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Santini S, Schenkelaars Q, Jourda C, Duchesne M, Belahbib H, Rocher C, Selva M, Riesgo A, Vervoort M, Leys SP, Kodjabachian L, Le Bivic A, Borchiellini C, Claverie JM, Renard E. The compact genome of the sponge Oopsacas minuta (Hexactinellida) is lacking key metazoan core genes. BMC Biol 2023; 21:139. [PMID: 37337252 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explaining the emergence of the hallmarks of bilaterians is a central focus of evolutionary developmental biology-evodevo-and evolutionary genomics. For this purpose, we must both expand and also refine our knowledge of non-bilaterian genomes, especially by studying early branching animals, in particular those in the metazoan phylum Porifera. RESULTS We present a comprehensive analysis of the first whole genome of a glass sponge, Oopsacas minuta, a member of the Hexactinellida. Studying this class of sponge is evolutionary relevant because it differs from the three other Porifera classes in terms of development, tissue organization, ecology, and physiology. Although O. minuta does not exhibit drastic body simplifications, its genome is among the smallest of animal genomes sequenced so far, and surprisingly lacks several metazoan core genes (including Wnt and several key transcription factors). Our study also provides the complete genome of a symbiotic Archaea dominating the associated microbial community: a new Thaumarchaeota species. CONCLUSIONS The genome of the glass sponge O. minuta differs from all other available sponge genomes by its compactness and smaller number of encoded proteins. The unexpected loss of numerous genes previously considered ancestral and pivotal for metazoan morphogenetic processes most likely reflects the peculiar syncytial tissue organization in this group. Our work further documents the importance of convergence during animal evolution, with multiple convergent evolution of septate-like junctions, electrical-signaling and multiciliated cells in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Santini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, IMM, IM2B, IOM, Marseille, France
| | - Quentin Schenkelaars
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Jourda
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, IMM, IM2B, IOM, Marseille, France
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, La Réunion, France
| | - Marc Duchesne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Hassiba Belahbib
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, IMM, IM2B, IOM, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Rocher
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Marjorie Selva
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Michel Vervoort
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France.
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France.
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Pisera A, Łukowiak M, Masse S, Tabachnick K, Fromont J, Ehrlich H, Bertolino M. Insights into the structure and morphogenesis of the giant basal spicule of the glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni. Front Zool 2021; 18:58. [PMID: 34749755 PMCID: PMC8576975 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A basal spicule of the hexactinellid sponge Monorhaphis chuni may reach up to 3 m in length and 10 mm in diameter, an extreme case of large spicule size. Generally, sponge spicules are of scales from micrometers to centimeters. Due to its large size many researchers have described its structure and properties and have proposed it as a model of hexactinellid spicule development. Thorough examination of new material of this basal spicule has revealed numerous inconsistencies between our observations and earlier descriptions. In this work, we present the results of detailed examinations with transmitted light and epifluorescence microscopy, SEM, solid state NMR analysis, FTIR and X-ray analysis and staining of Monorhaphis chuni basal spicules of different sizes, collected from a number of deep sea locations, to better understand its structure and function. RESULTS Three morphologically/structurally different silica layers i.e. plain glassy layer (PG), tuberculate layer (TL) and annular layer (AL), and an axial cylinder (AC) characterize adult spicules. Young, immature spicules display only plain glassy silica layers which dominate the spicule volume. All three layers i.e. PG, TL and AL can substitute for each other along the surface of the spicule, but equally they are superimposed in older parts of the spicules, with AL being the most external and occurring only in the lower part of the spicules and TL being intermediate between AL and PG. The TL, which is composed of several thinner layers, is formed by a progressive folding of its surface but its microstructure is the same as in the PG layer (glassy silica). The AL differs significantly from the PG and TL in being granular and porous in structure. The TL was found to display positive structures (tubercles), not depressions, as earlier suggested. The apparent perforated and non-perforated bands of the AL are an optical artefact. The new layer type that we called the Ripple Mark Layer (RML) was noted, as well as narrow spikes on the AL ridges, both structures not reported earlier. The interface of the TL and AL, where tubercles fit into depressions of the lower surface of the AL, represent tenon and mortise or dovetail joints, making the spicules more stiff/strong and thus less prone to breaking in the lower part. Early stages of the spicule growth are bidirectional, later growth is unidirectional toward the spicule apex. Growth in thickness proceeds by adding new layers. The spicules are composed of well condensed silica, but the outermost AL is characterized by slightly more condensed silica with less water than the rest. Organics permeating the silica are homogeneous and proteinaceous. The external organic net (most probably collagen) enveloping the basal spicule is a structural element that bounds the sponge body together with the spicule, rather than controlling tubercle formation. Growth of various layers may proceed simultaneously in different locations along the spicule and it is sclerosyncytium that controls formation of silica layers. The growth in spicule length is controlled by extension of the top of the axial filament that is not enclosed by silica and is not involved in further silica deposition. No structures that can be related to sclerocytes (as known in Demospongiae) in Monorhaphis were discovered during this study. CONCLUSIONS Our studies resulted in a new insight into the structure and growth of the basal Monorhaphis spicules that contradicts earlier results, and permitted us to propose a new model of this spicule's formation. Due to its unique structure, associated with its function, the basal spicule of Monorhaphis chuni cannot serve as a general model of growth for all hexactinellid spicules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Pisera
