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Long AM, Lee G, Demonbreun AR, McNally EM. Extracellular matrix contribution to disease progression and dysfunction in myopathy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1244-C1251. [PMID: 37746696 PMCID: PMC10855263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00182.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Myopathic processes affect skeletal muscle and heart. In the muscular dystrophies, which are a subset of myopathies, muscle cells are gradually replaced by fibrosis and fat, impairing muscle function as well as regeneration and repair. In addition to skeletal muscle, these genetic disorders often also affect the heart, where fibrofatty infiltration progressively accumulates in the myocardium, impairing heart function. Although considerable effort has focused on gene-corrective and gene-replacement approaches to stabilize myofibers and cardiomyocytes, the continual and ongoing deposition of extracellular matrix itself contributes to tissue and organ dysfunction. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling, along with high-resolution imaging and biophysical measurements, have been applied to define extracellular matrix components and their role in contributing to cardiac and skeletal muscle weakness. More recently, decellularization methods have been adapted to an on-slide format to preserve the spatial geography of the extracellular matrix, allowing new insight into matrix remodeling and its direct role in suppressing regeneration in muscle. This review highlights recent literature with focus on the extracellular matrix and molecular mechanisms that contribute to muscle and heart fibrotic disorders. We will also compare how the myopathic matrix differs from healthy matrix, emphasizing how the pathological matrix contributes to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee M Long
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - GaHyun Lee
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Alexis R Demonbreun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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2
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Characterisation of Progressive Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis in the Mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158735. [PMID: 35955872 PMCID: PMC9369129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare genetic disease leading to progressive muscle wasting, respiratory failure, and cardiomyopathy. Although muscle fibrosis represents a DMD hallmark, the organisation of the extracellular matrix and the molecular changes in its turnover are still not fully understood. To define the architectural changes over time in muscle fibrosis, we used an mdx mouse model of DMD and analysed collagen and glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans content in skeletal muscle sections at different time points during disease progression and in comparison with age-matched controls. Collagen significantly increased particularly in the diaphragm, quadriceps, and gastrocnemius in adult mdx, with fibrosis significantly correlating with muscle degeneration. We also analysed collagen turnover pathways underlying fibrosis development in cultured primary quadriceps-derived fibroblasts. Collagen secretion and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) remained unaffected in both young and adult mdx compared to wt fibroblasts, whereas collagen cross-linking and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) expression significantly increased. We conclude that, in the DMD model we used, fibrosis mostly affects diaphragm and quadriceps with a higher collagen cross-linking and inhibition of MMPs that contribute differently to progressive collagen accumulation during fibrotic remodelling. This study offers a comprehensive histological and molecular characterisation of DMD-associated muscle fibrosis; it may thus provide new targets for tailored therapeutic interventions.
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3
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Ohlendieck K, Swandulla D. Complexity of skeletal muscle degeneration: multi-systems pathophysiology and organ crosstalk in dystrophinopathy. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1813-1839. [PMID: 34553265 PMCID: PMC8599371 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a highly progressive muscle wasting disorder due to primary abnormalities in one of the largest genes in the human genome, the DMD gene, which encodes various tissue-specific isoforms of the protein dystrophin. Although dystrophinopathies are classified as primary neuromuscular disorders, the body-wide abnormalities that are associated with this disorder and the occurrence of organ crosstalk suggest that a multi-systems pathophysiological view should be taken for a better overall understanding of the complex aetiology of X-linked muscular dystrophy. This article reviews the molecular and cellular effects of deficiency in dystrophin isoforms in relation to voluntary striated muscles, the cardio-respiratory system, the kidney, the liver, the gastrointestinal tract, the nervous system and the immune system. Based on the establishment of comprehensive biomarker signatures of X-linked muscular dystrophy using large-scale screening of both patient specimens and genetic animal models, this article also discusses the potential usefulness of novel disease markers for more inclusive approaches to differential diagnosis, prognosis and therapy monitoring that also take into account multi-systems aspects of dystrophinopathy. Current therapeutic approaches to combat muscular dystrophy are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Co. Kildare, Maynooth, W23F2H6, Ireland.
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Maynooth, W23F2H6, Ireland.
| | - Dieter Swandulla
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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4
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Murphy AP, Greally E, O'Hogain D, Blamire A, Caravan P, Straub V. Use of EP3533-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Measure of Disease Progression in Skeletal Muscle of mdx Mice. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636719. [PMID: 34220666 PMCID: PMC8248789 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As putative treatments are developed for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), sensitive, non-invasive measures are increasingly important to quantify disease progression. Fibrosis is one of the histological hallmarks of muscular dystrophy and has been directly linked to prognosis. EP3533 is a novel contrast agent with an affinity to collagen 1 that has demonstrated a significant and high correlation to ex vivo fibrosis quantification. Halofuginone is an established anti-fibrotic compound shown to reduce collagen skeletal muscle fibrosis in murine models of DMD. This experiment explored whether EP3533 could be used to detect signal change in skeletal muscle of mdx mice before and after a 12 week course of halofuginone compared to controls. Four age-matched groups of treated and untreated mice were evaluated: 2 groups of mdx (n = 8 and n = 13, respectively), and 2 groups of BL10 mice (n = 5 and n = 3, respectively). Treated mice received an intraperitoneal injection with halofuginone three times per week for 12 weeks, with the remaining mice being given vehicle. Both mdx groups and the untreated BL10 were scanned at baseline, then all groups were scanned on week 13. All subjects were scanned using a 7T Varian scanner before and after administration of EP3533 using a T1 mapping technique. Mice underwent grip testing in week 13 prior to dissection. Skeletal muscle was used for Masson's trichrome quantification, hydroxyproline assay, and immunofluorescent antibody staining. Untreated mdx mice demonstrated a significant increase in R1 signal from pre- to post-treatment scan in three out of four muscles (gastrocnemius p = 0.04, hamstrings p = 0.009, and tibialis anterior p = 0.01), which was not seen in either the treated mdx or the BL10 groups. Histological quantification of fibrosis also demonstrated significantly higher levels in the untreated mdx mice with significant correlation seen between histology and EP3533 signal change. Forelimb weight adjusted-grip strength was significantly lower in the untreated mdx group, compared to the treated group. EP3533 can be used over time as an outcome measure to quantify treatment effect of an established anti-fibrotic drug. Further studies are needed to evaluate the use of this contrast agent in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Peter Murphy
- The Institute of Cancer and Genomics, Birmingham University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Greally
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dara O'Hogain
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Blamire
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Caravan
- Department of Radiology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Volker Straub
