1
|
Prosseda PP, Dannewitz Prosseda S, Tran M, Liton PB, Sun Y. Crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and primary cilia in human diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:1-37. [PMID: 38043949 PMCID: PMC11227733 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process whereby excessive or damaged cytoplasmic components are degraded through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Studies of mTOR signaling have revealed that mTOR controls biomass generation and metabolism by modulating key cellular processes, including protein synthesis and autophagy. Primary cilia, the assembly of which depends on kinesin molecular motors, serve as sensory organelles and signaling platforms. Given these pathways' central role in maintaining cellular and physiological homeostasis, a connection between mTOR and primary cilia signaling is starting to emerge in a variety of diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complex crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and cilia and discuss its function in the context of related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp P Prosseda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Matthew Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Paloma B Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tsang TH, Wiese M, Helmstädter M, Stehle T, Seyfferth J, Shvedunova M, Holz H, Walz G, Akhtar A. Transcriptional regulation by the NSL complex enables diversification of IFT functions in ciliated versus nonciliated cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh5598. [PMID: 37624894 PMCID: PMC10456878 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Members of the NSL histone acetyltransferase complex are involved in multiorgan developmental syndromes. While the NSL complex is known for its importance in early development, its role in fully differentiated cells remains enigmatic. Using a kidney-specific model, we discovered that deletion of NSL complex members KANSL2 or KANSL3 in postmitotic podocytes led to catastrophic kidney dysfunction. Systematic comparison of two primary differentiated cell types reveals the NSL complex as a master regulator of intraciliary transport genes in both dividing and nondividing cells. NSL complex ablation led to loss of cilia and impaired sonic hedgehog pathway in ciliated fibroblasts. By contrast, nonciliated podocytes responded with altered microtubule dynamics and obliterated podocyte functions. Finally, overexpression of wild-type but not a double zinc finger (ZF-ZF) domain mutant of KANSL2 rescued the transcriptional defects, revealing a critical function of this domain in NSL complex assembly and function. Thus, the NSL complex exhibits bifurcation of functions to enable diversity of specialized outcomes in differentiated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Hong Tsang
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meike Wiese
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, University Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stehle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janine Seyfferth
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Shvedunova
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Holz
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, University Freiburg Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Holland LZ, Holland ND. The invertebrate chordate amphioxus gives clues to vertebrate origins. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:563-594. [PMID: 35337463 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Amphioxus (cepholochordates) have long been used to infer how the vertebrates evolved from their invertebrate ancestors. However, some of the body part homologies between amphioxus and vertebrates have been controversial. This is not surprising as the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages separated half a billion years ago-plenty of time for independent loss and independent gain of features. The development of new techniques in the late 20th and early 21st centuries including transmission electron microscopy and serial blockface scanning electron microscopy in combination with in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to reveal spatio-temporal patterns of gene expression and gene products have greatly strengthened inference of some homologies (like those between regions of the central nervous system), although others (like nephridia) still need further support. These major advances in establishing homologies between amphioxus and vertebrates, together with strong support from comparative genomics, have firmly established amphioxus as a stand-in or model for the ancestral vertebrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Nicholas D Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumagai T, Shimogawara R, Ichimura K, Iwanaga S. Calpain inhibitor suppresses both extracellular vesicle-mediated secretion of miRNAs and egg production from paired adults of Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Int 2022; 87:102540. [PMID: 35007765 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been reported to be secreted from Schistosoma japonicum at all developmental stages. However, the reproduction and communication mechanisms between the paired adults through the EVs in dioecious Trematoda have not been reported. In this study, EVs containing many exosome-like vesicles and microvesicles were observed in the supernatants of paired adults cultured in vitro, and abundant selected miRNAs were contained in them. In particular, the female-specific miR-bantam was present only in vesicles and was hardly secreted outside the vesicles. In this study, we found that male-female pairing induced secretion of miR-3479 and miR-bantam in EVs, but not of male-specific miR-61. Furthermore, ingestion of mouse erythrocytes also increased the production of miRNAs in paired adult and single female worms. Vesicles were found in the tegument of females treated with erythrocytes under electron microscopy. After the paired worms were treated with several inhibitors against the secretion of EVs, only calpain inhibitor (calpeptin) significantly reduced the amount of miRNA in EVs. Furthermore, the worms treated with only calpeptin inhibited egg production in vitro. Together, these results indicate that qualitative miRNA production through EVs regulated by calpain plays a role in egg production in S. japonicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Rieko Shimogawara