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Łukowiak
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylvie Masse
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Konstantin Tabachnick
- P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nakhimovski prospect, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jane Fromont
- Western Australian Museum, Locked bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA, 6986, Australia
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 309599, Freiberg, Germany.,Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614, Poznan, Poland.,A.R. Environmental Solutions, ICUBE-University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Marco Bertolino
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Della Terra Dell'Ambiente E Della Vita (DISTAV), Università Degli Studi Di Genova, Corso Europa, 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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Polymer-assisted shapeable synthesis of porous frameworks consisting of silica nanoparticles with mechanical property tuning. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Werner P, Blumtritt H, Natalio F. Organic crystal lattices in the axial filament of silica spicules of Demospongiae. J Struct Biol 2017; 198:186-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Sato K, Ozaki N, Nakanishi K, Sugahara Y, Oaki Y, Salinas C, Herrera S, Kisailus D, Imai H. Effects of nanostructured biosilica on rice plant mechanics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of biosilicas in rice plants originate from their nanostructures, which can be customized for their intended purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Noriaki Ozaki
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences
- Akita Prefectural University
- Akita 010-0195
- Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sugahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering
- Waseda University
- Tokyo 169-8555
- Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Christopher Salinas
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
- University of California at Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Steven Herrera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
- University of California at Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
- University of California at Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
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Hoshino T, Sato K, Oaki Y, Sugawara-Narutaki A, Shimizu K, Ozaki N, Imai H. Plant opal-mimetic bunching silica nanoparticles mediated by long-chain polyethyleneimine. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant opal-mimetic structures of bunching silica nanoparticles were produced through polymer-mediated polycondensation of hydrolyzed silicate species in a matrix of long-chain branched polyethyleneimine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hoshino
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Kanako Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Ayae Sugawara-Narutaki
- Department of Crystalline Materials Science
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shimizu
- Organization for Regional Industrial Academic Cooperation
- Tottori University
- Japan
- Japan Organization for Regional Industrial Academic Cooperation
- Tottori University
| | - Noriaki Ozaki
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences
- Akita Prefectural University
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama
- Japan
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Sato K, Yamauchi A, Ozaki N, Ishigure T, Oaki Y, Imai H. Optical properties of biosilicas in rice plants. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosilicas in rice plants control transmission of light for the promotion of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sato
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Noriaki Ozaki
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences
- Akita Prefectural University
- Akita 010-0195
- Japan
| | - Takaaki Ishigure
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Center for Material Design Science
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
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Glassin, a histidine-rich protein from the siliceous skeletal system of the marine sponge Euplectella, directs silica polycondensation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11449-54. [PMID: 26261346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506968112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexactinellids are a diverse group of predominantly deep sea sponges that synthesize elaborate fibrous skeletal systems of amorphous hydrated silica. As a representative example, members of the genus Euplectella have proved to be useful model systems for investigating structure-function relationships in these hierarchically ordered siliceous network-like composites. Despite recent advances in understanding the mechanistic origins of damage tolerance in these complex skeletal systems, the details of their synthesis have remained largely unexplored. Here, we describe a previously unidentified protein, named "glassin," the main constituent in the water-soluble fraction of the demineralized skeletal elements of Euplectella. When combined with silicic acid solutions, glassin rapidly accelerates silica polycondensation over a pH range of 6-8. Glassin is characterized by high histidine content, and cDNA sequence analysis reveals that glassin shares no significant similarity with any other known proteins. The deduced amino acid sequence reveals that glassin consists of two similar histidine-rich domains and a connecting domain. Each of the histidine-rich domains is composed of three segments: an amino-terminal histidine and aspartic acid-rich sequence, a proline-rich sequence in the middle, and a histidine and threonine-rich sequence at the carboxyl terminus. Histidine always forms HX or HHX repeats, in which most of X positions are occupied by glycine, aspartic acid, or threonine. Recombinant glassin reproduces the silica precipitation activity observed in the native proteins. The highly modular composition of glassin, composed of imidazole, acidic, and hydroxyl residues, favors silica polycondensation and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of skeletal formation in hexactinellid sponges.