- The Institute of Cancer and Genomics, Birmingham University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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5
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Westman AM, Peirce SM, Christ GJ, Blemker SS. Agent-based model provides insight into the mechanisms behind failed regeneration following volumetric muscle loss injury. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008937. [PMID: 33970905 PMCID: PMC8110270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses a remarkable capacity for repair and regeneration following a variety of injuries. When successful, this highly orchestrated regenerative process requires the contribution of several muscle resident cell populations including satellite stem cells (SSCs), fibroblasts, macrophages and vascular cells. However, volumetric muscle loss injuries (VML) involve simultaneous destruction of multiple tissue components (e.g., as a result of battlefield injuries or vehicular accidents) and are so extensive that they exceed the intrinsic capability for scarless wound healing and result in permanent cosmetic and functional deficits. In this scenario, the regenerative process fails and is dominated by an unproductive inflammatory response and accompanying fibrosis. The failure of current regenerative therapeutics to completely restore functional muscle tissue is not surprising considering the incomplete understanding of the cellular mechanisms that drive the regeneration response in the setting of VML injury. To begin to address this profound knowledge gap, we developed an agent-based model to predict the tissue remodeling response following surgical creation of a VML injury. Once the model was able to recapitulate key aspects of the tissue remodeling response in the absence of repair, we validated the model by simulating the tissue remodeling response to VML injury following implantation of either a decellularized extracellular matrix scaffold or a minced muscle graft. The model suggested that the SSC microenvironment and absence of pro-differentiation SSC signals were the most important aspects of failed muscle regeneration in VML injuries. The major implication of this work is that agent-based models may provide a much-needed predictive tool to optimize the design of new therapies, and thereby, accelerate the clinical translation of regenerative therapeutics for VML injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Westman
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shayn M. Peirce
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - George J. Christ
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GJC); (SSB)
| | - Silvia S. Blemker
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GJC); (SSB)
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6
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Loss of ADAM9 Leads to Modifications of the Extracellular Matrix Modulating Tumor Growth. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091290. [PMID: 32906814 PMCID: PMC7564588 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM9 is a metalloproteinase strongly expressed at the tumor-stroma border by both tumor and stromal cells. We previously showed that the host deletion of ADAM9 leads to enhanced growth of grafted B16F1 melanoma cells by a mechanism mediated by TIMP1 and the TNF-α/sTNFR1 pathway. This study aimed to dissect the structural modifications in the tumor microenvironment due to the stromal expression of ADAM9 during melanoma progression. We performed proteomic analysis of peritumoral areas of ADAM9 deleted mice and identified the altered expression of several matrix proteins. These include decorin, collagen type XIV, fibronectin, and collagen type I. Analysis of these matrices in the matrix producing cells of the dermis, fibroblasts, showed that ADAM9-/- and wild type fibroblasts synthesize and secreted almost comparable amounts of decorin. Conversely, collagen type I expression was moderately, but not significantly, decreased at the transcriptional level, and the protein increased in ADAM9-/- fibroblast mono- and co-cultures with melanoma media. We show here for the first time that ADAM9 can release a collagen fragment. Still, it is not able to degrade collagen type I. However, the deletion of ADAM9 in fibroblasts resulted in reduced MMP-13 and -14 expression that may account for the reduced processing of collagen type I. Altogether, the data show that the ablation of ADAM9 in the host leads to the altered expression of peritumoral extracellular matrix proteins that generate a more favorable environment for melanoma cell growth. These data underscore the suppressive role of stromal expression of ADAM9 in tumor growth and call for a better understanding of how protease activities function in a cellular context for improved targeting.
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7
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Hightower RM, Reid AL, Gibbs DE, Wang Y, Widrick JJ, Kunkel LM, Kastenschmidt JM, Villalta SA, van Groen T, Chang H, Gornisiewicz S, Landesman Y, Tamir S, Alexander MS. The SINE Compound KPT-350 Blocks Dystrophic Pathologies in DMD Zebrafish and Mice. Mol Ther 2020; 28:189-201. [PMID: 31628052 PMCID: PMC6952030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked muscle wasting disease that is caused by the loss of functional dystrophin protein in cardiac and skeletal muscles. DMD patient muscles become weakened, leading to eventual myofiber breakdown and replacement with fibrotic and adipose tissues. Inflammation drives the pathogenic processes through releasing inflammatory cytokines and other factors that promote skeletal muscle degeneration and contributing to the loss of motor function. Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINEs) are a class of compounds that function by inhibiting the nuclear export protein exportin 1 (XPO1). The XPO1 protein is an important regulator of key inflammatory and neurological factors that drive inflammation and neurotoxicity in various neurological and neuromuscular diseases. Here, we demonstrate that SINE compound KPT-350 can ameliorate dystrophic-associated pathologies in the muscles of DMD models of zebrafish and mice. Thus, SINE compounds are a promising novel strategy for blocking dystrophic symptoms and could be used in combinatorial treatments for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylie M Hightower
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrea L Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Devin E Gibbs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Widrick
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Louis M Kunkel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jenna M Kastenschmidt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - S Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hua Chang
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA 02459, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthew S Alexander
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; UAB Center for Exercise Medicine (UCEM), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Genetics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Civitan International Research Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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8
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Welc SS, Flores I, Wehling-Henricks M, Ramos J, Wang Y, Bertoni C, Tidball JG. Targeting a therapeutic LIF transgene to muscle via the immune system ameliorates muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2788. [PMID: 31243277 PMCID: PMC6594976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many potentially therapeutic molecules have been identified for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, targeting those molecules only to sites of active pathology is an obstacle to their clinical use. Because dystrophic muscles become extensively inflamed, we tested whether expressing a therapeutic transgene in leukocyte progenitors that invade muscle would provide selective, timely delivery to diseased muscle. We designed a transgene in which leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is under control of a leukocyte-specific promoter and transplanted transgenic cells into dystrophic mice. Transplantation diminishes pathology, reduces Th2 cytokines in muscle and biases macrophages away from a CD163+/CD206+ phenotype that promotes fibrosis. Transgenic cells also abrogate TGFβ signaling, reduce fibro/adipogenic progenitor cells and reduce fibrogenesis of muscle cells. These findings indicate that leukocytes expressing a LIF transgene reduce fibrosis by suppressing type 2 immunity and highlight a novel application by which immune cells can be genetically modified as potential therapeutics to treat muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Welc
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Ivan Flores
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Michelle Wehling-Henricks
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Julian Ramos
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Carmen Bertoni
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James G Tidball
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA.
