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Field NS, Moser EK, Oliver PM. Itch regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in mice and humans. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:353-362. [PMID: 32356405 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0320-272r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch has long been appreciated to be a critical suppressor of inflammation, first identified as a regulator of Th2 differentiation and lung inflammation. Recent studies have revealed novel roles for this protein in mouse and human disease, and it is now clear that Itch also limits the function of other lymphocytes, innate immune cells, and nonhematopoietic cells to regulate immunity. In addition to Th2 cells, Itch also regulates Th17 and regulatory T cells. Itch regulates humoral immunity through direct roles in T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells, and B cells. Furthermore, Itch limits innate immune responses, such as macrophage cytokine production. Through these cell-intrinsic functions, Itch regulates the interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in profound autoinflammation in Itch-deficient mice. Whereas Itch deficiency was previously thought to be an extremely rare occurrence humans, whole exome sequencing of patients with unexplained autoimmune disease has revealed at least two additional cases of Itch deficiency in the last year alone, each caused by distinct mutations within the Itch gene. The recent identification of these patients suggests that Itch mutations may be more common than previously thought, and demonstrates the need to understand how this protein regulates inflammation and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natania S Field
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily K Moser
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paula M Oliver
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Nagy N, Sunkari VG, Kaber G, Hasbun S, Lam DN, Speake C, Sanda S, McLaughlin TL, Wight TN, Long SR, Bollyky PL. Hyaluronan levels are increased systemically in human type 2 but not type 1 diabetes independently of glycemic control. Matrix Biol 2019; 80:46-58. [PMID: 30196101 PMCID: PMC6401354 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, is implicated in the pathogenesis of both type 1 diabetes (T1D) as well as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and has been postulated to be increased in these diseases due to hyperglycemia. We have examined the serum and tissue distribution of HA in human subjects with T1D and T2D and in mouse models of these diseases and evaluated the relationship between HA levels and glycemic control. We found that serum HA levels are increased in T2D but not T1D independently of hemoglobin-A1c, C-peptide, body mass index, or time since diabetes diagnosis. HA is likewise increased in skeletal muscle in T2D subjects relative to non-diabetic controls. Analogous increases in serum and muscle HA are seen in diabetic db/db mice (T2D), but not in diabetic DORmO mice (T1D). Diabetes induced by the β-cell toxin streptozotozin (STZ) lead to an increase in blood glucose but not to an increase in serum HA. These data indicate that HA levels are increased in multiple tissue compartments in T2D but not T1D independently of glycemic control. Given that T2D but not T1D is associated with systemic inflammation, these patterns are consistent with inflammatory factors and not hyperglycemia driving increased HA. Serum HA may have value as a biomarker of systemic inflammation in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Vivekananda G. Sunkari
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Sonia Hasbun
- Department of Cardiology, Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center, 3600 NW Samaritan Dr, Corvallis, OR, 97330
| | - Dung N. Lam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101
| | - Srinath Sanda
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF School of Medicine, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Tracey L. McLaughlin
- Department of Medicine, Medicine – Endocrinology, Endocrine Clinic, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101
| | - Steven R. Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Lane 235, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305
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3
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Teixeira LD, Kling DN, Lorca GL, Gonzalez CF. Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 diminishes caspase-1 maturation in the gastrointestinal system of diabetes prone rats. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:527-539. [PMID: 29633641 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium are the first to contact the microbiota and food components. As a direct consequence of this, these cells are the first line of defence and key players in priming the immune response. One of the first responses against GI insults is the formation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex assembled in response to environmental threats. The formation of the inflammasome regulates caspase-1 by cleaving it into its active form. Once activated, caspase-1 can cleave interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which promotes adaptive and humoral immunity. Some strains, like Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2, are able to modulate the biosynthesis of important host metabolites mediating inflammation. Of these metabolites are the pro-inflammatory kynurenines. L. johnsonii N6.2 is able to downregulate kynurenines biosynthesis via a redox active mechanism negatively affecting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of L. johnsonii N6.2 combined with the natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule rosmarinic acid (RA). Inflammasome assembly and the kynurenine pathway were evaluated in GI samples of BioBreeding diabetes-prone (BB-DP) rats. In this work, BB-DP rats were fed daily with RA, L. johnsonii N6.2; or both combined. The transcriptional rate and proteins levels of inflammasome and kynurenine pathway components in ileum tissue were evaluated. Elevated levels of pro-caspase-1 were observed in rats fed with L. johnsonii, while RA had no effect on pro-caspase-1 expression. Western blot assays demonstrated that L. johnsonii fed rats showed lower levels of mature caspase-1, when compared to the other treatments. Furthermore, IL-1β maturation followed a similar pattern across the treatments. Differences were also observed between treatments in expression levels of key enzymes in the kynurenine pathway. These findings support the role of L. johnsonii in modulating the assembly of the inflammasome as well as some steps of the pro-inflammatory kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Teixeira
