
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cynthia J Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Cameron H Flayer
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sara S Killingbeck
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nadan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Center for Sensory Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Massart J, Zierath JR. Role of Diacylglycerol Kinases in Glucose and Energy Homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:603-617. [PMID: 31331711 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) catalyze a reaction that converts diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA). DAG and PA act as intermediates of de novo lipid synthesis, cellular membrane constituents, and signaling molecules. DGK isoforms regulate a variety of intracellular processes by terminating DAG signaling and activating PA-mediated pathways. The ten DGK isoforms are unique, not only structurally, but also in tissue-specific expression profiles, subcellular localization, regulatory mechanisms, and DAG preferences, suggesting isoform-specific functions. DAG accumulation has been associated with insulin resistance; however, this concept is challenged by opposing roles of DGK isoforms in the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity despite elevated DAG levels. This review focuses on the tissue- and isoform-specific role of DGK in glucose and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Massart
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bartsch VB, Niehaus JK, Taylor-Blake B, Zylka MJ. Enhanced histamine-induced itch in diacylglycerol kinase iota knockout mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217819. [PMID: 31167004 PMCID: PMC6550402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Subsets of small-diameter dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons detect pruritogenic (itch-causing) and algogenic (pain-causing) stimuli and can be activated or sensitized by chemical mediators. Many of these chemical mediators activate receptors that are coupled to lipid hydrolysis and diacylglycerol (DAG) production. Diacylglycerol kinase iota (DGKI) can phosphorylate DAG and is expressed at high levels in small-diameter mouse DRG neurons. Given the importance of these neurons in sensing pruritogenic and algogenic chemicals, we sought to determine if loss of DGKI impaired responses to itch- or pain-producing stimuli. Using male and female Dgki-knockout mice, we found that in vivo sensitivity to histamine—but not other pruritogens—was enhanced. In contrast, baseline pain sensitivity and pain sensitization following inflammatory or neuropathic injury were equivalent between wild type and Dgki-/- mice. In vitro calcium responses in DRG neurons to histamine was enhanced, while responses to algogenic ligands were unaffected by Dgki deletion. These data suggest Dgki regulates sensory neuron and behavioral responses to histamine, without affecting responses to other pruritogenic or algogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brings Bartsch
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jesse K. Niehaus
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Taylor-Blake
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Zylka
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Existing analgesics are not efficacious in treating all patients with chronic pain and have harmful side effects when used long term. A deeper understanding of pain signaling and sensitization could lead to the development of more efficacious analgesics. Nociceptor sensitization occurs under conditions of inflammation and nerve injury where diverse chemicals are released and signal through receptors to reduce the activation threshold of ion channels, leading to an overall increase in neuronal excitability. Drugs that inhibit specific receptors have so far been unsuccessful in alleviating pain, possibly because they do not simultaneously target the diverse receptors that contribute to nociceptor sensitization. Hence, the focus has shifted toward targeting downstream convergence points of nociceptive signaling. Lipid mediators, including phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), are attractive targets, as these molecules are required for signaling downstream of G-protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, PIP2 regulates the activity of various ion channels. Thus, PIP2 sits at a critical convergence point for multiple receptors, ion channels, and signaling pathways that promote and maintain chronic pain. Decreasing the amount of PIP2 in neurons was recently shown to attenuate pronociceptive signaling and could provide a novel approach for treating pain. Here, we review the lipid kinases that are known to regulate pain signaling and sensitization and speculate on which additional lipid kinases might regulate signaling in nociceptive neurons.