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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9
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Forcina L, Miano C, Scicchitano BM, Musarò A. Signals from the Niche: Insights into the Role of IGF-1 and IL-6 in Modulating Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:E232. [PMID: 30862132 PMCID: PMC6468756 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration, characterized by the activation and proliferation of satellite cells and other precursors, is accompanied by an inflammatory response and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), necessary to remove cellular debris and to mechanically support newly generated myofibers and activated satellite cells. Muscle repair can be considered concluded when the tissue architecture, vascularization, and innervation have been restored. Alterations in these connected mechanisms can impair muscle regeneration, leading to the replacement of functional muscle tissue with a fibrotic scar. In the present review, we will discuss the cellular mediators of fibrosis and how the altered expression and secretion of soluble mediators, such as IL-6 and IGF-1, can modulate regulatory networks involved in the altered regeneration and fibrosis during aging and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmen Miano
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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10
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Fernández-Simón E, Carrasco-Rozas A, Gallardo E, Figueroa-Bonaparte S, Belmonte I, Pedrosa I, Montiel E, Suárez-Calvet X, Alonso-Pérez J, Segovia S, Nuñez-Peralta C, Llauger J, Mayos M, Illa I, Díaz-Manera J. PDGF-BB serum levels are decreased in adult onset Pompe patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2139. [PMID: 30765719 PMCID: PMC6375999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult onset Pompe disease is a genetic disorder characterized by slowly progressive skeletal and respiratory muscle weakness. Symptomatic patients are treated with enzymatic replacement therapy with human recombinant alfa glucosidase. Motor functional tests and spirometry are commonly used to follow patients up. However, a serological biomarker that correlates with the progression of the disease could improve follow-up. We studied serum concentrations of TGFβ, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AA and CTGF growth factors in 37 adult onset Pompe patients and 45 controls. Moreover, all patients performed several muscle function tests, conventional spirometry, and quantitative muscle MRI using 3-point Dixon. We observed a statistically significant change in the serum concentration of each growth factor in patients compared to controls. However, only PDGF-BB levels were able to differentiate between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, suggesting its potential role in the follow-up of asymptomatic patients. Moreover, our results point to a dysregulation of muscle regeneration as an additional pathomechanism of Pompe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Fernández-Simón
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit. Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Carrasco-Rozas
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit. Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gallardo
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit. Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Figueroa-Bonaparte
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit. Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Izaskun Belmonte
- Rehabilitation and physiotherapy department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Pedrosa
- Rehabilitation and physiotherapy department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Montiel
- Rehabilitation and physiotherapy department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Suárez-Calvet
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit. Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Alonso-Pérez
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit. Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Segovia
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit. Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Nuñez-Peralta
- Radiology department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Llauger
- Radiology department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mayos
- Respiratory department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Illa
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit. Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Díaz-Manera
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit. Neurology Department Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Soslow JH, Xu M, Slaughter JC, Crum K, Chew JD, Burnette WB, Su YR, Tomasek K, Parra DA, Markham LW. The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail 2019; 25:259-267. [PMID: 30763738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Standard cardiac biomarkers are poor indicators of DMD cardiovascular disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate collagen turnover. Given the cardiac fibrosis seen in DMD, we hypothesized that MMPs and TIMPs correlate with severity of DMD cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS Prospectively enrolled DMD subjects (n = 42) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for function and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), including LGE severity from 0 (no LGE) to 4 (severe). Serum from DMD and healthy male control subjects (n = 15) analyzed for MMPs 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, and 10 and TIMPs 1-4. MMP1, MMP7, and MMP10 were higher in DMD than in control (respectively, median 5080 pg/mL vs 2120 pg/mL [P = .007], 2170 pg/mL vs 1420 pg/mL [P < .001], and 216 pg/mL vs 140pg/mL [P = .040]); TIMP4 was lower in DMD (124 pg/mL vs 263 pg/mL; P = .046). Within DMD, MMP7 correlated inversely with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.40; P = .012) and directly with strain (r = 0.54; P = .001) and LGE severity (r = 0.47; P = .003). MMP7 was higher in DMD patients with LGE compared with those without LGE and control subjects (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Multiple MMPs are elevated in DMD compared with control subjects. MMP7 is related to DMD cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis, possibly through remodeling of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Soslow
- Thomas P Graham Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James C Slaughter
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kimberly Crum
- Thomas P Graham Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joshua D Chew
- Thomas P Graham Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - W Bryan Burnette
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yan Ru Su
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kelsey Tomasek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David A Parra
- Thomas P Graham Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Larry W Markham
- Thomas P Graham Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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12
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Murphy AP, Greally E, O'Hogain D, Blamire A, Caravan P, Straub V. Noninvasive quantification of fibrosis in skeletal and cardiac muscle in mdx mice using EP3533 enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2018; 81:2728-2735. [PMID: 30394578 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic condition caused by mutations in the DMD gene leading to muscle degeneration, fatty replacement of muscle cells and fibrosis. A major obstacle to advancing therapeutic research into muscular dystrophies is development of sensitive, noninvasive outcome measures. To date, no validated method to noninvasively quantify fibrosis within skeletal muscle exists. EP3533 is a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent with an affinity to collagen-1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether EP3533-enhanced MRI could quantify fibrosis in a murine model of DMD (mdx) in muscle. METHODS Mdx (n = 8) and control mice (BL10; n = 5) underwent contrast-enhanced MRI acquisitions with EP3533. T1 mapping pre- and postcontrast was performed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Post-MRI the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GCN) muscles and the heart were removed for fibrosis quantification by means of Masson's trichrome staining and the hydroxyproline assay. RESULTS Significant differences in postcontrast R1 were demonstrated between mdx and BL10 mice using EP3533 (cardiac P = 0.02, GCN P = 0.04, TA P = 0.04). Change in R1 from baseline following EP3533 administration correlated strongly to hydroxyproline levels (GCN: r = 0.83, P = 0.001; TA: r = 0.73, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the suitability of EP3533 in the quantification of muscular fibrosis in mdx mice and demonstrated that EP3533-derived measurements correlated strongly to ex vivo fibrosis measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Peter Murphy
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, The International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Greally
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, The International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dara O'Hogain
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Blamire
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Caravan
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Volker Straub
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, The International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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13
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Zhou S, Qian B, Wang L, Zhang C, Hogan MV, Li H. Altered bone-regulating myokine expression in skeletal muscle Of Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse models. Muscle Nerve 2018; 58:573-582. [PMID: 30028902 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has been well characterized as a disease that affects both skeletal muscle and bone. The pathophysiology responsible for the deficits in bone tissue is still unclear. METHODS Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses of known myokines from skeletal muscle were performed on dystrophic mouse models and wild-type (WT) controls to identify differentially expressed bone-regulating myokines. RESULTS Twenty-four of 43 myokine genes demonstrated significantly different mRNA expression in the skeletal muscles of dystrophic mice when compared with muscles of WT mice. Several differently expressed bone-regulating myokine genes were identified, and their protein levels were also verified by Western blot. CONCLUSIONS Dystrophic skeletal muscle demonstrated a significantly altered myokine gene expression profile. mRNA and protein levels of several bone-regulating myokines were significantly altered in dystrophic skeletal muscle, which suggests pathological role of bone-regulating myokines on bone homeostasis in DMD. Muscle Nerve 58: 573-582, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhou
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Baoli Qian
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Macalus V Hogan
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
| | - Hongshuai Li
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
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14
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Virgilio KM, Martin KS, Peirce SM, Blemker SS. Agent-based model illustrates the role of the microenvironment in regeneration in healthy and mdx skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1424-1439. [PMID: 30070607 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00379.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle-wasting disease with no effective treatment. Multiple mechanisms are thought to contribute to muscle wasting, including increased susceptibility to contraction-induced damage, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, altered satellite stem cell (SSC) dynamics, and impaired regenerative capacity. The goals of this project were to 1) develop an agent-based model of skeletal muscle that predicts the dynamic regenerative response of muscle cells, fibroblasts, SSCs, and inflammatory cells as a result of contraction-induced injury, 2) calibrate and validate the model parameters based on comparisons with published experimental measurements, and 3) use the model to investigate how changing isolated and combined factors known to be associated with DMD (e.g., altered fibroblast or SSC behaviors) influence muscle regeneration. Our predictions revealed that the percent of injured muscle that recovered 28 days after injury was dependent on the peak SSC counts following injury. In simulations with near-full cross-sectional area recovery (healthy, 4-wk mdx, 3-mo mdx), the SSC counts correlated with the extent of initial injury; however, in simulations with impaired regeneration (9-mo mdx), the peak SSC counts were suppressed relative to initial injury. The differences in SSC counts between these groups were emergent predictions dependent on altered microenvironment factors known to be associated with DMD. Multiple cell types influenced the peak number of SSCs, but no individual parameter predicted the differences in SSC counts. This finding suggests that interventions to target the microenvironment rather than SSCs directly could be an effective method for improving regeneration in impaired muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A computational model predicted that satellite stem cell (SSC) counts are correlated with muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) recovery following injury. In simulations with impaired CSA recovery, SSC counts are suppressed relative to healthy muscle. The suppressed SSC counts were an emergent model prediction, because all simulations had equal initial SSC counts. Fibroblast and anti-inflammatory macrophage counts influenced SSC counts, but no single factor was able to predict the pathological differences in SSC counts that lead to impaired regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Virgilio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kyle S Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Silvia S Blemker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
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15
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Zanotti S, Gibertini S, Blasevich F, Bragato C, Ruggieri A, Saredi S, Fabbri M, Bernasconi P, Maggi L, Mantegazza R, Mora M. Exosomes and exosomal miRNAs from muscle-derived fibroblasts promote skeletal muscle fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 74:77-100. [PMID: 29981373 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, natural carriers of mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and proteins between donor and recipient cells, actively contribute to cell-cell communication. We investigated the potential pro-fibrotic role of exosomes released by muscle-derived fibroblasts of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, and of miRNAs carried by exosomes. By fibrosis focused array analysis we found that exosomes from DMD fibroblasts, had significantly higher levels of miR-199a-5p, a miRNA up-regulated in fibrotic conditions, compared to control exosomes, while levels in myoblast-derived exosomes were not increased. In control fibroblasts, exposure to DMD fibroblast-derived exosomes induced a myofibroblastic phenotype with increase in α-smooth actin, collagen and fibronectin transcript and protein expression, soluble collagen production and deposition, cell proliferation, and activation of Akt and ERK signaling, while exposure to control exosomes did not. Transfecting control fibroblasts or loading control exosomes with miR-199a-5p mimic or inhibitor induced opposing effects on fibrosis-related mRNAs and proteins, on collagen production and Akt and ERK pathways. Finally, injection of DMD fibroblast-derived exosomes into mouse tibialis anterior muscle after cardiotoxin-induced necrosis, produced greater fibrosis than control exosomes. Our findings indicate that exosomes produced by local fibroblasts in the DMD muscle are able to induce phenotypic conversion of normal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts thereby increasing the fibrotic response. This conversion is related to transfer of high levels of miR-199a-5p and to reduction of its target caveolin-1; both, therefore, are potential therapeutic targets in muscle fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zanotti
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Gibertini
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Flavia Blasevich
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bragato
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy; PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggieri
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Saredi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Fabbri
- Unit of Haematopathology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Pia Bernasconi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Mora
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milano, Italy.