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Liu B, Cao Y, Huang Z, Duan Y, Che S. Silica biomineralization via the self-assembly of helical biomolecules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:479-97. [PMID: 25339438 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The biomimetic synthesis of relevant silica materials using biological macromolecules as templates via silica biomineralization processes attract rapidly rising attention toward natural and artificial materials. Biomimetic synthesis studies are useful for improving the understanding of the formation mechanism of the hierarchical structures found in living organisms (such as diatoms and sponges) and for promoting significant developments in the biotechnology, nanotechnology and materials chemistry fields. Chirality is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and is an inherent feature of biomolecular components in organisms. Helical biomolecules, one of the most important types of chiral macromolecules, can self-assemble into multiple liquid-crystal structures and be used as biotemplates for silica biomineralization, which renders them particularly useful for fabricating complex silica materials under ambient conditions. Over the past two decades, many new silica materials with hierarchical structures and complex morphologies have been created using helical biomolecules. In this review, the developments in this field are described and the recent progress in silica biomineralization templating using several classes of helical biomolecules, including DNA, polypeptides, cellulose and rod-like viruses is summarized. Particular focus is placed on the formation mechanism of biomolecule-silica materials (BSMs) with hierarchical structures. Finally, current research challenges and future developments are discussed in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, State Key Laboratory of Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Arakaki A, Shimizu K, Oda M, Sakamoto T, Nishimura T, Kato T. Biomineralization-inspired synthesis of functional organic/inorganic hybrid materials: organic molecular control of self-organization of hybrids. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:974-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization-inspired synthesis of functional organic/inorganic hybrid materials. Molecularly controlled mechanisms of biomineralization and application of the processes towards future material synthesis are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Institute of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shimizu
- Organization for Regional Industrial Academic Cooperation
- Tottori University
- Tottori 680-8550
- Japan
| | - Mayumi Oda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Institute of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
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Biogenic Inorganic Polysilicates (Biosilica): Formation and Biomedical Applications. BIOMEDICAL INORGANIC POLYMERS 2013; 54:197-234. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41004-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Matsukizono H, Jin RH. High-temperature-resistant chiral silica generated on chiral crystalline templates at neutral pH and ambient conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5862-5. [PMID: 22539201 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Matsukizono
- Synthetic Chemistry Lab., Kawamura Institute of Chemical Research, 631 Sakado, Sakura, 285-0078 Japan
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13
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Matsukizono H, Jin RH. High-Temperature-Resistant Chiral Silica Generated on Chiral Crystalline Templates at Neutral pH and Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Andre R, Tahir MN, Natalio F, Tremel W. Bioinspired synthesis of multifunctional inorganic and bio-organic hybrid materials. FEBS J 2012; 279:1737-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Otzen D. The role of proteins in biosilicification. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:867562. [PMID: 24278750 PMCID: PMC3820600 DOI: 10.6064/2012/867562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of silicon dioxide (silica) as a constituent of living organisms is mainly restricted to diatoms and sponges, the ways in which this process is controlled by nature continue to inspire and fascinate. Both diatoms and sponges carry out biosilificiation using an organic matrix but they adopt very different strategies. Diatoms use small and heavily modified peptides called silaffins, where the most characteristic feature is a modulation of charge by attaching long chain polyamines (LCPAs) to lysine groups. Free LCPAs can also cooperate with silaffins. Sponges use the enzyme silicatein which is homologous to the cysteine protease cathepsin. Both classes of proteins form higher-order structures which act both as structural templates and mechanistic catalysts for the polycondensation reaction. In both cases, additional proteins are continuously being discovered which modulate the process further. This paper concentrates on the role of these proteins in the biosilification process as well as in various applications, highlighting areas where focus on specific protein properties may provide further insight. The field of biosilification is a crossroads of different disciplines, where insight into the energetics and mechanisms of molecular self-assembly combine with fundamental biology, complex multicomponent colloidal systems, and an impressive array of potential technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- *Daniel Otzen:
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Zlotnikov I, Drezner H, Shilo D, Aichmayer B, Dauphin Y, Zolotoyabko E, Fratzl P. Mapping Nanomechanical Properties near Internal Interfaces in Biological Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/opl.2011.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTModulus mapping using nanoDMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) is a recently developed technique based on a nanoindentation instrument equipped with an AFM-like piezoscanner and dynamic force modulation system. The surface properties, storage and loss moduli are quantified based on the Hertz model for the contact mechanics of the sample-tip configuration. In this approach, the applied load, topography features, and their size may have a pronounced effect on the obtained results. In order to demonstrate that, internal interfaces of deep sea sponge (Monorhaphis chuni), which comprises alternating layers of relatively thick (4 μm in average) biosilica and thin (60 nm) organic material, were characterized using the nanoDMA modulus mapping technique. Experimental data were analyzed in tight interrelation with finite element simulations. This combination allowed us to evaluate elastic modulus of a 60 nm wide organic layers in M. chuni.