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Tanaka T, Tsuchiya R, Hozumi Y, Nakano T, Okada M, Goto K. Reciprocal regulation of p53 and NF-κB by diacylglycerol kinase ζ. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 60:15-21. [PMID: 26521214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) participates in lipid mediated-signal transduction. It phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to phosphatidic acid (PA), thereby regulating the balanced control of these second messenger actions. Previous reports have described that one DGK family, DGKζ, is closely involved in stress responses under various conditions. Cellular stress response, a physiological process enabling cells to cope with an altered environment, is finely tuned through various signaling cascades and their molecular crosstalk. The major components of stress response are p53 and NF-κB. p53 generally serves as a proapoptotic transcriptional factor, whereas NF-κB promotes resistance to programmed cell death under most circumstances. Recent studies have suggested that DGKζ facilitates p53 degradation in cytoplasm through ubiquitin proteasome system and that DGKζ deletion upregulates p53 protein levels under basal and DNA-damage conditions. Counter-intuitively, however, DGKζ deletion suppresses p53 transcriptional activity despite increased p53 levels. In contrast, DGKζ knockdown engenders enhancement of NF-κB pathway in response to cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β. In response to these cytokines, DGKζ downregulation accelerates phosphorylation of the p65 subunit and its nuclear translocation, thereby enhancing NF-κB transcriptional activity. Furthermore, DGKζ deficiency is shown to promote increased association of p65 subunit with the transcriptional cofactor CBP. It is particularly interesting that this association is observed even under basal conditions in the absence of stimulation. These findings suggest that DGKζ plays a role in sequestration of the limiting pool of CBP/p300 between the NF-κB p65 subunit and p53, and that DGKζ downregulation shifts CBP/p300 toward the NF-κB subunit to regulate reciprocally antagonistic phenotypes of these transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Rieko Tsuchiya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hozumi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masashi Okada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iida-Nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Hipkaeo W, Chomphoo S, Pakkarato S, Sakaew W, Sawatpanich T, Hozumi Y, Polsan Y, Hipkaeo D, Goto K, Kondo H. Selective localization of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)ζ in the terminal tubule cells in the submandibular glands of early postnatal mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:185-93. [PMID: 25952157 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present immunohistochemical study was attempted to localize in the submandibular glands of mice at various postnatal stages a diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) isoform termed DGKζ which is characterized by a nuclear localization signal and a nuclear export signal. This attempt was based on following facts: the continuous postnatal differentiation of glandular cells in the rodent submandibular gland, the regulatory role of DGK in the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) through attenuation of diacylglycerol (DAG), and the possible involvement of PKC in various cellular activities including the saliva secretion as well as the cell differentiation. As a result, a selective localization of immunoreactivity for DGKζ was detected in terminal tubule (TT) cells which comprise a majority of the newborn acinar structure and differentiate into the intercalated duct cells and/or the acinar cells. The immunoreactivity was deposited in portions of the cytoplasm lateral and basal to the nucleus, but not in the nuclei themselves. Although the immunoreactive TT cells remained until later stages in female specimen than in male, they eventually disappeared in both sexes by young adult stages. The present finding suggests that the regulatory involvement of DGKζ in PKC functions via control of DAG is exerted in the differentiation of the TT cells. In addition, another possible involvement of DGKζ in the regulation of secretion of the TT cells as well as its functional significance of its nuclear localization in the submandibular ganglion cells was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Nanomorphology-Based Apply Research Group and Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand,
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Ishisaka M, Hara H. The Roles of Diacylglycerol Kinases in the Central Nervous System: Review of Genetic Studies in Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:336-43. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13r07cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Goto K, Tanaka T, Nakano T, Okada M, Hozumi Y, Topham MK, Martelli AM. DGKζ under stress conditions: “to be nuclear or cytoplasmic, that is the question”. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 54:242-253. [PMID: 24119575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have evolved to possess a distinct subcellular compartment, the nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm in a manner that allows the precise operation of the chromatin, thereby permitting controlled access to the regulatory elements in the DNA for transcription and replication. In the cytoplasm, genetic information contained in the DNA sequence is translated into proteins, including enzymes that catalyze various reactions, such as metabolic processes, energy control, and responses to changing environments. One mechanism that regulates these events involves phosphoinositide turnover signaling, which generates a lipid second messenger, diacylglycerol (DG). Since DG acts as a potent activator of several signaling molecules, it should be tightly regulated to keep cellular responsiveness within a physiological range. DG kinase (DGK) metabolizes DG by phosphorylating it to generate phosphatidic acid, thus serving as a critical regulator of DG signaling. Phosphoinositide turnover is employed differentially in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. A member of the DGK family, DGKζ, localizes to the nucleus in various cell types and is considered to regulate nuclear DG signaling. Recent studies have provided evidence that DGKζ shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in neurons under pathophysiological conditions. Transport of a signal regulator between the nucleus and the cytoplasm should be a critical function for maintaining basic processes in the nucleus, such as cell cycle regulation and gene expression, and to ensure communication between nuclear processes and cytoplasmic functions. In this review, a series of studies on nucleocytoplasmic translocation of DGKζ have been summarized, and the functional implications of this phenomenon in postmitotic neurons and cancer cells under stress conditions are discussed.