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16
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Bersini S, Gilardi M, Mora M, Krol S, Arrigoni C, Candrian C, Zanotti S, Moretti M. Tackling muscle fibrosis: From molecular mechanisms to next generation engineered models to predict drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018. [PMID: 29518415 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscle fibrosis represents the end stage consequence of different diseases, among which muscular dystrophies, leading to severe impairment of muscle functions. Muscle fibrosis involves the production of several growth factors, cytokines and proteolytic enzymes and is strictly associated to inflammatory processes. Moreover, fibrosis causes profound changes in tissue properties, including increased stiffness and density, lower pH and oxygenation. Up to now, there is no therapeutic approach able to counteract the fibrotic process and treatments directed against muscle pathologies are severely impaired by the harsh conditions of the fibrotic environment. The design of new therapeutics thus need innovative tools mimicking the obstacles posed by the fibrotic environment to their delivery. This review will critically discuss the role of in vivo and 3D in vitro models in this context and the characteristics that an ideal model should possess to help the translation from bench to bedside of new candidate anti-fibrotic agents.
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17
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Test of Antifibrotic Drugs in a Cellular Model of Fibrosis Based on Muscle-Derived Fibroblasts from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patients. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1687:205-217. [PMID: 29067666 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7374-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro model of muscle fibrosis, based on the use of primary human fibroblasts isolated from muscle biopsies of patients affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophies (DMD) and cultivated in monolayer and 3D conditions, is used to test the potential antifibrotic activity of pirfenidone (PFD). This in vitro model may be usefully also to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of other candidate molecules for the treatment of fibrosis. The drug toxicity is evaluated using a colorimetric assay based on the conversion of tetrazolium salt (MTT) to insoluble formazan, while the effect of the drug on cell proliferation is measured with the bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay. The efficacy of the drug is evaluated in fibroblast monolayers by quantitating synthesis and deposition of intracellular collagen with a spectrophotometric picrosirius red-based assay, and by quantitating cell migration using a "scratch" assay. The efficacy of PFD as antifibrotic drug is also evaluated in a 3D fibroblast model by measuring diameters and number of nodules.
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18
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Elevated Expression of Moesin in Muscular Dystrophies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:654-664. [PMID: 28082118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the main complication of muscular dystrophies. We identified moesin, a member of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family, in dystrophic muscles of mice representing Duchenne and congenital muscular dystrophies (DMD and CMD, respectively) and dysferlinopathy, but not in the wild type. High levels of moesin were also observed in muscle biopsy specimens from DMD, Ullrich CMD, and merosin-deficient CMD patients, all of which present high levels of fibrosis. The myofibroblasts, responsible for extracellular matrix protein synthesis, and the macrophages infiltrating the dystrophic muscles were the source of moesin. Moesin-positive cells were embedded within the fibrotic areas between the myofibers adjacent to the collagen type I fibers. Radixin was also synthesized by the myofibroblasts, whereas ezrin colocalized with the myofiber membranes. In animal models and patients' muscles, part of the moesin was in its active phosphorylated form. Inhibition of fibrosis by halofuginone, an antifibrotic agent, resulted in a major decrease in moesin levels in the muscles of DMD and CMD mice. In summary, the results of this study may pave the way for exploiting moesin as a novel target for intervention in MDs, and as part of a battery of biomarkers to evaluate treatment success in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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19
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Gochicoa-Rangel L, Vargas MH, Alonso-Gómez JL, Rodríguez-Moreno L, Martínez-Briseño D, Baños-Mejía O, Torre-Bouscoulet L. Respiratory impedance in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Pulmonol 2016; 51:1072-1079. [PMID: 27129130 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Impulse oscillometry (IOS) evaluates non-effort-dependent respiratory mechanics, and thus it may be useful to evaluate patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). OBJECTIVES We aimed (1) to describe the behavior of IOS parameters in patients with DMD, and compare it to those from a control group; (2) to determine whether resistances and reactances differ in relation to the severity of DMD; and (3) to compare IOS parameters with spirometry and maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures. METHODS Children and adolescents (<20 years old) with biopsy-confirmed DMD and age-paired subjects were cross-sectionally evaluated. All results were transformed to z scores with respect to the healthy subjects (reference population). RESULTS Anthropometric characteristics did not differ between the 31 patients and 69 controls included in the study. Compared with controls, patients with DMD had higher IOS resistances and lower reactances. As expected, FEV1 and FVC were lower in patients and always declined as age increased. By contrast, MIP and MEP were lower-than-normal in youngest patients, tended to improve around puberty initiation, and declined thereafter. In general, there was a poor correlation between IOS parameters and spirometric variables or respiratory pressures, excepting for X20 Hz, which had an inverse correlation with FEV1 . Interestingly, IOS resistances were higher in patients with less disability (lower Vignos score; better FVC), but tended to be normalized in advanced stages of the disease. CONCLUSION This study showed that IOS is feasible in children and adolescents with DMD and yields information about respiratory function not achievable with the usual forced techniques. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1072-1079. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gochicoa-Rangel
- Departamento de Fisiología Respiratoria, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, CP 14080, México DF, México.,Centro de Evaluación del Paciente Asmático Infantil, Centro Médico Santa Teresa, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - Mario H Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", México DF, México
| | - José Luis Alonso-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología Respiratoria, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, CP 14080, México DF, México
| | - Luis Rodríguez-Moreno
- Centro de Evaluación del Paciente Asmático Infantil, Centro Médico Santa Teresa, Texcoco, Estado de México, México
| | - David Martínez-Briseño
- Departamento de Epidemiología y Ciencias Sociales en Salud, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", México DF, México
| | - Omar Baños-Mejía
- Departamento de Rehabilitación Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", México DF, México
| | - Luis Torre-Bouscoulet
- Departamento de Fisiología Respiratoria, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Colonia Sección XVI, CP 14080, México DF, México.