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Wang X, Wiens M, Schröder HC, Jochum KP, Schlossmacher U, Götz H, Duschner H, Müller WEG. Circumferential spicule growth by pericellular silica deposition in the hexactinellid sponge Monorhaphis chuni. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:2047-56. [PMID: 21613521 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.056275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The giant basal spicule of the hexactinellid sponge Monorhaphis chuni represents the longest natural siliceous structure on Earth. This spicule is composed of concentrically arranged lamellae that are approximately 10 μm thick. In the present study, we investigated the formation of outer lamellae on a cellular level using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. It is shown that the formation of an outermost lamella begins with the association of cell clusters with the surface of the thickening and/or growing spicule. The cells release silica for controlled formation of a lamella. The pericellular (silica) material fuses to a delimited and textured layer of silica with depressions approximately 20-30 μm in diameter. The newly formed layer initially displays 40 μm wide, well-structured banded ribbons and only attains its plain surface in a final step. The chemical composition in the depressions was studied using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and by staining with Texas Red. The data suggest that those depressions are the nests for the silica-forming cells and that silica formation starts with a direct association of silica-forming cells with the outer surface of the spicule, where they remain and initiate the development of the next lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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The largest Bio-Silica Structure on Earth: The Giant Basal Spicule from the Deep-Sea Glass Sponge Monorhaphis chuni. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:540987. [PMID: 21941585 PMCID: PMC3166767 DOI: 10.1155/2011/540987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The depth of the ocean is plentifully populated with a highly diverse fauna and flora, from where the Challenger expedition (1873-1876) treasured up a rich collection of vitreous sponges [Hexactinellida]. They have been described by Schulze and represent the phylogenetically oldest class of siliceous sponges [phylum Porifera]; they are eye-catching because of their distinct body plan, which relies on a filigree skeleton. It is constructed by an array of morphologically determined elements, the spicules. Later, during the German Deep Sea Expedition "Valdivia" (1898-1899), Schulze could describe the largest siliceous hexactinellid sponge on Earth, the up to 3 m high Monorhaphis chuni, which develops the equally largest bio-silica structures, the giant basal spicules (3 m × 10 mm). With such spicules as a model, basic knowledge on the morphology, formation, and development of the skeletal elements could be elaborated. Spicules are formed by a proteinaceous scaffold which mediates the formation of siliceous lamellae in which the proteins are encased. Up to eight hundred 5 to 10 μm thick lamellae can be concentrically arranged around an axial canal. The silica matrix is composed of almost pure silicon and oxygen, providing it with unusual optophysical properties that are superior to those of man-made waveguides. Experiments indicated that the spicules function in vivo as a nonocular photoreception system. In addition, the spicules have exceptional mechanical properties, combining mechanical stability with strength and stiffness. Like demosponges the hexactinellids synthesize their silica enzymatically, via the enzyme silicatein. All these basic insights will surely contribute also to a further applied utilization and exploration of bio-silica in material/medical science.
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Molecular biomineralization: toward an understanding of the biogenic origin of polymetallic nodules, seamount crusts, and hydrothermal vents. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 52:77-110. [PMID: 21877264 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21230-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymetallic nodules and crusts, hydrothermal vents from the Deep Sea are economically interesting, since they contain alloying components, e.g., manganese or cobalt, that are used in the production of special steels; in addition, they contain rare metals applied for plasma screens, for magnets in hard disks, or in hybrid car motors. While hydrothermal vents can regenerate in weeks, polymetallic nodules and seamount crusts grow slowly. Even though the geochemical basis for the growth of the nodules and crusts has been well studied, the contribution of microorganisms to the formation of these minerals remained obscure. Recent HR-SEM (high-resolution scanning electron microscopy) analyses of nodules and crusts support their biogenic origin. Within the nodules, bacteria with surface S-layers are arranged on biofilm-like structures, around which Mn deposition starts. In crusts, coccoliths represent the dominant biologically formed structures that act as bio-seeds for an initial Mn deposition. In contrast, hydrothermal vents have apparently an abiogenic origin; however, their minerals are biogenically transformed by bacteria. In turn, strategies can now be developed for biotechnological enrichment as well as selective dissolution of metals from such concretions. We are convinced that the recent discoveries will considerably contribute to our understanding of the participation of organic matrices in the enrichment of those metals and will provide the basis for feasibility studies for biotechnological applications.