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Rho family GTPases are molecular switches best known for their pivotal role in dynamic regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, but also of cellular morphology, motility, adhesion and proliferation. The prototypic members of this family (RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42) also contribute to the normal kidney function and play important roles in the structure and function of various kidney cells including tubular epithelial cells, mesangial cells and podocytes. The kidney's vital filtration function depends on the structural integrity of the glomerulus, the proximal portion of the nephron. Within the glomerulus, the architecturally actin-based cytoskeleton podocyte forms the final cellular barrier to filtration. The glomerulus appears as a highly dynamic signalling hub that is capable of integrating intracellular cues from its individual structural components. Dynamic regulation of the podocyte cytoskeleton is required for efficient barrier function of the kidney. As master regulators of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, Rho GTPases are therefore of critical importance for sustained kidney barrier function. Dysregulated activities of the Rho GTPases and of their effectors are implicated in the pathogenesis of both hereditary and idiopathic forms of kidney diseases. Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease that is caused by injury to kidney glomeruli. High glucose activates RhoA/Rho-kinase in mesangial cells, leading to excessive extracellular matrix production (glomerulosclerosis). This RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway also seems involved in the post-transplant hypertension frequently observed during treatment with calcineurin inhibitors, whereas Rac1 activation was observed in post-transplant ischaemic acute kidney injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Steichen
- Inserm UMR-1082 Irtomit, Poitiers, France,Faculté De Médecine Et De Pharmacie, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Claude Hervé
- Inserm UMR-1082 Irtomit, Poitiers, France,CONTACT Claude HervéInserm UMR-1082 Irtomit, Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- Inserm UMR-1082 Irtomit, Poitiers, France,Faculté De Médecine Et De Pharmacie, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France,Department of Medical Biology, Service De Biochimie, CHU De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Bourmeyster
- Faculté De Médecine Et De Pharmacie, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France,Department of Medical Biology, Service De Biochimie, CHU De Poitiers, Poitiers, France,Laboratoire STIM CNRS ERL 7003, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cédex, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kawasaki Y, Hosoyamada Y, Miyaki T, Yamaguchi J, Kakuta S, Sakai T, Ichimura K. Three-Dimensional Architecture of Glomerular Endothelial Cells Revealed by FIB-SEM Tomography. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653472. [PMID: 33777962 PMCID: PMC7991748 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused-ion beam-scanning electron microscopic (FIB-SEM) tomography enables easier acquisition of a series of ultrastructural, sectional images directly from resin-embedded biological samples. In this study, to clarify the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) in adult rats, we manually extracted GEnCs from serial FIB-SEM images and reconstructed them on an Amira reconstruction software. The luminal and basal surface structures were clearly visualized in the reconstructed GEnCs, although only the luminal surface structures could be observed by conventional SEM. The luminal surface visualized via the reconstructed GEnCs was quite similar to that observed through conventional SEM, indicating that 3D reconstruction could be performed with high accuracy. Thus, we successfully described the 3D architecture of normal GEnCs in adult rats more clearly and precisely than ever before. The GEnCs were found to consist of three major subcellular compartments, namely, the cell body, cytoplasmic ridges, and sieve plates, in addition to two associated subcellular compartments, namely, the globular protrusions and reticular porous structures. Furthermore, most individual GEnCs made up a “seamless” tubular shape, and some of them formed an autocellular junction to make up a tubular shape. FIB-SEM tomography with reconstruction is a powerful approach to better understand the 3D architecture of GEnCs. Moreover, the morphological information revealed in this study will be valuable for the 3D pathologic evaluation of GEnCs in animal and human glomerular diseases and the structural analysis of developmental processes in the glomerular capillary system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kawasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasue Hosoyamada
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyaki
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Sakai
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zacchia M, Marchese E, Trani EM, Caterino M, Capolongo G, Perna A, Ruoppolo M, Capasso G. Proteomics and metabolomics studies exploring the pathophysiology of renal dysfunction in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and other ciliopathies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 35:1853-1861. [PMID: 31219585 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) was considered as a vestigial organelle with no significant physiological importance, until the discovery that PC perturbation disturbs several signalling pathways and results in the dysfunction of a variety of organs. Genetic studies have demonstrated that mutations affecting PC proteins or its anchoring structure, the basal body, underlie a class of human disorders (known as ciliopathies) characterized by a constellation of clinical signs. Further investigations have demonstrated that the PC is involved in a broad range of biological processes, in both developing and mature tissues. Kidney disease is a common clinical feature of cilia disorders, supporting the hypothesis of a crucial role of the PC in kidney homoeostasis. Clinical proteomics and metabolomics are an expanding research area. Interestingly, the application of these methodologies to the analysis of urine, a biological sample that can be collected in a non-invasive fashion and possibly in large amounts, makes these studies feasible also in patients. The present article describes the most recent proteomic and metabolomic studies exploring kidney dysfunction in the setting of ciliopathies, showing the potential of these methodologies in the elucidation of disease pathophysiology and in the discovery of biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zacchia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marchese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Martina Trani