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20
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Chen JL, Colgan TD, Walton KL, Gregorevic P, Harrison CA. The TGF-β Signalling Network in Muscle Development, Adaptation and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:97-131. [PMID: 27003398 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses remarkable ability to change its size and force-producing capacity in response to physiological stimuli. Impairment of the cellular processes that govern these attributes also affects muscle mass and function in pathological conditions. Myostatin, a member of the TGF-β family, has been identified as a key regulator of muscle development, and adaptation in adulthood. In muscle, myostatin binds to its type I (ALK4/5) and type II (ActRIIA/B) receptors to initiate Smad2/3 signalling and the regulation of target genes that co-ordinate the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. Interestingly, evidence is emerging that other TGF-β proteins act in concert with myostatin to regulate the growth and remodelling of skeletal muscle. Consequently, dysregulation of TGF-β proteins and their associated signalling components is increasingly being implicated in muscle wasting associated with chronic illness, ageing, and inactivity. The growing understanding of TGF-β biology in muscle, and its potential to advance the development of therapeutics for muscle-related conditions is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Chen
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colgan
- Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Muscle Research and Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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21
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Zanotti S, Bragato C, Zucchella A, Maggi L, Mantegazza R, Morandi L, Mora M. Anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone in muscle derived-fibroblasts from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Life Sci 2016; 145:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Barzilai-Tutsch H, Bodanovsky A, Maimon H, Pines M, Halevy O. Halofuginone promotes satellite cell activation and survival in muscular dystrophies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:1-11. [PMID: 26454207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Halofuginone is a leading agent in preventing fibrosis and inflammation in various muscular dystrophies. We hypothesized that in addition to these actions, halofuginone directly promotes the cell-cycle events of satellite cells in the mdx and dysf(-/-) mouse models of early-onset Duchenne muscular dystrophy and late-onset dysferlinopathy, respectively. In both models, addition of halofuginone to freshly prepared single gastrocnemius myofibers derived from 6-week-old mice increased BrdU incorporation at as early as 18h of incubation, as well as phospho-histone H3 (PHH3) and MyoD protein expression in the attached satellite cells, while having no apparent effect on myofibers derived from wild-type mice. BrdU incorporation was abolished by an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, suggesting involvement of this pathway in mediating halofuginone's effects on cell-cycle events. In cultures of myofibers and myoblasts isolated from dysf(-/-) mice, halofuginone reduced Bax and induced Bcl2 expression levels and induced Akt phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. Addition of an inhibitor of the phosphinositide-3-kinase/Akt pathway reversed the halofuginone-induced cell survival, suggesting this pathway's involvement in mediating halofuginone's effects on survival. Thus, in addition to its known role in inhibiting fibrosis and inflammation, halofuginone plays a direct role in satellite cell activity and survival in muscular dystrophies, regardless of the mutation. These actions are of the utmost importance for improving muscle pathology and function in muscular dystrophies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/drug therapy
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/drug therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Quinazolinones/pharmacology
- Quinazolinones/therapeutic use
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/drug effects
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Barzilai-Tutsch
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anna Bodanovsky
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hadar Maimon
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mark Pines
- Institute of Animal Science, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 52505, Israel
| | - Orna Halevy
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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23
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Murphy S, Zweyer M, Mundegar RR, Henry M, Meleady P, Swandulla D, Ohlendieck K. Concurrent Label-Free Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Dystrophin Isoform Dp427 and the Myofibrosis Marker Collagen in Crude Extracts from mdx-4cv Skeletal Muscles. Proteomes 2015; 3:298-327. [PMID: 28248273 PMCID: PMC5217383 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The full-length dystrophin protein isoform of 427 kDa (Dp427), the absence of which represents the principal abnormality in X-linked muscular dystrophy, is difficult to identify and characterize by routine proteomic screening approaches of crude tissue extracts. This is probably related to its large molecular size, its close association with the sarcolemmal membrane, and its existence within a heterogeneous glycoprotein complex. Here, we used a careful extraction procedure to isolate the total protein repertoire from normal versus dystrophic mdx-4cv skeletal muscles, in conjunction with label-free mass spectrometry, and successfully identified Dp427 by proteomic means. In contrast to a considerable number of previous comparative studies of the total skeletal muscle proteome, using whole tissue proteomics we show here for the first time that the reduced expression of this membrane cytoskeletal protein is the most significant alteration in dystrophinopathy. This agrees with the pathobiochemical concept that the almost complete absence of dystrophin is the main defect in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and that the mdx-4cv mouse model of dystrophinopathy exhibits only very few revertant fibers. Significant increases in collagens and associated fibrotic marker proteins, such as fibronectin, biglycan, asporin, decorin, prolargin, mimecan, and lumican were identified in dystrophin-deficient muscles. The up-regulation of collagen in mdx-4cv muscles was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. Thus, this is the first mass spectrometric study of crude tissue extracts that puts the proteomic identification of dystrophin in its proper pathophysiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Murphy
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Margit Zweyer
- Department of Physiology II, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53115, Germany.
| | - Rustam R Mundegar
- Department of Physiology II, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53115, Germany.
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Dieter Swandulla
- Department of Physiology II, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53115, Germany.
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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24
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Holland A, Murphy S, Dowling P, Ohlendieck K. Pathoproteomic profiling of the skeletal muscle matrisome in dystrophinopathy associated myofibrosis. Proteomics 2015; 16:345-66. [PMID: 26256116 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gradual accumulation of collagen and associated proteins of the extracellular matrix is a crucial myopathological parameter of many neuromuscular disorders. Progressive tissue damage and fibrosis play a key pathobiochemical role in the dysregulation of contractile functions and often correlates with poor motor outcome in muscular dystrophies. Following a brief introduction into the role of the extracellular matrix in skeletal muscles, we review here the proteomic profiling of myofibrosis and its intrinsic role in X-linked muscular dystrophy. Although Duchenne muscular dystrophy is primarily a disease of the membrane cytoskeleton, one of its most striking histopathological features is a hyperactive connective tissue and tissue scarring. We outline the identification of novel factors involved in the modulation of the extracellular matrix in muscular dystrophy, such as matricellular proteins. The establishment of novel proteomic markers will be helpful in improving the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring in relation to fibrotic substitution of contractile tissue. In the future, the prevention of fibrosis will be crucial for providing optimum conditions to apply novel pharmacological treatments, as well as establish cell-based approaches or gene therapeutic interventions. The elimination of secondary abnormalities in the matrisome promises to reduce tissue scarring and the loss of skeletal muscle elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashling Holland
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sandra Murphy
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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25