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Drozdov AL, Karpenko AA. Structural Arrangement and Properties of Spicules in Glass Sponges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5402/2011/535872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The morphology, chemical composition, and optical properties of long monoaxonic spicules were studied in several species of marine deep-sea hexactinellid sponges of different orders and families: Asconema setubalense (Hexasterophora, Lyssacinosida) and Monorhaphis chuni Schulze (Monorhaphiidae). Their macrostructural organization is a system of thin layers laid around the central cylinder containing a square canal filled with organic matter. A significant role in spicule organization is played by the organic matrix. The macrostructural of organization of the spicule in Monorhaphis chuni is a system of the “cylinder-within-a-cylinder” type. However the spicule surface is covered with ridges. They penetrate a few layers into the spicule. Analysis of the elemental composition of the basalia spicule of Monorhaphis chuni demonstrates a heterogeneous allocation of C, O, Si on the spicule surface, subsurface layers, and on ridges. All studied spicules have the properties of anisotropic crystals and they demonstrate a capability to the birefrigence. On the other hand we discovered unique property of spicules—their capacity for triboluminescence. The discovery of triboluminescence in composite organosilicon materials of which the spicules of hexactinellid sponges are built may contribute to the creation of biomimetic materials capable of generating light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy L. Drozdov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
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Voznesenskiy SS, Kul’chin YN, Galkina AN. Biomineralization: A natural mechanism of nanotechnologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078011010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The Unique Invention of the Siliceous Sponges: Their Enzymatically Made Bio-Silica Skeleton. MOLECULAR BIOMINERALIZATION 2011; 52:251-81. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21230-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
Early fossil sponges offer a direct window onto the evolutionary emergence of animals, but insights are limited by the paucity of characters preserved in the conventional fossil record. Here, a new preservational mode for sponge spicules is reported from the lower Cambrian Forteau Formation (Newfoundland, Canada), prompting a re-examination of proposed homologies and sponge inter-relationships. The spicules occur as wholly carbonaceous films, and are interpreted as the remains of robust organic spicule sheaths. Comparable sheaths are restricted among living taxa to calcarean sponges, although the symmetries of the fossil spicules are characteristic of hexactinellid sponges. A similar extinct character combination has been documented in the Burgess Shale fossil Eiffelia. Interpreting the shared characters as homologous implies complex patterns of spicule evolution, but an alternative interpretation as convergent autapomorphies is more parsimonious. In light of the mutually exclusive distributions of these same characters among the crown groups, this result suggests that sponges exhibited an early episode of disparity expansion followed by comparatively constrained evolution, a pattern shared with many other metazoans but obscured by the conventional fossil record of sponges.
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Influence of moisture on the mechanical behavior of a natural composite. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2181-8. [PMID: 20004259 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of moisture on the mechanical properties of the spicules of the sponge Euplectella aspergillum have been investigated. Determinations were made with the aid of a dynamic mechanical analyzer in both the static and dynamic modes, as well as imaging of the failed surfaces with scanning electron microscopy. For comparison purposes, melt-grown glass fibers of similar diameters were also studied in both distilled water and seawater. That exposure reduced both the stiffness and strength of the spicules. In addition, the energy required to achieve complete failure decreased in moist environments. The data for the wet spicules in both aqueous media showed decreasing values of energy dissipated until catastrophic failure compared to dry samples. The strength of wet glass decreased when compared with the dry condition, and the elastic modulus was also reduced. The most marked influence of moisture was seen in the damping effects in moist spicule samples that were nearly an order of magnitude larger than the damping of dry spicules. This effect was attributed mainly to plasticization of the thin organic layers.