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Caterino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE, Center for Genetic Engineering, Naples, Italy.,DiSciMuS RFC, Casoria, 80026, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Perna
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE, Center for Genetic Engineering, Naples, Italy.,DiSciMuS RFC, Casoria, 80026, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Biogem Scarl, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miyaki T, Kawasaki Y, Matsumoto A, Kakuta S, Sakai T, Ichimura K. Nephrocytes are part of the spectrum of filtration epithelial diversity. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:609-625. [PMID: 33191456 PMCID: PMC7683493 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The excretory system produces urine by ultrafiltration via a filtration epithelium. Podocytes are widely found as filtration epithelial cells in eucoelomates. In some animal taxa, including insects and crustaceans, nephrocytes serve to separate toxic substances from the body fluid, in addition to podocytes. Drosophila nephrocytes have been recently utilized as a model system to study podocyte function and disease. However, functionality and cellular architecture are strikingly different between Drosophila nephrocytes and eucoelomate podocytes, and the phylogenetic relationship between these cells remains enigmatic. In this study, using focused-ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) tomography, we revealed three-dimensional architecture of decapod nephrocytes with unprecedented accuracy—they filled an enormous gap, which can be called “missing link,” in the evolutionary diversity of podocytes and nephrocytes. Thus, we concluded that nephrocytes are part of the spectrum of filtration epithelial diversity in animal phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miyaki
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Kawasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Department of Biology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Center for Biomedical Research Resources, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Sakai
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Center for Biomedical Research Resources, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Devlin LA, Ramsbottom SA, Overman LM, Lisgo SN, Clowry G, Molinari E, Powell L, Miles CG, Sayer JA. Embryonic and foetal expression patterns of the ciliopathy gene CEP164. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221914. [PMID: 31990917 PMCID: PMC6986751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) are a group of inherited genetic disorders that share a defect in the formation, maintenance or functioning of the primary cilium complex, causing progressive cystic kidney disease and other clinical manifestations. Mutations in centrosomal protein 164 kDa (CEP164), also known as NPHP15, have been identified as a cause of NPHP-RC. Here we have utilised the MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR) to perform immunohistochemistry studies on human embryonic and foetal tissues to determine the expression patterns of CEP164 during development. Notably expression is widespread, yet defined, in multiple organs including the kidney, retina and cerebellum. Murine studies demonstrated an almost identical Cep164 expression pattern. Taken together, these data support a conserved role for CEP164 throughout the development of numerous organs, which, we suggest, accounts for the multi-system disease phenotype of CEP164-mediated NPHP-RC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Devlin
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - S. A. Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - L. M. Overman
- MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - S. N. Lisgo
- MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - G. Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - E. Molinari
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - L. Powell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - C. G. Miles
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
| | - J. A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glomeruli from patients with nephrin mutations show increased number of ciliated and poorly differentiated podocytes. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:748-756. [PMID: 30193978 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocytes are postmitotic, highly specialized cells which maintain the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Their injury is characterized by foot processes effacement and change in protein expression leading to proteinuria and end-stage kidney disease. METHODS Our study focuses on the morphological and immunohistochemical changes of human podocytes during normal development and postnatal period, compared to congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF). Kidney tissues taken from 17 human conceptuses 8th-38th weeks old, two healthy and three CNF kidneys were embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemical or double immunofluorescence methods, or were embedded in resin for electron microscopy. Paraffin sections were stained with markers for proliferation (Ki-67), proteins nephrin and nestin, and alpha-tubulin. Quantification of positive cells were performed using Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Tissue analysis showed that proliferation of podocytes gradually decreased during development and disappeared in postnatal period. Decrease in number of ciliated glomerular cells and visceral podocytes (from 47% to 3%), and parietal epithelial cells (from 32% to 7%) characterized normal development. Nestin and nephrin co-expressed in developing podocytes in different cellular compartments. During development, nephrin expression increased (from 17% to 75%) and postnatally changed its pattern, while nestin positive glomerular cells decreased from 98% to 40%. CNF glomeruli displayed increased number of immature ciliated podocytes (6%) and parietal epithelial cells (9%). CONCLUSION Changes in cytoplasmic alpha-tubulin expression and reduced nephrin expression (20%) indicating association of incomplete podocyte maturation with failure of GFB function and appearance of prenatal proteinuria in CNF patients.