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry road, Rm307, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - D N Kling
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry road, Rm307, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - G L Lorca
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry road, Rm307, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - C F Gonzalez
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry road, Rm307, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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4
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Nagy N, Kuipers HF, Marshall PL, Wang E, Kaber G, Bollyky PL. Hyaluronan in immune dysregulation and autoimmune diseases. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:292-313. [PMID: 29625181 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tissue microenvironment contributes to local immunity and to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases - a diverse set of conditions characterized by sterile inflammation, immunity against self-antigens, and destruction of tissues. However, the specific factors within the tissue microenvironment that contribute to local immune dysregulation in autoimmunity are poorly understood. One particular tissue component implicated in multiple autoimmune diseases is hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix (ECM) polymer. HA is abundant in settings of chronic inflammation and contributes to lymphocyte activation, polarization, and migration. Here, we first describe what is known about the size, amount, and distribution of HA at sites of autoimmunity and in associated lymphoid structures in type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Next, we examine the recent literature on HA and its impact on adaptive immunity, particularly in regards to the biology of lymphocytes and Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Treg), a T-cell subset that maintains immune tolerance in healthy individuals. We propose that HA accumulation at sites of chronic inflammation creates a permissive environment for autoimmunity, characterized by CD44-mediated inhibition of Treg expansion. Finally, we address potential tools and strategies for targeting HA and its receptor CD44 in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Payton L Marshall
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Esther Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Qiao YC, Pan YH, Ling W, Tian F, Chen YL, Zhang XX, Zhao HL. The Yin and Yang of regulatory T cell and therapy progress in autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1058-1070. [PMID: 28778708 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are primarily mediated by the failure of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the maintenance of induced tolerance to peripheral self-antigens, suppressing immoderate immune responses deleterious to the host and preventing the AD development. Tregs and suppressive cytokines are homeostatic with effective cells plus pro-inflammatory cytokines in healthy hosts which is defined as "Yang", and ADs are usually induced in case of disturbed homeostasis, which is defined as "Yin". Indeed, the Yin-Yang balance could explain the pathogenic mechanism of ADs. Tregs not only suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but also can suppress other immune cells such as B cell, natural killer cell, DC and other antigen-presenting cell through cell-cell contact or secreting suppressive cytokines. In Tregs, Foxp3 as an intracellular protein displays a more specific marker than currently used other cell-surface markers (such as CD25, CD40L, CTLA-4, ICOS and GITR) in defining the naturally occurring CD4+ Tregs. Though the precise mechanism for the opposite effects of Tregs has not been fully elucidated, the importance of Tregs in ADs has been proved to be associated with kinds of immunocytes. At present, the surface marker, frequency and function of Tregs existed conflicts and hence the Tregs therapy in ADs faces challenges. Though some success has been achieved with Tregs therapy in few ADs both in murine models and humans, more effort should paid to meet the future challenges. This review summarizes the progress and discusses the phenotypic, numeric and functional abnormalities of Tregs and is the first time to systematically review the progress of Tregs therapy in kinds of ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Qiao
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yan-Hong Pan
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yin-Ling Chen
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Zhang
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hai-Lu Zhao
- Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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6