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Müller WEG, Wang X, Sinha B, Wiens M, Schröder HC, Jochum KP. NanoSIMS: Insights into the Organization of the Proteinaceous Scaffold within Hexactinellid Sponge Spicules. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1077-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Armirotti A, Damonte G, Pozzolini M, Mussino F, Cerrano C, Salis A, Benatti U, Giovine M. Primary Structure and Post-Translational Modifications of Silicatein Beta from the Marine Sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Poiret, 1789). J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3995-4004. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900342y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Armirotti
- Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 7 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Viale Benedetto XV, 1 16132 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 7 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Viale Benedetto XV, 1 16132 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Pozzolini
- Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 7 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Viale Benedetto XV, 1 16132 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Mussino
- Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 7 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Viale Benedetto XV, 1 16132 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Cerrano
- Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 7 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Viale Benedetto XV, 1 16132 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 7 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Viale Benedetto XV, 1 16132 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Umberto Benatti
- Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 7 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Viale Benedetto XV, 1 16132 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Giovine
- Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genova, Italy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Viale Benedetto XV, 7 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Biochimica, Viale Benedetto XV, 1 16132 Genova, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Giant basal spicule from the deep-sea glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni: synthesis of the largest bio-silica structure on Earth by silicatein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11706-009-0044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang X, Schröder HC, Müller WEG. Giant siliceous spicules from the deep-sea glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 273:69-115. [PMID: 19215903 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Only 13 years after realizing, during a repair of a telegraph cable pulled out from the deep sea, that the depth of the ocean is plentifully populated with a highly diverse fauna and flora, the Challenger expedition (1873-1876) treasured up a rich collection of vitreous sponges (Hexactinellida). They had been described by Schulze and represent the phylogenetically oldest class of siliceous sponges (phylum Porifera); they are eye-catching because of their distinct body plan, which relies on a filigree skeleton. It is constructed by an array of morphologically determined elements, the spicules. Soon after, during the German Deep Sea Expedition "Valdivia" (1898-1899), Schulze could describe the largest siliceous hexactinellid sponge on Earth, the up to 3-m high Monorhaphis chuni, which develops the equally largest bio-silica structure, the giant basal spicules (3 mx10 mm). Using these spicules as a model, basic knowledge on the morphology, formation, and development of the skeletal elements could be achieved. They are formed by a proteinaceous scaffold (composed of a 27-kDa protein), which mediates the formation of the siliceous lamellae, into which the proteins are encased. The high number of 800 of 5-10 microm thick lamellae is concentrically arranged around the axial canal. The silica matrix is composed of almost pure silicon oxide, providing it with unusually optophysical properties, which are superior to those of man-made waveguides. Experiments might suggest that the spicules function in vivo as a nonocular photoreception system. In addition, the spicules have exceptional mechanical properties, combining mechanical stability with strength and stiffness. Like demosponges, also the hexactinellids synthesize their silica enzymatically, via the enzyme silicatein (27-kDa protein). It is suggested that these basic insights will surely contribute to a further applied utilization and exploration of silica in bio-material/biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, Beijing, China
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Sponge spicules as blueprints for the biofabrication of inorganic-organic composites and biomaterials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:397-413. [PMID: 19430775 PMCID: PMC2755733 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While most forms of multicellular life have developed a calcium-based skeleton, a few specialized organisms complement their body plan with silica. However, of all recent animals, only sponges (phylum Porifera) are able to polymerize silica enzymatically mediated in order to generate massive siliceous skeletal elements (spicules) during a unique reaction, at ambient temperature and pressure. During this biomineralization process (i.e., biosilicification) hydrated, amorphous silica is deposited within highly specialized sponge cells, ultimately resulting in structures that range in size from micrometers to meters. Spicules lend structural stability to the sponge body, deter predators, and transmit light similar to optic fibers. This peculiar phenomenon has been comprehensively studied in recent years and in several approaches, the molecular background was explored to create tools that might be employed for novel bioinspired biotechnological and biomedical applications. Thus, it was discovered that spiculogenesis is mediated by the enzyme silicatein and starts intracellularly. The resulting silica nanoparticles fuse and subsequently form concentric lamellar layers around a central protein filament, consisting of silicatein and the scaffold protein silintaphin-1. Once the growing spicule is extruded into the extracellular space, it obtains final size and shape. Again, this process is mediated by silicatein and silintaphin-1, in combination with other molecules such as galectin and collagen. The molecular toolbox generated so far allows the fabrication of novel micro- and nanostructured composites, contributing to the economical and sustainable synthesis of biomaterials with unique characteristics. In this context, first bioinspired approaches implement recombinant silicatein and silintaphin-1 for applications in the field of biomedicine (biosilica-mediated regeneration of tooth and bone defects) or micro-optics (in vitro synthesis of light waveguides) with promising results.