Collapse
|
11
|
The complexity of the cilium: spatiotemporal diversity of an ancient organelle. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:139-149. [PMID: 30138887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based appendages present on almost all vertebrate cell types where they mediate a myriad of cellular processes critical for development and homeostasis. In humans, impaired ciliary function is associated with an ever-expanding repertoire of phenotypically-overlapping yet highly variable genetic disorders, the ciliopathies. Extensive work to elucidate the structure, function, and composition of the cilium is offering hints that the `static' representation of the cilium is a gross oversimplification of a highly dynamic organelle whose functions are choreographed dynamically across cell types, developmental, and homeostatic contexts. Understanding this diversity will require discerning ciliary versus non-ciliary roles for classically-defined `ciliary' proteins; defining ciliary protein-protein interaction networks within and beyond the cilium; and resolving the spatiotemporal diversity of ciliary structure and function. Here, focusing on one evolutionarily conserved ciliary module, the intraflagellar transport system, we explore these ideas and propose potential future studies that will improve our knowledge gaps of the oversimplified cilium and, by extension, inform the reasons that underscore the striking range of clinical pathologies associated with ciliary dysfunction.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zacchia M, Capolongo G, Trepiccione F, Marion V. Impact of Local and Systemic Factors on Kidney Dysfunction in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:784-793. [PMID: 29161709 DOI: 10.1159/000484301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bardet Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare inherited syndromic condition characterized by renal and extra-renal disorders. Renal defect, at either structural or functional level, is one of the cardinal clinical features, and is a major cause of morbidity. However, the pathogenic mechanism underlying its dysfunction remains largely unknown, and to date only symptomatic treatment with no specific therapy is available for these patients. Elucidating aberrant cellular and/or systemic processes that impact kidney function is therefore a prerequisite to develop targeted innovative therapeutic strategies for the BBS patients. Given the proven role of BBS proteins in the function of the primary cilium (PC) and considering the clinical overlapping of BBS with other ciliopathies, BBS is considered the result of disruption of ciliary activities. The present review aims at giving an updated overview of the spectrum of renal abnormalities in BBS patients according to the existing scientific literature, and discusses the possible role of intrinsic PC dysfunction into the pathogenesis of renal defects based on the most recent findings demonstrating a possible role of systemic factors in favoring the progression of renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zacchia
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capolongo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincent Marion
- INSERM, U1112, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale , Ciliopathies modeling and associated therapies team, Faculté de Medecine, Strasbroug Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kriz W, Lemley KV. Mechanical challenges to the glomerular filtration barrier: adaptations and pathway to sclerosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:405-417. [PMID: 27008645 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are lost as viable cells by detachment from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), possibly due to factors such as pressure and filtrate flow. Distension of glomerular capillaries in response to increased pressure is limited by the elastic resistance of the GBM. The endothelium and podocytes adapt to changes in GBM area. The slit diaphragm (SD) seems to adjust by shuttling SD components between the SD and the adjacent foot processes (FPs), resulting in changes in SD area that parallel those in perfusion pressure.Filtrate flow tends to drag podocytes towards the urinary orifice by shear forces, which are highest within the filtration slits. The SD represents an atypical adherens junction, mechanically interconnecting the cytoskeleton of opposing FPs and tending to balance the shear forces.If under pathological conditions, increased filtrate flows locally overtax the attachment of FPs, the SDs are replaced by occluding junctions that seal the slits and the attachment of podocytes to the GBM is reinforced by FP effacement. Failure of these temporary adaptive mechanisms results in a steady process of podocyte detachment due to uncontrolled filtrate flows through bare areas of the GBM and, subsequently, the labyrinthine subpodocyte spaces, presenting as pseudocysts. In our view, shear stress due to filtrate flow-not capillary hydrostatic pressure-is the major challenge to the attachment of podocytes to the GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Kriz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Kevin V Lemley
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yamabe M, Kumagai T, Shimogawara R, Blay EA, Hino A, Ichimura K, Sato A, Kim HS, Ohta N. Novel synthetic compounds with endoperoxide structure damage juvenile stage of Schistosoma mansoni by targeting lysosome-like organelles. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:917-924. [PMID: 27771462 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The new synthetic compound 1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadecan (N-89), a novel anti-malaria drug candidate, is also a promising drug candidate against schistosomiasis with killing effects against juvenile stage of S. mansoni. In order to investigate how N-89 kills schistosomes, we used a derivative of N-89, 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11] nonadec-4-yl)hexan-1-ol (N-251), which enables us to conjugate with fluorescent reagents. Firstly, N-251 showed strong killing effects to larvae of S. mansoni in vitro. Ultrastructural analysis showed the disruptions of the lysosome-like organelles or the acetabular glands, followed by cytoplasmic lysis inside the worm body in N-251-treated group under electron microscopy. For rhodamine-conjugated N-251 and organelle markers, we observed that N-251 accumulated in acidic organelle. In addition, LysoTracker signals in these acidic organelles disappeared in N-251-treated group over time. Finally, we observed that the activity of cathepsin B, a lysosome-specific enzyme, was also decreased together with alternation of acidic organelle marker signal by N-251-treated group. These results suggested that our synthesized compounds induced the dysfunction or the disruption of acidic lysosome-like organelles and finally led to worm death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Yamabe
