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Wakimoto Y, Miura Y, Inoue S, Nomura M, Moriyama H. Effects of different combinations of mechanical loading intensity, duration, and frequency on the articular cartilage in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:862. [PMID: 39073659 PMCID: PMC11286701 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how healthy articular cartilage responds to mechanical loading is critical. Moderate mechanical loading has positive effects on the cartilage, such as maintaining cartilage homeostasis. The degree of mechanical loading is determined by a combination of intensity, frequency, and duration; however, the best combination of these parameters for knee cartilage remains unclear. This study aimed to determine which combination of intensity, frequency, and duration provides the best mechanical loading on healthy knee articular cartilage in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, 33 male mice were used. Chondrocytes isolated from mouse knee joints were subjected to different cyclic tensile strains (CTSs) and assessed by measuring the expression of cartilage matrix-related genes. Furthermore, the histological characteristics of mouse tibial cartilages were quantified using different treadmill exercises. Chondrocytes and mice were divided into the control group and eight intervention groups: high-intensity, high-frequency, and long-duration; high-intensity, high-frequency, and short-duration; high-intensity, low-frequency, and long-duration; high-intensity, low-frequency, and short-duration; low-intensity, high-frequency, and long-duration; low-intensity, high-frequency, and short-duration; low-intensity, low-frequency, and long-duration; low-intensity, low-frequency, and short-duration. In low-intensity CTSs, chondrocytes showed anabolic responses by altering the mRNA expression of COL2A1 in short durations and SOX9 in long durations. Furthermore, low-intensity, low-frequency, and long-duration treadmill exercises minimized chondrocyte hypertrophy and enhanced aggrecan synthesis in tibial cartilages. CONCLUSION Low-intensity, low-frequency, and long-duration mechanical loading is the best combination for healthy knee cartilage to maintain homeostasis and activate anabolic responses. Our findings provide a significant scientific basis for exercise and lifestyle instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Wakimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, 654-0142, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Miura
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, 654-0142, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shota Inoue
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, 654-0142, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masato Nomura
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, 654-0142, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Moriyama
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, 654-0142, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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von Mentzer U, Corciulo C, Stubelius A. Biomaterial Integration in the Joint: Pathological Considerations, Immunomodulation, and the Extracellular Matrix. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200037. [PMID: 35420256 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Defects of articular joints are becoming an increasing societal burden due to a persistent increase in obesity and aging. For some patients suffering from cartilage erosion, joint replacement is the final option to regain proper motion and limit pain. Extensive research has been undertaken to identify novel strategies enabling earlier intervention to promote regeneration and cartilage healing. With the introduction of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), researchers have tapped into the potential for increased tissue regeneration by designing biomaterials with inherent biochemical and immunomodulatory signals. Compared to conventional and synthetic materials, dECM-based materials invoke a reduced foreign body response. It is therefore highly beneficial to understand the interplay of how these native tissue-based materials initiate a favorable remodeling process by the immune system. Yet, such an understanding also demands increasing considerations of the pathological environment and remodeling processes, especially for materials designed for early disease intervention. This knowledge would avoid rejection and help predict complications in conditions with inflammatory components such as arthritides. This review outlines general issues facing biomaterial integration and emphasizes the importance of tissue-derived macromolecular components in regulating essential homeostatic, immunological, and pathological processes to increase biomaterial integration for patients suffering from joint degenerative diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ula von Mentzer
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Stubelius
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
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3
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Sauerland K, Wolf A, Schudok M, Steinmeyer J. A novel model of a biomechanically induced osteoarthritis-like cartilage for pharmacological in vitro studies. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:11221-11231. [PMID: 34766430 PMCID: PMC8650028 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive pressure or overload induces and aggravates osteoarthritic changes in articular cartilage, but the underlying biomechanical forces are largely ignored in existing pharmacological in vitro models that are used to investigate drugs against osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we introduce a novel in vitro model to perform pathophysiological and pharmacological investigations, in which cartilage explants are subjected to intermittent cyclic pressure, and characterize its ability to mimic OA‐like tissue reactivity. Mechanical loading time‐dependently increased the biosynthesis, content and retention of fibronectin (Fn), whereas collagen metabolism remained unchanged. This protocol upregulated the production and release of proteoglycans (PGs). The release of PGs from explants was significantly inhibited by a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of such proteinases in the destruction of the model tissue, similar to what is observed in human OA cartilage. In conclusion, the metabolic alterations in our new biomechanical in vitro model are similar to those of early human OA cartilage, and our pharmacological prevalidation with an MMP‐inhibitor supports its value for further in vitro drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sauerland