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Cavone L, Felici R, Lapucci A, Buonvicino D, Pratesi S, Muzzi M, Hakiki B, Maggi L, Peruzzi B, Caporale R, Annunziato F, Amato MP, Chiarugi A. Dysregulation of sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1) signaling and regulatory lymphocyte-dependent immunosuppression in a model of post-fingolimod MS rebound. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:78-86. [PMID: 26130058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod affords protection from MS by sequestering lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs via down regulation of their sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor (S1P1). Unexpectedly, accumulating evidence indicates that patients who discontinue fingolimod treatment may be at risk of rehearsal of magnetic resonance (MR) and clinical disease activity, sometimes featuring dramatic rebound. We therefore developed in vivo and in vitro models of post-fingolimod MS rebound to unravel its cellular and molecular mechanisms. The impact of fingolimod withdrawal on T regulatory lymphocytes was also investigated by means of cytofluorimetric analysis and antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation assays. We show that mice with relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) undergo extremely severe, chronic disease rebound upon discontinuation of fingolimod. Remarkably, rebound is preceded by a burst of S1P1 overexpression in lymph node-entrapped lymphocytes that correlates with subsequent massive lymphocyte egress and widespread CNS immune infiltration. Also, consistent with the ability of S1P1 to counteract polarization and function of T regulatory lymphocytes their number and suppression of effector T cells is reduced by fingolimod suspension. Data disclose the first pathogenic mechanisms of post-fingolimod rebound that may be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cavone
- Headache Center and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, Italy; Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Roberta Felici
- Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lapucci
- Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Buonvicino
- Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Pratesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Italy
| | - Mirko Muzzi
- Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Bahia Hakiki
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Italy
| | - Benedetta Peruzzi
- General Laboratory Unit (Microscopy and Clinical Cytometry Unit), Careggi University Hospital, Italy
| | - Roberto Caporale
- General Laboratory Unit (Microscopy and Clinical Cytometry Unit), Careggi University Hospital, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Unit of Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Chiarugi
- Headache Center and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, Italy; Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
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7
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Nagy N, Kaber G, Johnson PY, Gebe JA, Preisinger A, Falk BA, Sunkari VG, Gooden MD, Vernon RB, Bogdani M, Kuipers HF, Day AJ, Campbell DJ, Wight TN, Bollyky PL. Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis restores immune tolerance during autoimmune insulitis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125. [PMID: 26368307 PMCID: PMC4607113 DOI: 10.1172/jci79271–0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that abundant deposits of the extracellular matrix polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) are characteristic of autoimmune insulitis in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the relevance of these deposits to disease was unclear. Here, we have demonstrated that HA is critical for the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Using the DO11.10xRIPmOVA mouse model of T1D, we determined that HA deposits are temporally and anatomically associated with the development of insulitis. Moreover, treatment with an inhibitor of HA synthesis, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), halted progression to diabetes even after the onset of insulitis. Similar effects were seen in the NOD mouse model, and in these mice, 1 week of treatment was sufficient to prevent subsequent diabetes. 4-MU reduced HA accumulation, constrained effector T cells to nondestructive insulitis, and increased numbers of intraislet FOXP3+ Tregs. Consistent with the observed effects of 4-MU treatment, Treg differentiation was inhibited by HA and anti-CD44 antibodies and rescued by 4-MU in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. These data may explain how peripheral immune tolerance is impaired in tissues under autoimmune attack, including islets in T1D. We propose that 4-MU, already an approved drug used to treat biliary spasm, could be repurposed to prevent, and possibly treat, T1D in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pamela Y. Johnson
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John A. Gebe
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anton Preisinger
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ben A. Falk
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vivekananda G. Sunkari
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michel D. Gooden
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert B. Vernon
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hedwich F. Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anthony J. Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Expression of PD-1 Molecule on Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Patients with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22584-605. [PMID: 26393578 PMCID: PMC4613325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoreactive T cells that destroy pancreatic beta cells. Animal models suggested that a CD4+CD25+ population has a regulatory function capable of preventing activation and effector functions of autoreactive T cells. However, the role of CD4+CD25high T cells in autoimmunity and their molecular mechanisms remain the subject of investigation. We therefore evaluated T regulatory cell frequencies and their PD-1 expression in the peripheral blood of long-standing diabetics under basal conditions and after CD3/CD28 stimulation. Under basal conditions, the percentages of T regulatory cells were significantly higher while that of T effector cells were significantly lower in patients than in controls. The ratio of regulatory to effector T cells was higher in patients than that in controls, suggesting that T regulatory cells were functional in patients. Percentages of total PD-1+, PD-1low and PD-1high expressing T regulatory cells did not change in patients and in controls. After stimulation, a defect in T regulatory cell proliferation was observed in diabetics and the percentages of total PD-1+, PD-1low and PD-1high expressing cells were lower in patients. Our data suggest a defective activation of T regulatory cells in long-standing diabetics due to a lower expression of PD-1 on their surface.