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Rieko Shimogawara
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Emmanuel Awusah Blay
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Akina Hino
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Division of International Infectious Diseases Control, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hye-Sook Kim
- Division of International Infectious Diseases Control, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nagy II, Xu Q, Naillat F, Ali N, Miinalainen I, Samoylenko A, Vainio SJ. Impairment of Wnt11 function leads to kidney tubular abnormalities and secondary glomerular cystogenesis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:30. [PMID: 27582005 PMCID: PMC5007805 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt11 is a member of the Wnt family of secreted signals controlling the early steps in ureteric bud (UB) branching. Due to the reported lethality of Wnt11 knockout embryos in utero, its role in later mammalian kidney organogenesis remains open. The presence of Wnt11 in the emerging tubular system suggests that it may have certain roles later in the development of the epithelial ductal system. RESULTS The Wnt11 knockout allele was backcrossed with the C57Bl6 strain for several generations to address possible differences in penetrance of the kidney phenotypes. Strikingly, around one third of the null mice with this inbred background survived to the postnatal stages. Many of them also reached adulthood, but urine and plasma analyses pointed out to compromised kidney function. Consistent with these data the tubules of the C57Bl6 Wnt11 (-/-) mice appeared to be enlarged, and the optical projection tomography indicated changes in tubular convolution. Moreover, the C57Bl6 Wnt11 (-/-) mice developed secondary glomerular cysts not observed in the controls. The failure of Wnt11 signaling reduced the expression of several genes implicated in kidney development, such as Wnt9b, Six2, Foxd1 and Hox10. Also Dvl2, an important PCP pathway component, was downregulated by more than 90 % due to Wnt11 deficiency in both the E16.5 and NB kidneys. Since all these genes take part in the control of UB, nephron and stromal progenitor cell differentiation, their disrupted expression may contribute to the observed anomalies in the kidney tubular system caused by Wnt11 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt11 signal has roles at the later stages of kidney development, namely in coordinating the development of the tubular system. The C57Bl6 Wnt11 (-/-) mouse generated here provides a model for studying the mechanisms behind tubular anomalies and glomerular cyst formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Nagy
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NordLab Oulu, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Qi Xu
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Florence Naillat
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Nsrein Ali
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Ilkka Miinalainen
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Anatoly Samoylenko
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland. .,InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ichimura K, Kakuta S, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Nonami T, Miyazaki N, Nakao T, Enomoto S, Arai S, Koike M, Murata K, Sakai T. Morphological process of podocyte development revealed by block-face scanning electron microscopy. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:132-142. [PMID: 27358478 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes present a unique 3D architecture specialized for glomerular filtration. However, several 3D morphological aspects on podocyte development remain partially understood because they are difficult to reveal using conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Here, we adopted serial block-face SEM imaging, a powerful tool for analyzing the 3D cellular ultrastructure, to precisely reveal the morphological process of podocyte development, such as the formation of foot processes. Development of foot processes gives rise to three morphological states: the primitive, immature and mature foot processes. Immature podocytes were columnar in shape and connected to each other by the junctional complex, which migrated toward the basal side of the cell. When the junctional complex was close to the basement membrane, immature podocytes started to interdigitate with primitive foot processes under the level of junctional complex. As primitive foot processes lengthened, the junctional complex moved between primitive foot processes to form immature foot processes. Finally, the junctional complex was gradually replaced by the slit diaphragm, resulting in the maturation of immature foot processes into mature foot processes. In conclusion, the developmental process of podocytes is now clearly visualized by block-face SEM imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Center for Biomedical Research Resources, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuto Kawasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyaki
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nonami
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyazaki
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Nakao
- High Voltage Electron Microscope Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Sakiko Enomoto
- High Voltage Electron Microscope Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shigeo Arai
- High Voltage Electron Microscope Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Sakai