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amela Wolf
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manfred Schudok
- R&D, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschand GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juergen Steinmeyer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Laboratory for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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4
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Otoo B, Li L, Hart DA, Herzog W. Development of a Porcine Model to Assess the Effect of In-Situ Knee Joint Loading On Site-Specific Cartilage Gene Expression. J Biomech Eng 2021; 144:1115048. [PMID: 34318319 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic mechanical loading of cartilage induces stresses and fluid flow which are thought to modulate chondrocyte metabolism. The uneven surface, plus the heterogeneity of cartilage within a joint, makes stress and fluid pressure distribution in the tissue non-uniform, and gene expression may vary at different sites as a function of load magnitude, frequency and time. In previous studies, cartilage explants were used for loading tests to investigate biological responses of the cartilage to mechanical loading. In contrast, we used loading tests on intact knee joints, to better reflect the loading conditions in a joint, and thus provide a more physiologically relevant mechanical environment. Gene expression levels in loaded samples for a selection of relevant genes were compared with those of the corresponding unloaded control samples to characterize potential differences. Furthermore, the effect of load magnitude and duration on gene expression levels were investigated. We observed differences in gene expression levels between samples from different sites in the same joint and between corresponding samples from the same site in loaded and unloaded joints. Consistent with previous findings, our results indicate that there is a critical upper and lower threshold of loading for triggering the expression of certain genes. Variations in gene expression levels may reflect the effect of local loading, topography and structure of the cartilage in an intact joint on the metabolic activity of the associated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baaba Otoo
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - LePing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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5
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Choi JR, Yong KW, Choi JY. Effects of mechanical loading on human mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1913-1928. [PMID: 28542924 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Today, articular cartilage damage is a major health problem, affecting people of all ages. The existing conventional articular cartilage repair techniques, such as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), microfracture, and mosaicplasty, have many shortcomings which negatively affect their clinical outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to develop an alternative and efficient articular repair technique that can address those shortcomings. Cartilage tissue engineering, which aims to create a tissue-engineered cartilage derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), shows great promise for improving articular cartilage defect therapy. However, the use of tissue-engineered cartilage for the clinical therapy of articular cartilage defect still remains challenging. Despite the importance of mechanical loading to create a functional cartilage has been well demonstrated, the specific type of mechanical loading and its optimal loading regime is still under investigation. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the effects of mechanical loading on human MSCs. First, the existing conventional articular repair techniques and their shortcomings are highlighted. The important parameters for the evaluation of the tissue-engineered cartilage, including chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation of human MSCs are briefly discussed. The influence of mechanical loading on human MSCs is subsequently reviewed and the possible mechanotransduction signaling is highlighted. The development of non-hypertrophic chondrogenesis in response to the changing mechanical microenvironment will aid in the establishment of a tissue-engineered cartilage for efficient articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ru Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,UBC Engineering Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kar Wey Yong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jean Yu Choi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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6