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Kulchin YN, Bezverbny AV, Bukin OA, Voznesensky SS, Galkina AN, Drozdov AL, Nagorny IG. Optical and nonlinear optical properties of sea glass sponge spicules. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 47:315-340. [PMID: 19198784 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-88552-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Originating in nature, the combination of spongin protein with silicon dioxide extracted from seawater by silicatein protein presents a natural nanocomposite material of unique optical and mechanical properties. Mechanically, it combines the elasticity of protein with the flexibility and durability of silica. The light propagation inside spicules of glass sponges is of substantial interest for developing novel elements for photonics applications. The glass sponge spicules have remarkable light guiding properties. Our experimental research on passing laser pulses through spicules of Hyalonema sieboldi and Pheronema sp. reveals a concentration of guided light in the paraxial region. The multi-layer cladding of glass sponge spicules produced by nature has an obvious analogy with some contemporary artificial microstructured optical fibers. Our researches have shown that the core diameter and cladding layers thickness of the spicules of H. sieboldi and Pheronema sp. glass sponges are appropriate for causing photonic bandgaps in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet wavelength regions. This enables singlemode waveguide and Bragg light propagation regimes in the spicules and provides exciting prospects of using them for the development of fundamentally new integrated optical elements based on peculiar waveguide properties of such structures, e.g., single-way waveguides (optical diodes) with increased mode field diameter and unique frequency and dispersion characteristics. Also, we have investigated the dynamics of propagation of intensive ultra-short pulses with durations T (0) < 40 fs through various patterns of spicules. Comparative analysis of the spectra of the output signals has shown that chromatic dispersion in spicules is considerably reduced, which can be explained by waveguide dispersion prevailing over material dispersion because of the multilayer structure of the cladding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu N Kulchin
- Institute for Automation and Control Processes of Far Eastern Branch of RAS, Radio Str. 5, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
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Silicatein: Nanobiotechnological and Biomedical Applications. BIOSILICA IN EVOLUTION, MORPHOGENESIS, AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 47:251-73. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-88552-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gower LB. Biomimetic model systems for investigating the amorphous precursor pathway and its role in biomineralization. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4551-627. [PMID: 19006398 PMCID: PMC3652400 DOI: 10.1021/cr800443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Gower
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 210A Rhines Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Dickerson MB, Sandhage KH, Naik RR. Protein- and Peptide-Directed Syntheses of Inorganic Materials. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4935-78. [PMID: 18973389 DOI: 10.1021/cr8002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Dickerson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433-7702; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245; and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Kenneth H. Sandhage
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433-7702; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245; and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
| | - Rajesh R. Naik
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433-7702; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245; and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
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Wang X, Boreiko A, Schlossmacher U, Brandt D, Schröder HC, Li J, Kaandorp JA, Götz H, Duschner H, Müller WEG. Axial growth of hexactinellid spicules: formation of cone-like structural units in the giant basal spicules of the hexactinellid Monorhaphis. J Struct Biol 2008; 164:270-80. [PMID: 18805491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni (Porifera: Hexactinellida) forms the largest bio-silica structures on Earth; their giant basal spicules reach sizes of up to 3m and diameters of 8.5mm. Previously, it had been shown that the thickness growth proceeds by appositional layering of individual lamellae; however, the mechanism for the longitudinal growth remained unstudied. Now we show, that the surface of the spicules have towards the tip serrated relief structures that are consistent in size and form with the protrusions on the surface of the spicules. These protrusions fit into the collagen net that surrounds the spicules. The widths of the individual lamellae do not show a pronounced size tendency. The apical elongation of the spicule proceeds by piling up cone-like structural units formed from silica. As a support of the assumption that in the extracellular space silicatein(-like) molecules exist that associate with the external surface of the respective spicule immunogold electron microscopic analyses were performed. With the primmorph system from Suberites domuncula we show that silicatein(-like) molecules assemble as string- and net-like arrangements around the spicules. At their tips the silicatein(-like) molecules are initially stacked and at a later stay also organized into net-like structures. Silicatein(-like) molecules have been extracted from the giant basal spicule of Monorhaphis. Applying the SDS-PAGE technique it could be shown that silicatein molecules associate to dimers and trimers. Higher complexes (filaments) are formed from silicatein(-like) molecules, as can be visualized by electron microscopy (SEM). In the presence of ortho-silicate these filaments become covered with 30-60nm long small rod-like/cuboid particles of silica. From these data we conclude that the apical elongation of the spicules of Monorhaphis proceeds by piling up cone-like silica structural units, whose synthesis is mediated by silicatein(-like) molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, CHN-100037 Beijing, PR China