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hosoyamada Y, Ichimura K, Sakai T. Organ Specificity and Functional Relevance of the Arterial Structure: A Comparative Study in the Kidney and the Skeletal Muscle with Electron Microscopy. J Vasc Res 2016; 52:265-72. [PMID: 26824773 DOI: 10.1159/000442978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences in circulation among various organs are well known, but the structural differences have only been poorly investigated. In the present study the wall structure of arteries was observed with electron microscopy in rat kidney and skeletal muscle. The wall thickness was almost equal in both organs at about 40 μm in luminal diameter, while it was relatively thin in the larger arteries and thick in the smaller arteries in the kidney compared with that in the skeletal muscle. The smooth muscle cells were regularly arranged in parallel in circular or slightly spiral orientation in the kidney, whereas those in the skeletal muscle were irregularly arranged in heterogeneous orientations. Extracellular matrices were more abundant in the arterial media in the skeletal muscle than in the kidney. The inner elastic lamina was continuous in the kidney, and arranged in longitudinal bundles in the skeletal muscle. The adventitial collagen fibers were abundant and dense in the skeletal muscle, and were scattered in small bundles in the fluid-filled spaces in the kidney. While the arteries in the skeletal muscle are under severe mechanical stress during muscle contraction and dilate dramatically during exercise, those in the kidney regulate glomerular pressure almost constantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasue Hosoyamada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ichimura K, Sakai T. Evolutionary morphology of podocytes and primary urine-producing apparatus. Anat Sci Int 2015; 92:161-172. [PMID: 26627098 PMCID: PMC5315740 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-015-0317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Excretory organs were acquired in the early phase of metazoan evolution, and they play a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis of body fluids. In general, these organs consist of two functional components, the primary-urine producing apparatus and the modulating tubule. This basic organization of the excretory organs is conserved among most metazoans. Herein, we present an overview of the morphological evolution of the primary urine-producing apparatus in metazoans and describe the acquisition of the renal glomerulus—a specialized primary urine-producing apparatus—in vertebrates. We also describe the advancement of the glomerular structure and function in higher vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Sakai
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cognard N, Scerbo MJ, Obringer C, Yu X, Costa F, Haser E, Le D, Stoetzel C, Roux MJ, Moulin B, Dollfus H, Marion V. Comparing the Bbs10 complete knockout phenotype with a specific renal epithelial knockout one highlights the link between renal defects and systemic inactivation in mice. Cilia 2015; 4:10. [PMID: 26273430 PMCID: PMC4535764 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-015-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy with clinical cardinal features including retinal degeneration, obesity and renal dysfunction. To date, 20 BBS genes have been identified with BBS10 being a major BBS gene found to be mutated in almost 20 percent of all BBS patients worldwide. It codes for the BBS10 protein which forms part of a chaperone complex localized at the basal body of the primary cilium. Renal dysfunction in BBS patients is one of the major causes of morbidity in human patients and is associated initially with urinary concentration defects related to water reabsorption impairment in renal epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to study and compare the impact of a total Bbs10 inactivation (Bbs10 (-/-)) with that of a specific renal epithelial cells inactivation (Bbs10 (fl/fl) ; Cdh16-Cre (+/-)). RESULTS We generated the Bbs10 (-/-) and Bbs10 (fl/fl) ; Cadh16-Cre (+/-) mouse model and characterized them. Bbs10 (-/-) mice developed obesity, retinal degeneration, structural defects in the glomeruli, polyuria associated with high circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations, and vacuolated, yet ciliated, renal epithelial cells. On the other hand, the Bbs10 (fl/fl) ; Cadh16-Cre (+/-)mice displayed no detectable impairment. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the importance of a systemic Bbs10 inactivation to trigger averted renal dysfunction whereas a targeted absence of BBS10 in the renal epithelium is seemingly non-deleterious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noëlle Cognard
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France.,Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria J Scerbo
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Obringer
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiangxiang Yu
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanny Costa
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Haser
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dane Le
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Stoetzel
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel J Roux
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, 67400 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Moulin
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France.,Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Marion
- Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Team, Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1112, Université of Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Falcón-Urrutia P, Carrasco CM, Lois P, Palma V, Roth AD. Shh Signaling through the Primary Cilium Modulates Rat Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218245 PMCID: PMC4517900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Cilia (PC) are a very likely place for signal integration where multiple signaling pathways converge. Two major signaling pathways clearly shown to signal through the PC, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and PDGF-Rα, are particularly important for the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes, suggesting that their interaction occurs in or around this organelle. We identified PC in rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and found that, while easily detectable in early OPCs, PC are lost as these cells progress to terminal differentiation. We confirmed the interaction between these pathways, as cyclopamine inhibition of Hedgehog function impairs both PDGF-mediated OPC proliferation and Shh-dependent cell branching. However, we failed to detect PDGF-Rα localization into the PC. Remarkably, ciliobrevin-mediated disruption of PC and reduction of OPC process extension was counteracted by recombinant Shh treatment, while PDGF had no effect. Therefore, while PDGF-Rα-dependent OPC proliferation and survival most probably does not initiate at the PC, still the integrity of this organelle and cilium-centered pathway is necessary for OPC survival and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Falcón-Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos M. Carrasco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Lois
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Veronica Palma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (AR); (VP)
| | - Alejandro D. Roth