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9
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Nagy N, Kaber G, Johnson PY, Gebe JA, Preisinger A, Falk BA, Sunkari VG, Gooden MD, Vernon RB, Bogdani M, Kuipers HF, Day AJ, Campbell DJ, Wight TN, Bollyky PL. Inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis restores immune tolerance during autoimmune insulitis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3928-40. [PMID: 26368307 DOI: 10.1172/jci79271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that abundant deposits of the extracellular matrix polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) are characteristic of autoimmune insulitis in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the relevance of these deposits to disease was unclear. Here, we have demonstrated that HA is critical for the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Using the DO11.10xRIPmOVA mouse model of T1D, we determined that HA deposits are temporally and anatomically associated with the development of insulitis. Moreover, treatment with an inhibitor of HA synthesis, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), halted progression to diabetes even after the onset of insulitis. Similar effects were seen in the NOD mouse model, and in these mice, 1 week of treatment was sufficient to prevent subsequent diabetes. 4-MU reduced HA accumulation, constrained effector T cells to nondestructive insulitis, and increased numbers of intraislet FOXP3+ Tregs. Consistent with the observed effects of 4-MU treatment, Treg differentiation was inhibited by HA and anti-CD44 antibodies and rescued by 4-MU in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. These data may explain how peripheral immune tolerance is impaired in tissues under autoimmune attack, including islets in T1D. We propose that 4-MU, already an approved drug used to treat biliary spasm, could be repurposed to prevent, and possibly treat, T1D in at-risk individuals.
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10
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Disturbances of modulating molecules (FOXP3, CTLA-4/CD28/B7, and CD40/CD40L) mRNA expressions in the orbital tissue from patients with severe graves' ophthalmopathy. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:340934. [PMID: 25653477 PMCID: PMC4306377 DOI: 10.1155/2015/340934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate the relationship between the expression of orbital tissue mRNA for FOXP3, CTLA-4/CD28/CD80/CD86, and CD40/CD40 and the severity of Graves' orbitopathy (GO). Material and Methods. Orbital tissue was obtained from 26 patients with GO, with mild (n = 6) or severe GO (n = 20), and 7 healthy controls. The expression of mRNA of FOXP3, CTLA-4/CD28/CD80/CD86, CD40/CD40L was measured by RT-PCR. TCR and CD3 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results. Higher mRNA for FoxP3 (relative expression: 1.4) and CD40 (1.27) and lower expression of CTLA-4 (0.61) were found in the GO tissues versus controls. In severe GO as compared to mild GO higher mRNA expression for FoxP3 (1.35) and CD40 (1.4) and lower expression for CTLA-4 (0.78), CD28 (0.62), and CD40L (0.56) were found. A positive correlation was found between FOXP3 mRNA and CD3 infiltration (R = 0.796, P = 0.0000001). Conclusions. The enhanced FOXP3 mRNA expression in GO samples may suggest the dysfunction of FOXP3 cells in the severe GO. The diminished mRNA expression of CTLA-4 in severe GO may indicate inadequate T regulatory function. The enhanced mRNA expression of CD40 in severe GO and negative correlation to CRP mRNA may suggest their role in the active and inactive GO.