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Bar Oz M, Kumar A, Elayyan J, Reich E, Binyamin M, Kandel L, Liebergall M, Steinmeyer J, Lefebvre V, Dvir‐Ginzberg M. Acetylation reduces SOX9 nuclear entry and ACAN gene transactivation in human chondrocytes. Aging Cell 2016; 15:499-508. [PMID: 26910618 PMCID: PMC4854920 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the content of aggrecan, an essential proteoglycan of articular cartilage, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent age-related, degenerative joint disease. Here, we examined the effect of SOX9 acetylation on ACAN transactivation in the context of osteoarthritis. Primary chondrocytes freshly isolated from degenerated OA cartilage displayed lower levels of ACAN mRNA and higher levels of acetylated SOX9 compared with cells from intact regions of OA cartilage. Degenerated OA cartilage presented chondrocyte clusters bearing diffused immunostaining for SOX9 compared with intact cartilage regions. Primary human chondrocytes freshly isolated from OA knee joints were cultured in monolayer or in three-dimensional alginate microbeads (3D). SOX9 was hypo-acetylated in 3D cultures and displayed enhanced binding to a -10 kb ACAN enhancer, a result consistent with higher ACAN mRNA levels than in monolayer cultures. It also co-immunoprecipitated with SIRT1, a major deacetylase responsible for SOX9 deacetylation. Finally, immunofluorescence assays revealed increased nuclear localization of SOX9 in primary chondrocytes treated with the NAD SIRT1 cofactor, than in cells treated with a SIRT1 inhibitor. Inhibition of importin β by importazole maintained SOX9 in the cytoplasm, even in the presence of NAD. Based on these data, we conclude that deacetylation promotes SOX9 nuclear translocation and hence its ability to activate ACAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bar Oz
- Laboratory of Cartilage BiologyInstitute of Dental SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Laboratory of Cartilage BiologyInstitute of Dental SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Jinan Elayyan
- Laboratory of Cartilage BiologyInstitute of Dental SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Eli Reich
- Laboratory of Cartilage BiologyInstitute of Dental SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Milana Binyamin
- Laboratory of Cartilage BiologyInstitute of Dental SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Leonid Kandel
- Joint Replacement and Reconstructive Surgery UnitOrthopaedic Surgery ComplexHadassah Mount Scopus HospitalJerusalemIsrael
| | - Meir Liebergall
- Joint Replacement and Reconstructive Surgery UnitOrthopaedic Surgery ComplexHadassah Mount Scopus HospitalJerusalemIsrael
| | - Juergen Steinmeyer
- Laboratory for Experimental OrthopaedicsDepartment of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity Hospital Giessen & Marburg GmbHGießenGermany
| | | | - Mona Dvir‐Ginzberg
- Laboratory of Cartilage BiologyInstitute of Dental SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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7
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Qin J, Chow SKH, Guo A, Wong WN, Leung KS, Cheung WH. Low magnitude high frequency vibration accelerated cartilage degeneration but improved epiphyseal bone formation in anterior cruciate ligament transect induced osteoarthritis rat model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1061-7. [PMID: 24852700 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV) on degenerated articular cartilage and subchondral bone in anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model. METHODS 6 months old female Sprague-Dawley rats received ACLT on right knee and randomly divided into treatment and control groups. OA developed 12 weeks after surgery. LMHFV (35 Hz, 0.3 g) treatment was given 20 min/day and 5 days/week. After 6, 12 and 18 weeks, six rats of each group were sacrificed at each time point and the right knees were harvested. OA grading score, distal femur cartilage volume (CV), subchondral bone morphology, elastic modulus of cartilage and functional changes between groups were analyzed. RESULTS Increased cartilage degradation (higher OA grading score) and worse functional results (lower duty cycle, regular index and higher limb idleness index) were observed after LMHFV treatment (P = 0.011, 0.020, 0.012 and 0.005, respectively). CV increased after LMHFV treatment (P = 0.019). Subchondral bone density increased with OA progress (P < 0.01). Increased BV/TV, Tb.N and decreased Tb.Sp were observed in distal femur epiphysis in LMHFV treatment group (P = 0.006, 0.018 and 0.011, respectively). CONCLUSION LMHFV accelerated cartilage degeneration and caused further functional deterioration of OA affected limb in ACLT-induced OA rat model. In contrast, LMHFV promoted bone formation in OA affected distal femur epiphysis, but did not reverse OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - S K-H Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - A Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - W-N Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - K-S Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - W-H Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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8
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Schadow S, Siebert HC, Lochnit G, Kordelle J, Rickert M, Steinmeyer J. Collagen metabolism of human osteoarthritic articular cartilage as modulated by bovine collagen hydrolysates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53955. [PMID: 23342047 PMCID: PMC3546930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Destruction of articular cartilage is a characteristic feature of osteoarthritis (OA). Collagen hydrolysates are mixtures of collagen peptides and have gained huge public attention as nutriceuticals used for prophylaxis of OA. Here, we evaluated for the first time whether different bovine collagen hydrolysate preparations indeed modulate the metabolism of collagen and proteoglycans from human OA cartilage explants and determined the chemical composition of oligopeptides representing collagen fragments. Using biophysical techniques, like MALDI-TOF-MS, AFM, and NMR, the molecular weight distribution and aggregation behavior of collagen hydrolysates from bovine origin (CH-Alpha®, Peptan™ B 5000, Peptan™ B 2000) were determined. To investigate the metabolism of human femoral