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (AR); (VP)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Antignac C, Calvet JP, Germino GG, Grantham JJ, Guay-Woodford LM, Harris PC, Hildebrandt F, Peters DJM, Somlo S, Torres VE, Walz G, Zhou J, Yu ASL. The Future of Polycystic Kidney Disease Research--As Seen By the 12 Kaplan Awardees. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2081-95. [PMID: 25952256 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common life-threatening genetic diseases. Jared J. Grantham, M.D., has done more than any other individual to promote PKD research around the world. However, despite decades of investigation there is still no approved therapy for PKD in the United States. In May 2014, the University of Kansas Medical Center hosted a symposium in Kansas City honoring the occasion of Dr. Grantham's retirement and invited all the awardees of the Lillian Jean Kaplan International Prize for Advancement in the Understanding of Polycystic Kidney Disease to participate in a forward-thinking and interactive forum focused on future directions and innovations in PKD research. This article summarizes the contributions of the 12 Kaplan awardees and their vision for the future of PKD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Antignac
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, and The Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - James P Calvet
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;
| | - Gregory G Germino
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jared J Grantham
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lisa M Guay-Woodford
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Jing Zhou
- Harvard Center for Polycystic Kidney Disease Research, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan S L Yu
- The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Three-dimensional architecture of podocytes revealed by block-face scanning electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8993. [PMID: 25759085 PMCID: PMC4355681 DOI: 10.1038/srep08993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Block-face imaging is a scanning electron microscopic technique which enables easier acquisition of serial ultrastructural images directly from the surface of resin-embedded biological samples with a similar quality to transmission electron micrographs. In the present study, we analyzed the three-dimensional architecture of podocytes using serial block-face imaging. It was previously believed that podocytes are divided into three kinds of subcellular compartment: cell body, primary process, and foot process, which are simply aligned in this order. When the reconstructed podocytes were viewed from their basal side, the foot processes were branched from a ridge-like prominence, which was formed on the basal surface of the primary process and was similar to the usual foot processes in structure. Moreover, from the cell body, the foot processes were also emerged via the ridge-like prominence, as found in the primary process. The ridge-like prominence anchored the cell body and primary process to the glomerular basement membrane, and connected the foot processes to the cell body and primary process. In conclusion, serial block-face imaging is a powerful tool for clear understanding the three-dimensional architecture of podocytes through its ability to reveal novel structures which were difficult to determine by conventional transmission and scanning electron microscopes alone.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The centrosome and cilium are evolutionarily conserved components of the microtubule cytoskeleton, and act as a cellular signaling center that regulates the activity of numerous developmental signaling pathways. Several genetic syndromes, called the ciliopathies, are associated with defects in the structure or function of the centrosome-cilium complex. In the mammalian kidney, these organelles are found at the apical surface of renal epithelial cells lining the various segments of the nephron, where they relay information from the extracellular environment to the interior of the cell. Cilium-based signaling plays an important role in the development and homeostasis of mammalian kidneys, and ciliary dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of cystic kidney disease. Given the importance of centrosomes and cilia in renal function, techniques used to visualize these organelles, analyze their composition, and test their functionality have become essential in many studies of kidney development and disease. Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful, widely used technique that has enhanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms that regulate the assembly, maintenance, and function of these organelles in various organs. Here, we present detailed steps for the isolation of kidneys from adult and embryonic mice, describe protocols to label centrosomes and cilia in renal tissues, and methods used to culture and image kidneys ex vivo.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nakamura T, Takagi S, Matsumoto M, Tashiro F, Sakai T, Ichimura K. Expression of Nephrin Homologue in the Freshwater Planarian, Dugesia japonica. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:303-10. [PMID: 25859064 PMCID: PMC4387267 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excretory organs contain epithelial cells that form a filtration membrane specialized for ultrafiltration to produce primary urine. In vertebrates, the filtration membrane is made up of slit diaphragm (SD) formed by glomerular podocytes. Basal metazoans such as flatworms are also known have filtration epithelial cells, called flame cells, which exhibit SD-like structures. The molecular components of podocyte SD have been studied in detail, while those of the SD-like structures in basal metazoans including flatworms remain to be clarified. To determine whether the SD-like structures in flatworms have molecular components common to the SD in vertebrate podocytes, we examined the expression of gene homologue for mammalian nephrin, which encodes an essential transmembrane protein that participates in the formation of the SD, in a species of flatworms, planarian (Dugesia japonica). Flame cells were distributed throughout the entire body of the planarian, but the nephrin-expressing cells identified by in situ hybridization were mainly detected at body periphery excluding head region. The distribution pattern of nephrin-expressing cells was similar to that of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-expressing neoblasts, which are pluripotent stem cells characteristic to planarians. These findings indicated that the SD-like structures can be formed without the Nephrin protein in planarian flame cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nakamura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Sota Takagi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Informatics, Keio University