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Tan T, Xiang Y, Chang C, Zhou Z. Alteration of regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 47:234-43. [PMID: 25086642 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the key role of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the development of T1DM. However, the changes in Treg expression and function as well as the regulation of these activities are not clearly elucidated. Most studies on the role of Tregs in T1DM were performed on peripheral blood rather than pancreas or pancreatic lymph nodes. Tissue-based studies are more difficult to perform, and there is a lack of histological data to support the role of Tregs in T1DM. In spite of this, strategies to increase Treg cell number and/or function have been viewed as potential therapeutic approaches in treating T1DM, and several clinical trials using these strategies have already emerged. Notably, many trials fail to demonstrate clinical response even when Treg treatment successfully boosts Tregs. In view of this, whether a failure of Tregs does exist and contribute to the development of T1DM and whether more Tregs would be clinically beneficial to patients should be carefully taken into consideration before applying Tregs as treatments in T1DM.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Communication
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tan
- Diabetes Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, and Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Central South University, 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
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12
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Li M, Song LJ, Qin XY. Advances in the cellular immunological pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:749-58. [PMID: 24629100 PMCID: PMC4119381 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. In recent years, the incidence of type 1 diabetes continues to increase. It is supposed that genetic, environmental and immune factors participate in the damage of pancreatic β cells. Both the immune regulation and the immune response are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, in which cellular immunity plays a significant role. For the infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells and other immune cells take part in the damage of pancreatic β cells, which ultimately lead to type 1 diabetes. This review outlines the cellular immunological mechanism of type 1 diabetes, with a particular emphasis to T lymphocyte and natural killer cells, and provides the effective immune therapy in T1D, which is approached at three stages. However, future studies will be directed at searching for an effective, safe and long-lasting strategy to enhance the regulation of a diabetogenic immune system with limited toxicity and without global immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lu-Jun Song
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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13
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Luczyński W, Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek N, Iłendo E, Bossowski A, Głowińska-Olszewska B, Krętowski A, Stasiak-Barmuta A. Generation of functional T-regulatory cells in children with metabolic syndrome. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:487-95. [PMID: 23052042 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent research implies a role of decreased number and/or function of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and atherosclerosis. The enhancement of atheroprotective immunity by the expansion of Tregs could serve as a therapeutic strategy in obesity-related immunological disturbances. The aim of our study was an attempt to generate Treg cells in children with risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease and to compare the results to those obtained in healthy subjects. The study group consisted of 30 children with metabolic syndrome (MS) and 30 controls. Conventional CD4(+)CD25(-) cells separated from the peripheral blood were converted into Treg cells with the use of CD3/CD28 antibodies and interleukin (IL)-2/transforming growth factor (TGF)-β stimulation. The expression of critical Treg molecules and cytokines was assessed at mRNA and protein levels. The percentages of Treg cells in the peripheral blood were significantly lower in the children with MS compared to the healthy subjects. After the culture with CD3/CD28 and IL-2/TGF-β we detected a significant increase in the expression of Tregs marker transcription factor FoxP3. The Tregs induced from the children with MS varied from the ones obtained in the controls in the expression of some molecules at mRNA level (e.g. IL-27, LGAL, KLF10 and NRP1) yet not in proliferation studies. For the first time, we have demonstrated the possibility of generating functional Treg cells in children with MS. The results of our study could be used in the design of therapeutic interventions in obesity associated immunologic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Włodzimierz Luczyński
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274, Białystok, Poland.
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14
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Heiber JF, Geiger TL. Context and location dependence of adaptive Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell formation during immunopathological conditions. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:60-5. [PMID: 23089195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) may arise in the thymus (natural Treg, nTreg) or through the adaptive upregulation of Foxp3 after T cell activation (induced Treg, iTreg). In this brief review, we explore evidence for the formation and function of iTreg during pathologic conditions. Determining the ontogeny and function of Treg populations has relied on the use of manipulated systems in which either iTreg or nTreg are absent, or lineage tracing of T cell clones through repertoire analyses. iTreg appear particularly important at mucosal interfaces. iTreg can also ameliorate tissue-specific autoimmunity and are a prominent source of tumor-infiltrating Treg in some models. However, under many conditions, including in CNS autoimmunity, diabetes, and some tumor systems, iTreg formation appears limited. The immunological contribution of iTreg is thus highly context dependent. Deciphering immune parameters responsible for iTreg formation and their role in modulating pathologic immune responses will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Heiber
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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15
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Alterations of peripheral CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells in mice with STZ-induced diabetes. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 9:75-85. [PMID: 21983870 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications arising from abnormal immune responses are the major causes of mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients. CD4+CD25+T regulatory cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in controlling immune homeostasis, immunity and tolerance. The effect of hyperglycemia on CD4+CD25+Tregs has not yet been addressed. Here we used streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice to study the effects of long-term hyperglycemia on CD4+CD25+Tregs in vivo. Four months after the onset of diabetes, the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells was significantly elevated in the spleen, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), peripheral lymph nodes (pLNs) and mesenteric LNs (mLNs). CD4+CD25+Tregs obtained from mice with diabetes displayed defective immunosuppressive functions and an activated/memory phenotype. Insulin administration rescued these changes in the CD4+CD25+ Tregs of diabetic mice. The percentage of thymic CD4+CD25+ naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) and peripheral CD4+Helios+Foxp3+ nTregs were markedly enhanced in diabetic mice, indicating that thymic output contributed to the increased frequency of peripheral CD4+CD25+Tregs in diabetic mice. In an in vitro assay in which Tregs were induced from CD4+CD25- T cells by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, high glucose enhanced the efficiency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ inducible Tregs (iTregs) induction. In addition, CD4+CD25- T cells from diabetic mice were more susceptible to CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ iTreg differentiation than those cells from control mice. These data, together with the enhanced frequency of CD4+Helios-Foxp3+ iTregs in the periphery of mice with diabetes, indicate that enhanced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ iTreg induction also contributes to a peripheral increase iCD4+CD25+Tregs in diabetic mice. Our data show that hyperglycemia may alter the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in mice, which may result in late-state immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes.