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Mora M, Angelini C, Bignami F, Bodin AM, Crimi M, Di Donato JH, Felice A, Jaeger C, Karcagi V, LeCam Y, Lynn S, Meznaric M, Moggio M, Monaco L, Politano L, de la Paz MP, Saker S, Schneiderat P, Ensini M, Garavaglia B, Gurwitz D, Johnson D, Muntoni F, Puymirat J, Reza M, Voit T, Baldo C, Bricarelli FD, Goldwurm S, Merla G, Pegoraro E, Renieri A, Zatloukal K, Filocamo M, Lochmüller H. The EuroBioBank Network: 10 years of hands-on experience of collaborative, transnational biobanking for rare diseases. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:1116-23. [PMID: 25537360 PMCID: PMC4538193 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The EuroBioBank (EBB) network (www.eurobiobank.org) is the first operating network of biobanks in Europe to provide human DNA, cell and tissue samples as a service to the scientific community conducting research on rare diseases (RDs). The EBB was established in 2001 to facilitate access to RD biospecimens and associated data; it obtained funding from the European Commission in 2002 (5th framework programme) and started operation in 2003. The set-up phase, during the EC funding period 2003-2006, established the basis for running the network; the following consolidation phase has seen the growth of the network through the joining of new partners, better network cohesion, improved coordination of activities, and the development of a quality-control system. During this phase the network participated in the EC-funded TREAT-NMD programme and was involved in planning of the European Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure. Recently, EBB became a partner of RD-Connect, an FP7 EU programme aimed at linking RD biobanks, registries, and bioinformatics data. Within RD-Connect, EBB contributes expertise, promotes high professional standards, and best practices in RD biobanking, is implementing integration with RD patient registries and 'omics' data, thus challenging the fragmentation of international cooperation on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mora
- Muscle Cell Biology Lab, Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Corrado Angelini
- IRCCS Fondazione San Camillo Hospital, Lido Venice, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, NPSRR University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Anne-Mary Bodin
- EURORDIS, European Organisation for Rare Diseases, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Alex Felice
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Malta BioBank, University of Malta, and Thalassaemia Clinic, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | | - Veronika Karcagi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Diagnostics, National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yann LeCam
- EURORDIS, European Organisation for Rare Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Lynn
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marija Meznaric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Centre, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Politano
- Division of Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Manuel Posada de la Paz
- Manuel Posada de la Paz, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, IIER, ISCIII and Spain RDR & CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Peter Schneiderat
- Muscle Tissue Culture Collection, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Neurological Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monica Ensini
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Diana Johnson
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Neuromuscular Centre at UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, MRC Neuromuscular Centre at UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jack Puymirat
- Department of Human Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mojgan Reza
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas Voit
- Inserm U974—Institute of Myology, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Baldo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Umana, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Goldwurm
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merla
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, NPSRR University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mirella Filocamo
- Centro di Diagnostica Genetica e Biochimica delle Malattie Metaboliche, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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26
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Opposing roles of miR-21 and miR-29 in the progression of fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1451-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Bozzi M, Sciandra F, Brancaccio A. Role of gelatinases in pathological and physiological processes involving the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:130-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Fibrosis and inflammation are greater in muscles of beta-sarcoglycan-null mouse than mdx mouse. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:427-43. [PMID: 24723230 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Sgcb-null mouse, with knocked-down β-sarcoglycan, develops severe muscular dystrophy as in type 2E human limb girdle muscular dystrophy. The mdx mouse, lacking dystrophin, is the most used model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Unlike DMD, the mdx mouse has mild clinical features and shows little fibrosis in limb muscles. To characterize ECM protein deposition and the progression of muscle fibrosis, we evaluated protein and transcript levels of collagens I, III and VI, decorin, and TGF-β1, in quadriceps and diaphragm, at 2, 4, 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks in Sgcb-null mice, and protein levels at 12, 26, and 52 weeks in mdx mice. In Sgcb-null mice, severe morphological disruption was present from 4 weeks in both quadriceps and diaphragm, and included conspicuous deposition of extracellular matrix components. Histopathological features of Sgcb-null mouse muscles were similar to those of age-matched mdx muscles at all ages examined, but, in the Sgcb-null mouse, the extent of connective tissue deposition was generally greater than mdx. Furthermore, in the Sgcb-null mouse, the amount of all three collagen isoforms increased steadily, while, in the mdx, they remained stable. We also found that, at 12 weeks, macrophages were significantly more numerous in mildly inflamed areas of Sgcb-null quadriceps compared to mdx quadriceps (but not in highly inflamed regions), while, in the diaphragm, macrophages did not differ significantly between the two models, in either region. Osteopontin mRNA was also significantly greater at 12 weeks in laser-dissected highly inflamed areas of the Sgcb-null quadriceps compared to the mdx quadriceps. TGF-β1 was present in areas of degeneration-regeneration, but levels were highly variable and in general did not differ significantly between the two models and controls. The roles of the various subtypes of macrophages in muscle repair and fibrosis in the two models require further study. The Sgcb-null mouse, which develops early fibrosis in limb muscles, appears more promising than the mdx mouse for probing pathogenetic mechanisms of muscle fibrosis and for developing anti-fibrotic treatments. Highlights • The Sgcb-null mouse develops severe muscular dystrophy, the mdx mouse does not. • Fibrosis developed earlier in Sgcb-null quadriceps and diaphragm than mdx. • Macrophages were commoner in mildly inflamed parts of Sgcb-null quadriceps than mdx. • The Sgcb-null model appears more useful than mdx for studying fibrotic mechanisms. • The Sgcb-null model also appears more useful for developing anti-fibrotic treatments.
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29
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Halofuginone improves muscle-cell survival in muscular dystrophies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1339-47. [PMID: 24703880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Halofuginone has been shown to prevent fibrosis via the transforming growth factor-β/Smad3 pathway in muscular dystrophies. We hypothesized that halofuginone would reduce apoptosis--the presumed cause of satellite-cell depletion during muscle degradation-in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Six-week-old mdx mouse diaphragm exhibited fourfold higher numbers of apoptotic nuclei compared with wild-type mice as determined by a TUNEL assay. Apoptotic nuclei were found in macrophages and in Pax7-expressing cells; some were located in centrally-nucleated regenerating myofibers. Halofuginone treatment of mdx mice reduced the apoptotic nuclei number in the diaphragm, together with reduction in Bax and induction in Bcl2 levels in myofibers isolated from these mice. A similar effect was observed when halofuginone was added to cultured myofibers. No apparent effect of halofuginone was observed in wild-type mice. Inhibition of apoptosis or staurosporine-induced apoptosis by halofuginone in mdx primary myoblasts and C2 myogenic cell line, respectively, was reflected by less pyknotic/apoptotic cells and reduced Bax expression. This reduction was reversed by a phosphinositide-3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase inhibitors, suggesting involvement of these pathways in mediating halofuginone's effects on apoptosis. Halofuginone increased apoptosis in α smooth muscle actin- and prolyl 4-hydroxylase β-expressing cells in mdx diaphragm and in myofibroblasts, the major source of extracellular matrix. The data suggest an additional mechanism by which halofuginone improves muscle pathology and function in muscular dystrophies.