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Silicatein expression in the hexactinellid Crateromorpha meyeri: the lead marker gene restricted to siliceous sponges. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 333:339-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Müller WEG, Boreiko A, Schlossmacher U, Wang X, Eckert C, Kropf K, Li J, Schröder HC. Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellid Monorhaphis chuni. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 211:300-9. [PMID: 18203984 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.008193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Silicateins, members of the cathepsin L family, are enzymes that have been shown to be involved in the biosynthesis/condensation of biosilica in spicules from Demospongiae (phylum Porifera), e.g. Tethya aurantium and Suberites domuncula. The class Hexactinellida also forms spicules from this inorganic material. This class of sponges includes species that form the largest biogenic silica structures on earth. The giant basal spicules from the hexactinellids Monorhaphis chuni and Monorhaphis intermedia can reach lengths of up to 3 m and diameters of 10 mm. The giant spicules as well as the tauactines consist of a biosilica shell that surrounds the axial canal, which harbours the axial filament, in regular concentric, lamellar layers, suggesting an appositional growth of the spicules. The lamellae contain 27 kDa proteins, which undergo post-translational modification (phosphorylation), while total spicule extracts contain additional 70 kDa proteins. The 27 kDa proteins cross-reacted with anti-silicatein antibodies. The extracts of spicules from the hexactinellid Monorhaphis displayed proteolytic activity like the silicateins from the demosponge S. domuncula. Since the proteolytic activity in spicule extracts from both classes of sponge could be sensitively inhibited by E-64 (a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor), we used a labelled E-64 sample as a probe to identify the protein that bound to this inhibitor on a blot. The experiments revealed that the labelled E-64 selectively recognized the 27 kDa protein. Our data strongly suggest that silicatein(-related) molecules are also present in Hexactinellida. These new results are considered to also be of impact for applied biotechnological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Schröder HC, Wang X, Tremel W, Ushijima H, Müller WEG. Biofabrication of biosilica-glass by living organisms. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:455-74. [DOI: 10.1039/b612515h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Müller WEG, Wang X, Kropf K, Ushijima H, Geurtsen W, Eckert C, Tahir MN, Tremel W, Boreiko A, Schlossmacher U, Li J, Schröder HC. Bioorganic/inorganic hybrid composition of sponge spicules: matrix of the giant spicules and of the comitalia of the deep sea hexactinellid Monorhaphis. J Struct Biol 2007; 161:188-203. [PMID: 18054502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The giant basal spicules of the siliceous sponges Monorhaphis chuni and Monorhaphis intermedia (Hexactinellida) represent the largest biosilica structures on earth (up to 3m long). Here we describe the construction (lamellar organization) of these spicules and of the comitalia and highlight their organic matrix in order to understand their mechanical properties. The spicules display three distinct regions built of biosilica: (i) the outer lamellar zone (radius: >300 microm), (ii) the bulky axial cylinder (radius: <75 microm), and (iii) the central axial canal (diameter: <2 microm) with its organic axial filament. The spicules are loosely covered with a collagen net which is regularly perforated by 7-10 microm large holes; the net can be silicified. The silica layers forming the lamellar zone are approximately 5 microm thick; the central axial cylinder appears to be composed of almost solid silica which becomes porous after etching with hydrofluoric acid (HF). Dissolution of a complete spicule discloses its complex structure with distinct lamellae in the outer zone (lamellar coating) and a more resistant central part (axial barrel). Rapidly after the release of the organic coating from the lamellar zone the protein layers disintegrate to form irregular clumps/aggregates. In contrast, the proteinaceous axial barrel, hidden in the siliceous axial cylinder, is set up by rope-like filaments. Biochemical analysis revealed that the (dominant) molecule of the lamellar coating is a 27-kDa protein which displays catalytic, proteolytic activity. High resolution electron microscopic analysis showed that this protein is arranged within the lamellae and stabilizes these surfaces by palisade-like pillars. The mechanical behavior of the spicules was analyzed by a 3-point bending assay, coupled with scanning electron microscopy. The load-extension curve of the spicule shows a biphasic breakage/cracking pattern. The outer lamellar zone cracks in several distinct steps showing high resistance in concert with comparably low elasticity, while the axial cylinder breaks with high elasticity and lower stiffness. The complex bioorganic/inorganic hybrid composition and structure of the Monorhaphis spicules might provide the blueprint for the synthesis of bio-inspired material, with unusual mechanical properties (strength, stiffness) without losing the exceptional properties of optical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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