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16
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Geng S, Yu Y, Kang Y, Pavlakis G, Jin H, Li J, Hu Y, Hu W, Wang S, Wang B. Efficient induction of CD25- iTreg by co-immunization requires strongly antigenic epitopes for T cells. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:27. [PMID: 21542943 PMCID: PMC3107816 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously showed that co-immunization with a protein antigen and a DNA vaccine coding for the same antigen induces CD40low IL-10high tolerogenic DCs, which in turn stimulates the expansion of antigen-specific CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (CD25- iTreg). However, it was unclear how to choose the antigen sequence to maximize tolerogenic antigen presentation and, consequently, CD25- iTreg induction. Results In the present study, we demonstrated the requirement of highly antigenic epitopes for CD25- iTreg induction. Firstly, we showed that the induction of CD25- iTreg by tolerogenic DC can be blocked by anti-MHC-II antibody. Next, both the number and the suppressive activity of CD25- iTreg correlated positively with the overt antigenicity of an epitope to activate T cells. Finally, in a mouse model of dermatitis, highly antigenic epitopes derived from a flea allergen not only induced more CD25- iTreg, but also more effectively prevented allergenic reaction to the allergen than did weakly antigenic epitopes. Conclusions Our data thus indicate that efficient induction of CD25- iTreg requires highly antigenic peptide epitopes. This finding suggests that highly antigenic epitopes should be used for efficient induction of CD25- iTreg for clinical applications such as flea allergic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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17
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McClymont SA, Putnam AL, Lee MR, Esensten JH, Liu W, Hulme MA, Hoffmüller U, Baron U, Olek S, Bluestone JA, Brusko TM. Plasticity of human regulatory T cells in healthy subjects and patients with type 1 diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3918-26. [PMID: 21368230 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute an attractive therapeutic target given their essential role in controlling autoimmunity. However, recent animal studies provide evidence for functional heterogeneity and lineage plasticity within the Treg compartment. To understand better the plasticity of human Tregs in the context of type 1 diabetes, we characterized an IFN-γ-competent subset of human CD4(+)CD127(lo/-)CD25(+) Tregs. We measured the frequency of Tregs in the peripheral blood of patients with type 1 diabetes by epigenetic analysis of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) and the frequency of the IFN-γ(+) subset by flow cytometry. Purified IFN-γ(+) Tregs were assessed for suppressive function, degree of TSDR demethylation, and expression of Treg lineage markers FOXP3 and Helios. The frequency of Tregs in peripheral blood was comparable but the FOXP3(+)IFN-γ(+) fraction was significantly increased in patients with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy controls. Purified IFN-γ(+) Tregs expressed FOXP3 and possessed suppressive activity but lacked Helios expression and were predominately methylated at the TSDR, characteristics of an adaptive Treg. Naive Tregs were capable of upregulating expression of Th1-associated T-bet, CXCR3, and IFN-γ in response to IL-12. Notably, naive, thymic-derived natural Tregs also demonstrated the capacity for Th1 differentiation without concomitant loss of Helios expression or TSDR demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A McClymont
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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