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30
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Ogura Y, Tajrishi MM, Sato S, Hindi SM, Kumar A. Therapeutic potential of matrix metalloproteinases in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:11. [PMID: 25364719 PMCID: PMC4207008 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are secreted proteinases that have physiologic roles in degradation and remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) in almost all tissues. However, their excessive production in disease conditions leads to many pathological features including tissue breakdown, inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis. Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating genetic muscle disorder caused by partial or complete loss of cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. Progressive muscle wasting in DMD is accompanied by myofiber necrosis followed by cycles of regeneration and degeneration and inflammation that eventually result in replacement of myofiber by connective and adipose tissues. Emerging evidence suggests that gene expression and the activity of various MMPs are aberrantly regulated in muscle biopsies from DMD patients and in skeletal muscle of animal models of DMD. Moreover, a few studies employing genetic mouse models have revealed that different MMPs play distinct roles in disease progression in DMD. Modulation of the activity of MMPs improves myofiber regeneration and enhances the efficacy of transplantation and engraftment of muscle progenitor cells in dystrophic muscle in mouse models of DMD. Furthermore, recent reports also suggest that some MMPs especially MMP-9 can serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of DMD. In this article, we provide a succinct overview of the regulation of various MMPs and their therapeutic importance in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogura
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Marjan M Tajrishi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Sajedah M Hindi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY, USA
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31
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Karagiannis GS, Schaeffer DF, Cho CKJ, Musrap N, Saraon P, Batruch I, Grin A, Mitrovic B, Kirsch R, Riddell RH, Diamandis EP. Collective migration of cancer-associated fibroblasts is enhanced by overexpression of tight junction-associated proteins claudin-11 and occludin. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:178-95. [PMID: 24268521 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) positioned at the desmoplastic areas of various types of cancer are capable of executing a migratory program, characterized by accelerated motility and collective configuration. Since CAFs are reprogrammed derivatives of normal progenitors, including quiescent fibroblasts, we hypothesized that such migratory program could be context-dependent, thus being regulated by specific paracrine signals from the adjacent cancer population. Using the traditional scratch assay setup, we showed that only specific colon cancer cell lines (i.e. HT29) were able to induce collective CAF migration. By performing quantitative proteomics (SILAC), we identified a 2.7-fold increase of claudin-11, a member of the tight junction apparatus, in CAFs that exerted such collectivity in their migratory pattern. Further proteomic investigations of cancer cell line secretomes revealed a specific signature, involving TGF-β, as potential mediator of this effect. Normal colonic fibroblasts stimulated with TGF-β exerted myofibroblastic differentiation, occludin (OCLN) and claudin-11 (CLDN11) overexpression and cohort formation. Subsequently, inhibition of TGF-β attenuated all the previous effects. Immunohistochemistry of the universal tight junction marker occludin in a cohort of 30 colorectal adenocarcinoma patients defined a CAF subpopulation expressing tight junctions. Overall, these data suggest that cancer cells may induce CLDN11 overexpression and subsequent collective migration of peritumoral CAFs via TGF-β secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Karagiannis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David F Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chan-Kyung J Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Musrap
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Punit Saraon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Grin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bojana Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Kirsch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert H Riddell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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32
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De Paepe B, De Bleecker JL. Cytokines and chemokines as regulators of skeletal muscle inflammation: presenting the case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:540370. [PMID: 24302815 PMCID: PMC3835490 DOI: 10.1155/2013/540370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe inherited muscle disease that affects 1 in 3500 boys worldwide. Infiltration of skeletal muscle by inflammatory cells is an important facet of disease pathophysiology and is strongly associated with disease severity in the individual patient. In the chronic inflammation that characterizes Duchenne muscle, cytokines and chemokines are considered essential activators and recruiters of inflammatory cells. In addition, they provide potential beneficiary effects on muscle fiber damage control and tissue regeneration. In this review, current knowledge of cytokine and chemokine expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its relevant animal disease models is listed, and implications for future therapeutic avenues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boel De Paepe
- Laboratory for Myopathology, Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Reference Center, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan L. De Bleecker
- Laboratory for Myopathology, Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Reference Center, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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33
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Zanotti S, Gibertini S, Savadori P, Mantegazza R, Mora M. Duchenne muscular dystrophy fibroblast nodules: a cell-based assay for screening anti-fibrotic agents. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:659-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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The involvement of collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 in muscular dystrophies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:905-16. [PMID: 23274062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the main complication of muscular dystrophies. We identified collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (Cthrc1) in skeletal and cardiac muscles of mice, representing Duchenne and congenital muscle dystrophies (DMD and CMD, respectively), and dysferlinopathy. In all of the mice, Cthrc1 was associated with high collagen type I levels; no Cthrc1 or collagen was observed in muscles of control mice. High levels of Cthrc1 were also observed in biopsy specimens from patients with DMD, in whom they were reversibly correlated with that of β-dystroglycan, whereas collagen type I levels were elevated in all patients with DMD. At the muscle sites where collagen and Cthrc1 were adjacent, collagen fibers appeared smaller, suggesting involvement of Cthrc1 in collagen turnover. Halofuginone, an inhibitor of Smad3 phosphorylation downstream of the transforming growth factor-β signaling, reduced Cthrc1 levels in skeletal and cardiac muscles of mice, representing DMD, CMD, and dysferlinopathy. The myofibroblasts infiltrating the dystrophic muscles of the murine models of DMD, CMD, and dysferlinopathy were the source of Cthrc1. Transforming growth factor-β did not affect Cthrc1 levels in the mdx fibroblasts but decreased them in the control fibroblasts, in association with increased migration of mdx fibroblasts and dystrophic muscle invasion by myofibroblasts. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of Cthrc1 as a marker of the severity of the disease progression in the dystrophic muscles, and as a possible target for therapy.
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35
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Alameddine HS. Matrix metalloproteinases in skeletal muscles: Friends or foes? Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:508-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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36
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Piva L, Gavassini BF, Bello L, Fanin M, Soraru G, Barp A, Ermani M, Angelini C, Hoffman EP, Pegoraro E. TGFBR2 but not SPP1 genotype modulates osteopontin expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy muscle. J Pathol 2012; 228:251-9. [PMID: 22431140 DOI: 10.1002/path.4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A polymorphism (rs28357094) in the promoter region of the SPP1 gene coding for osteopontin (OPN) is a strong determinant of disease severity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The rare G allele of rs28357094 alters gene promoter function and reduces mRNA expression in transfected HeLa cells. To dissect the molecular mechanisms of increased disease severity associated with the G allele, we characterized SPP1 mRNA and protein in DMD muscle biopsies of patients with defined rs28357094 genotype. We did not find significant differences in osteopontin mRNA or protein expression between patients carrying the T (ancestral allele) or TG/GG genotypes at rs28357094. The G allele was significantly associated with reduced CD4(+) and CD68(+) cells on patient muscle biopsy. We also quantified transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) and TGFB receptor-2 (TGFBR2) mRNA in DMD muscle biopsies, given the ability of TGFB and TGFBR2 to activate SPP1 promoter region and their role in DMD pathogenesis. The amount of TGFB and TGFBR2 mRNA did not predict the amount of SPP1 mRNA or protein, while a polymorphism in the TGFBR2 gene (rs4522809) was found to be a strong predictor of SPP1 mRNA level. Our findings suggest that OPN mediates inflammatory changes in DMD and that TGFB signalling has a role in the complex regulation of osteopontin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Piva
- Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Delfín DA, Zang KE, Schill KE, Patel NT, Janssen PML, Raman SV, Rafael-Fortney JA. Cardiomyopathy in the dystrophin/utrophin-deficient mouse model of severe muscular dystrophy is characterized by dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinases. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:1006-14. [PMID: 22749475 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a significant component in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Although mdx mice are deficient in dystrophin, they only develop mild indicators of cardiomyopathy before 1year-of-age, making therapeutic investigations using this model lengthy. In contrast, mdx mice also lacking utrophin (utrn(-/-);mdx) show severely reduced cardiac contractile function and histological indicators of cardiomyopathy by 8-10weeks-of-age. Here we demonstrate that utrn(-/-);mdx mice show a similar pattern of cardiac damage to that in dystrophic patients. Matrix metalloproteinases required for ventricular remodeling during the evolution of heart failure are upregulated in utrn(-/-);mdx mice concurrent with the onset of cardiac pathology by 10weeks-of-age. Matrix metalloproteinase activity is further dysregulated due to reduced levels of endogenous tissue inhibitors and co-localizes with fibroblasts and collagen I-containing scars. utrn(-/-);mdx mice are therefore a very useful model for investigating potential cardiac therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A Delfín