OA cartilage, explants were obtained during knee replacement surgery. Collagen synthesis of explants as modulated by 0–10 mg/ml collagen hydrolysates was determined using a novel dual radiolabeling procedure. Proteoglycans, NO, PGE2, MMP-1, -3, -13, TIMP-1, collagen type II, and cell viability were determined in explant cultures. Groups of data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Friedman test (n = 5–12). The significance was set to p≤0.05. We found that collagen hydrolysates obtained from different sources varied with respect to the width of molecular weight distribution, average molecular weight, and aggregation behavior. None of the collagen hydrolysates tested stimulated the biosynthesis of collagen. Peptan™ B 5000 elevated NO and PGE2 levels significantly but had no effect on collagen or proteoglycan loss. All collagen hydrolysates tested proved not to be cytotoxic. Together, our data demonstrate for the first time that various collagen hydrolysates differ with respect to their chemical composition of collagen fragments as well as by their pharmacological efficacy on human chondrocytes. Our study underscores the importance that each collagen hydrolysate preparation should first demonstrate its pharmacological potential both in vitro and in vivo before being used for both regenerative medicine and prophylaxis of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Schadow
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Günter Lochnit
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Kordelle
- Agaplesion Evangelical Hospital Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Rickert
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Steinmeyer
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Pingguan-Murphy B, Nawi I. Upregulation of matrix synthesis in chondrocyte-seeded agarose following sustained bi-axial cyclic loading. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:939-44. [PMID: 22948463 PMCID: PMC3416901 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(08)14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The promotion of extracellular matrix synthesis by chondrocytes is a requisite part of an effective cartilage tissue engineering strategy. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of bi-axial cyclic mechanical loading on cell proliferation and the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by chondrocytes in three-dimensional cultures. METHOD A strain comprising 10% direct compression and 1% compressive shear was applied to bovine chondrocytes seeded in an agarose gel during two 12-hour conditioning periods separated by a 12-hour resting period. RESULTS The bi-axial-loaded chondrocytes demonstrated a significant increase in glycosaminoglycan synthesis compared with samples exposed to uni-axial or no loading over the same period (p<0.05). The use of a free-swelling recovery period prior to the loading regime resulted in additional glycosaminoglycan production and a significant increase in DNA content (p<0.05), indicating cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the use of a bi-axial loading regime results in increased matrix production compared with uni-axial loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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10
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Ren K, Ma Y, Huang Y, Liang W, Liu F, Wang Q, Cui W, Liu Z, Yin G, Fan W. Periodic mechanical stress activates MEK1/2-ERK1/2 mitogenic signals in rat chondrocytes through Src and PLCγ1. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:1231-42. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yimin Ma
- Nanjing Medical University, China
| | | | | | - Feng Liu
- Nanjing Medical University, China
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11
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Moo EK, Osman NAA, Pingguan-Murphy B. The metabolic dynamics of cartilage explants over a long-term culture period. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1431-6. [PMID: 21915496 PMCID: PMC3161224 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000800021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although previous studies have been performed on cartilage explant cultures, the generalized dynamics of cartilage metabolism after extraction from the host are still poorly understood due to differences in the experimental setups across studies, which in turn prevent building a complete picture. METHODS In this study, we investigated the response of cartilage to the trauma sustained during extraction and determined the time needed for the cartilage to stabilize. Explants were extracted aseptically from bovine metacarpal-phalangeal joints and cultured for up to 17 days. RESULTS The cell viability, cell number, proteoglycan content, and collagen content of the harvested explants were analyzed at 0, 2, 10, and 17 days after explantation. A high percentage of the cartilage explants were found to be viable. The cell density initially increased significantly but stabilized after two days. The proteoglycan content decreased gradually over time, but it did not decrease to a significant level due to leakage through the distorted peripheral collagen network and into the bathing medium. The collagen content remained stable for most of the culture period until it dropped abruptly on day 17. CONCLUSION Overall, the tested cartilage explants were sustainable over long-term culture. They were most stable from day 2 to day 10. The degradation of the collagen on day 17 did not reach diseased levels, but it indicated the potential of the cultures to develop into degenerated cartilage. These findings have implications for the application of cartilage explants in pathophysiological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Moo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Nong L, Yin G, Ren K, Tang J, Fan W. Periodic mechanical stress enhances rat chondrocyte area expansion and migration through Src-PLCγ1-ERK1/2 signaling. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:705-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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13