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Sato S, Hozumi Y, Saino-Saito S, Yamashita H, Goto K. Enzymatic activity and gene expression of diacylglycerol kinase isozymes in developing retina of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:329-36. [PMID: 22033302 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.32.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors contain highly specialized structures for phototransduction, which is mediated by rhodopsins and heterotrimeric G-proteins. The signal is transmitted through the cGMP cascade, which controls cGMP-gated cation channels in mammals, while in flies it is operated by phosphoinositide (PI) cascade through a second messenger diacylglycerol (DG), which engenders the opening of Ca2+ channels. Recent studies suggest that PI-related signaling cascade is also involved in the phototransduction in mammalian retina. This study examined whether one PI-related enzyme, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), which is regarded as a regulator of the DG signal through its metabolism, is expressed in mammalian retina. Enzymatic assay, Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses, and in situ hybridization histochemistry were performed to assess the expression profile of DGK isozymes and their cellular localization. In rat retina DGKε, DGKζ, and DGKι are the dominant species with distinct patterns of expression. At the cellular level, DGKε is the only one detected intensely in the photoreceptor layer, although DGKι and DGKζ are observed in bipolar and ganglion cell layers. These results suggest that each DGK isozyme plays a different role in the signal transduction in distinct cell types and that DGKε is a candidate involved in the photoreceptor PI signaling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Okada M, Hozumi Y, Ichimura T, Tanaka T, Hasegawa H, Yamamoto M, Takahashi N, Iseki K, Yagisawa H, Shinkawa T, Isobe T, Goto K. Interaction of nucleosome assembly proteins abolishes nuclear localization of DGKζ by attenuating its association with importins. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2853-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Liang T, Kimpel MW, McClintick JN, Skillman AR, McCall K, Edenberg HJ, Carr LG. Candidate genes for alcohol preference identified by expression profiling in alcohol-preferring and -nonpreferring reciprocal congenic rats. Genome Biol 2010; 11:R11. [PMID: 20128895 PMCID: PMC2872871 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-2-r11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats differ greatly in alcohol preference, in part due to a highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 4. Alcohol consumption scores of reciprocal chromosome 4 congenic strains NP.P and P.NP correlated with the introgressed interval. The goal of this study was to identify candidate genes that may influence alcohol consumption by comparing gene expression in five brain regions of alcohol-naïve inbred alcohol-preferring and P.NP congenic rats: amygdala, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, caudate putamen, and frontal cortex. RESULTS Within the QTL region, 104 cis-regulated probe sets were differentially expressed in more than one region, and an additional 53 were differentially expressed in a single region. Fewer trans-regulated probe sets were detected, and most differed in only one region. Analysis of the average expression values across the 5 brain regions yielded 141 differentially expressed cis-regulated probe sets and 206 trans-regulated probe sets. Comparing the present results from inbred alcohol-preferring vs. congenic P.NP rats to earlier results from the reciprocal congenic NP.P vs. inbred alcohol-nonpreferring rats demonstrated that 74 cis-regulated probe sets were differentially expressed in the same direction and with a consistent magnitude of difference in at least one brain region. CONCLUSIONS Cis-regulated candidate genes for alcohol consumption that lie within the chromosome 4 QTL were identified and confirmed by consistent results in two independent experiments with reciprocal congenic rats. These genes are strong candidates for affecting alcohol preference in the inbred alcohol-preferring and inbred alcohol-nonpreferring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiebing Liang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, IB424G, 975 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Hasegawa H, Nakano T, Hozumi Y, Takagi M, Ogino T, Okada M, Iseki K, Kondo H, Watanabe M, Martelli AM, Goto K. Diacylglycerol kinase zeta is associated with chromatin, but dissociates from condensed chromatin during mitotic phase in NIH3T3 cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:756-65. [PMID: 18680142 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) converts diacylglycerol (DG) to phosphatidic acid, both of which act as second messengers to mediate a variety of cellular mechanisms. Therefore, DGK contributes to the regulation of these messengers in cellular signal transduction. Of DGK isozymes cloned, DGKzeta is characterized by a nuclear localization signal that overlaps with a sequence similar to the myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate. Previous studies showed that nuclear DG is differentially regulated from plasma membrane DG and that the nuclear DG levels fluctuate in correlation with cell cycle progression, suggesting the importance of nuclear DG in cell cycle control. In this connection, DGKzeta has been shown to localize to the nucleus in fully differentiated cells, such as neurons and lung cells, although it remains elusive how DGK behaves during the cell cycle in proliferating cells. Here we demonstrate that DGKzeta localizes to the nucleus during interphase including G1, S, and G2 phases and is associated with chromatin although it dissociates from condensed chromatin during mitotic phase in NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, this localization pattern is also observed in proliferating spermatogonia in the testis. These results suggest a reversible association of DGKzeta with histone or its related proteins in cell cycle, plausibly dependent on their post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Goto K, Hozumi Y, Nakano T, Saino-Saito S, Martelli AM. Lipid Messenger, Diacylglycerol, and its Regulator, Diacylglycerol Kinase, in Cells, Organs, and Animals: History and Perspective. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2008; 214:199-212. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.214.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine
| | - Yasukazu Hozumi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine
| | - Tomoyuki Nakano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine
| | - Sachiko Saino-Saito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine
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Goto K, Hozumi Y, Nakano T, Saino SS, Kondo H. Cell Biology and Pathophysiology of the Diacylglycerol Kinase Family: Morphological Aspects in Tissues and Organs. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 264:25-63. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)64002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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