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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38
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Bo Li Z, Zhang J, Wagner KR. Inhibition of myostatin reverses muscle fibrosis through apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3957-65. [PMID: 22685331 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.090365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibrosis is a defining feature of the muscular dystrophies in which contractile myofibers are replaced by fibroblasts, adipocytes and extracellular matrix. This maladaptive response of muscle to repetitive injury is progressive, self-perpetuating and thus far, has been considered irreversible. We have previously shown that myostatin, a known endogenous modulator of muscle growth, stimulates normal muscle fibroblasts to proliferate. Here, we demonstrate that myostatin also regulates the proliferation of dystrophic muscle fibroblasts, and increases resistance of fibroblasts to apoptosis through Smad and MAPK signaling. Inhibition of myostatin signaling pathways with a soluble activin IIB receptor (ActRIIB.Fc) reduces resistance of muscle fibroblasts to apoptosis in vitro. Systemic administration of ActRIIB.Fc in senescent mdx mice, a model of muscular dystrophy, significantly increases the number of muscle fibroblasts undergoing apoptosis. This leads to the reversal of pre-existing muscle fibrosis as determined by histological, biochemical and radiographical criteria. These results demonstrate that skeletal muscle fibrosis can be pharmacologically reversed through induction of fibroblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Bo Li
- Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Zanotti S, Gibertini S, Di Blasi C, Cappelletti C, Bernasconi P, Mantegazza R, Morandi L, Mora M. Osteopontin is highly expressed in severely dystrophic muscle and seems to play a role in muscle regeneration and fibrosis. Histopathology 2012; 59:1215-28. [PMID: 22175901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To increase our understanding of profibrotic mechanisms in dystrophic muscle. METHODS AND RESULTS Extracellular matrix, fibrosis-related molecules and histopathology were assessed in skeletal muscle of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), and congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A).Osteopontin expression was much higher in DMD and MDC1A than in BMD and control muscle. Osteopontin was expressed in mononuclear cell infiltrates, on some muscle fibre surfaces, in regenerating fibres, and in calcified fibres. In all pathological muscles, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 was increased around groups of fibres that were also characterized by absence of collagen 1. The amounts of MMP-2, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of MMP -1 transcripts were also increased, whereas their proteins were variably expressed in muscle fibres (surface or cytoplasm) and at foci of necrosis and regeneration. Inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were more numerous in DMD and MDC1A than in BMD muscle. CONCLUSIONS Several fibrosis-related factors are greatly altered in severely dystrophic skeletal muscle. Osteopontin was the most conspicuously upregulated, both as transcript and as protein, in muscle fibres and infiltrating cells, indicating an intimate involvement in fibrosis, and also in inflammation and muscle regeneration, although its precise roles in these processes remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Zanotti
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta, Milano, Italy
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40
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Kemaladewi DU, ‘t Hoen PA, ten Dijke P, van Ommen GJ, Hoogaars WM. TGF-β signaling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The TGF-β protein family consists of secreted multifunctional cytokines that control diverse processes, such as cell growth and differentiation. Aberrant expression and downstream signaling of these growth factors have been associated with multiple diseases, including muscle wasting disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In this review we discuss recent advances in understanding the role of TGF-β family members during normal skeletal muscle biology/regeneration and their role in muscle pathology, with a special focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In addition, we will highlight progress in the development of potential therapeutics for Duchenne muscular dystrophy based on intervention of TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi U Kemaladewi
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S4-P, PO Box 9600 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S4-P, PO Box 9600 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A ‘t Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S4-P, PO Box 9600 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S4-P, PO Box 9600 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan van Ommen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S4-P, PO Box 9600 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M Hoogaars
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S4-P, PO Box 9600 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Expression of collagen VI α5 and α6 chains in human muscle and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy-related muscle fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2011; 31:187-96. [PMID: 22226732 PMCID: PMC3315014 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Collagen VI is a major extracellular matrix (ECM) protein with a critical role in maintaining skeletal muscle functional integrity. Mutations in COL6A1, COL6A2 and COL6A3 genes cause Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (UCMD), Bethlem Myopathy, and Myosclerosis. Moreover, Col6a1−/− mice and collagen VI deficient zebrafish display a myopathic phenotype. Recently, two additional collagen VI chains were identified in humans, the α5 and α6 chains, however their distribution patterns and functions in human skeletal muscle have not been thoroughly investigated yet. By means of immunofluorescence analysis, the α6 chain was detected in the endomysium and perimysium, while the α5 chain labeling was restricted to the myotendinous junctions. In normal muscle cultures, the α6 chain was present in traces in the ECM, while the α5 chain was not detected. In the absence of ascorbic acid, the α6 chain was mainly accumulated into the cytoplasm of a sub-set of desmin negative cells, likely of interstitial origin, which can be considered myofibroblasts as they expressed α-smooth muscle actin. TGF-β1 treatment, a pro-fibrotic factor which induces trans-differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, increased the α6 chain deposition in the extracellular matrix after addition of ascorbic acid. In order to define the involvement of the α6 chain in muscle fibrosis we studied biopsies of patients affected by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). We found that the α6 chain was dramatically up-regulated in fibrotic areas where, in contrast, the α5 chain was undetectable. Our results show a restricted and differential distribution of the novel α6 and α5 chains in skeletal muscle when compared to the widely distributed, homologous α3 chain, suggesting that these new chains may play specific roles in specialized ECM structures. While the α5 chain may have a specialized function in tissue areas subjected to tensile stress, the α6 chain appears implicated in ECM remodeling during muscle fibrosis.
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Fibroblasts from the muscles of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients are resistant to cell detachment apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2536-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Burks TN, Cohn RD. Role of TGF-β signaling in inherited and acquired myopathies. Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:19. [PMID: 21798096 PMCID: PMC3156642 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily consists of a variety of cytokines expressed in many different cell types including skeletal muscle. Members of this superfamily that are of particular importance in skeletal muscle are TGF-β1, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and myostatin. These signaling molecules play important roles in skeletal muscle homeostasis and in a variety of inherited and acquired neuromuscular disorders. Expression of these molecules is linked to normal processes in skeletal muscle such as growth, differentiation, regeneration, and stress response. However, chronic elevation of TGF-β1, MAPKs, and myostatin is linked to various features of muscle pathology, including impaired regeneration and atrophy. In this review, we focus on the aberrant signaling of TGF-β in various disorders such as Marfan syndrome, muscular dystrophies, sarcopenia, and critical illness myopathy. We also discuss how the inhibition of several members of the TGF-β signaling pathway has been implicated in ameliorating disease phenotypes, opening up novel therapeutic avenues for a large group of neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyesha N Burks
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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44
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Attia M, Mohamed A, Huet E, Eric H, Delbé J, Jean D, Ledoux D, Dominique L, Menashi S, Suzanne M, Martelly I, Isabelle M. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN/CD147) as a novel regulator of myogenic cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:141-9. [PMID: 20648565 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to play an important role in skeletal muscle cell growth and differentiation. In view of the MMP inducing function of EMMPRIN/CD147, its role in myogenic cell differentiation was investigated. EMMPRIN level increased during differentiation of both rat primary myoblasts derived from satellite cells and mouse C2.7 myogenic cells and was associated with an alteration in its molecular forms. In parallel, expression of pro-MMP-9 gradually decreased and that of pro-MMP-2 and active MMP-2 increased. While small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibition of EMMPRIN expression accelerated cell differentiation, exogenously added recombinant EMMPRIN inhibited differentiation by an MMP-mediated mechanism, as the MMP inhibitor marimastat abrogated EMMPRIN's effect. Our results further suggest that EMMPRIN regulates differentiation through an MMP activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), a known inhibitor of myoblast's differentiation, as the increased activation and signaling of TGFβ by EMMPRIN was attenuated in the presence of marimastat. EMMPRIN inhibition may thus represent a novel strategy in the treatment of muscular degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Attia
- Laboratoire CRRET, CNRS EAC 7149, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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