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Qu MJ, Liu B, Qi YX, Jiang ZL. Role of Rac and Rho-GDI alpha in the frequency-dependent expression of h1-calponin in vascular smooth muscle cells under cyclic mechanical strain. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36:1481-8. [PMID: 18566890 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenotype transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has been reported to be directly influenced by the frequency of mechanical strain. This study explored the effects of different frequencies of mechanical strain on expression of phenotype marker h1-calponin and the possible mechanism. VSMCs were subjected to cyclic strains of 10% elongation at 1 and 2 Hz for 24 h by using a Flexercell strain unit. The protein expression of h1-calponin was assessed by Western blotting and the possible protein kinases involved were evaluated by their specific inhibitor or targeted siRNA 'knock-down.' The results showed that cyclic strains modulated the expressions of h1-calponin, phospho-p38, Rac and Rho-guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor alpha (Rho-GDI alpha) in nonlinear frequency-dependent manners. This nonlinear frequency-dependent change of h1-calponin expression could be blocked by a specific p38 inhibitor, SB202190. The changed expression of phospho-p38 induced by the frequencies of cyclic strain was reversed by targeted siRNA 'knock-down' of Rac, while enhanced by targeted siRNA 'knock-down' of Rho-GDI alpha. These results suggest that the frequency-dependent expression of h1-calponin under cyclic strain is mediated at least partly by the regulation of Rac and Rho-GDI alpha expression on the activation of p38 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Juan Qu
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P.O. Box 888, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang, Shanghai, 200240, China
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14
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Iscru DF, Anghelina M, Agarwal S, Agarwal G. Changes in surface topologies of chondrocytes subjected to mechanical forces: an AFM analysis. J Struct Biol 2008; 162:397-403. [PMID: 18406170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cartilage is composed of chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen fibrils interspersed within a network of proteoglycans and is constantly exposed to biomechanical forces during normal joint movement. Characterization of the surface morphology, cytoskeletal structure, adherance and elastic properties of these mechanosensitive cells are crucial in understanding the effects of mechanical forces around a cell and how a cell responds to changes in its physical environment. In this work, we employed the atomic force microscope (AFM) to image cultured chondrocytes before and after subjecting them to mechanical forces in the presence or absence of interleukin-1beta to mimic inflammatory conditions. Nanoscale imaging and quantitative measurements from AFM data revealed that there are distinct changes in cell-surface topology and cytoskeleton arrangement in the cells following treatment with mechanical forces, IL-1beta or both. Our findings for the first time demonstrate that cultured chondrocytes are amenable to high-resolution AFM imaging and dynamic tensile forces may help overcome the effect of inflammatory factors on chondrocyte response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Iscru
- AFM Core Facility at the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W., 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Sauerland K, Steinmeyer J. Intermittent mechanical loading of articular cartilage explants modulates chondroitin sulfate fine structure. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:1403-9. [PMID: 17574451 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations in the sulfation pattern of chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains of proteoglycans have been associated with aging and degeneration of articular cartilage. The purpose of the present study was to investigate systematically the effect of load amplitudes, frequencies and load durations of intermittently applied mechanical pressure on the sulfation of CS chains of cultured bovine articular cartilage explants. METHODS Using a sinusoidal waveform of 0.5 Hz frequency, cyclic compressive pressure of 0.1-1.0 MPa was applied for 10s followed by a period of unloading lasting 10-1000 s. These intermittent loading protocols were repeated for a total duration of 1-6 days. Newly synthesized as well as endogenous CS chains were isolated, depolymerized and subsequently quantitated after fractionation by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. RESULTS Increasing the mechanical demands on cartilage explants by elevating either the duration or the frequency of loading can significantly alter the fine structure of newly synthesized CS in that less chains terminate on galNAc4,6S and, in that simultaneously the ratio of the internal disaccharides DeltaDi6S to DeltaDi4S is increased. Similar results were obtained with explants being slightly mechanically challenged by low magnitudes of loads. CONCLUSION Our data show for the first time that intermittent loading of articular cartilage explants can significantly alter the sulfation pattern of the terminal CS residues as well as of the internal disaccharides. Furthermore, our results indicate that explants possess a physiological window of stress in which they are able to produce also a normal extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sauerland
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Clinics Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Paul-Meimberg-Strasse 3, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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