| | - Midori Matsumoto
- Department of Biological Sciences and Informatics, Keio University
| | - Fumio Tashiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Tatsuo Sakai
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tran PV. Dysfunction of intraflagellar transport proteins beyond the primary cilium. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2385-6. [PMID: 24876122 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014050453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huynh Cong E, Bizet AA, Boyer O, Woerner S, Gribouval O, Filhol E, Arrondel C, Thomas S, Silbermann F, Canaud G, Hachicha J, Ben Dhia N, Peraldi MN, Harzallah K, Iftene D, Daniel L, Willems M, Noel LH, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Gubler MC, Mollet G, Saunier S, Antignac C. A homozygous missense mutation in the ciliary gene TTC21B causes familial FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2435-43. [PMID: 24876116 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several genes, mainly involved in podocyte cytoskeleton regulation, have been implicated in familial forms of primary FSGS. We identified a homozygous missense mutation (p.P209L) in the TTC21B gene in seven families with FSGS. Mutations in this ciliary gene were previously reported to cause nephronophthisis, a chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy. Notably, tubular basement membrane thickening reminiscent of that observed in nephronophthisis was present in patients with FSGS and the p.P209L mutation. We demonstrated that the TTC21B gene product IFT139, an intraflagellar transport-A component, mainly localizes at the base of the primary cilium in developing podocytes from human fetal tissue and in undifferentiated cultured podocytes. In contrast, in nonciliated adult podocytes and differentiated cultured cells, IFT139 relocalized along the extended microtubule network. We further showed that knockdown of IFT139 in podocytes leads to primary cilia defects, abnormal cell migration, and cytoskeleton alterations, which can be partially rescued by p.P209L overexpression, indicating its hypomorphic effect. Our results demonstrate the involvement of a ciliary gene in a glomerular disorder and point to a critical function of IFT139 in podocytes. Altogether, these data suggest that this homozygous TTC21B p.P209L mutation leads to a novel hereditary kidney disorder with both glomerular and tubulointerstitial damages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Huynh Cong
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Albane A Bizet
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Boyer
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Woerner
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Gribouval
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Filhol
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Arrondel
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thomas
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris, France
| | - Flora Silbermann
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Canaud
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation and Intensive Care Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jamil Hachicha
- Department of Nephrology, University of Sfax, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nasr Ben Dhia
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Marie-Noëlle Peraldi
- INSERM U940, Paris Diderot University and Nephrology Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kais Harzallah
- Faculty of Medicine, Military Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Daouia Iftene
- Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, Army Central Hospital, Kouba, Alger, Algeria
| | - Laurent Daniel
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Pathology, la Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- INSERM U844, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Noel
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation and Intensive Care Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Genomic Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Paris-Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité University, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claire Gubler
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Mollet
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Antignac
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital, Paris, France;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mechanism of cystogenesis in nephrotic kidneys: a histopathological study. BMC Nephrol 2014; 15:3. [PMID: 24397250 PMCID: PMC3890514 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is pathological condition characterized by heavy proteinuria. Our study investigates hypothesis that change in cell proliferation of proximal tubules influences primary cilia structure and function and promotes cystogenesis in congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). METHODS CNF kidneys were analyzed genetically. Proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (caspase-3), and primary cilia (α-tubulin) length and structure were analyzed immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally in healthy, CNF and FSGS kidneys. Cyst diameters were measured and correlated with proliferation index. RESULTS Proximal tubules cells of healthy kidneys did not proliferate. In nephrotic kidneys, tubules with apparently normal diameter covered by cuboidal/columnar epithelium (PTNC) contained 81.54% of proliferating cells in CNF and 36.18% in FSGS, while cysts covered with columnar epithelium (CC) contained 37.52% of proliferating cells in CNF and 45.23% in FSGS. The largest cysts, covered with squamous epithelium (CS) had 11.54% of proliferating cells in CNF and 13.76% in FSGS. Increase in cysts diameter correlated with changes in proliferation index, tubular cells shape, primary cilia formation and appearance of apoptotic cells. CONCLUSIONS We present a novel histopathological data on the structure and possible changes in function of tubular cell in NS kidneys during cystogenesis. We suggest existence of common principles of cystogenesis in CNF and FSGS kidneys, including serious disturbances of tubular cells proliferation and apoptosis, and faulty primary cilia signaling leading to deterioration of proteinuria in NS kidneys.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the uniform orientation and alignment of a group of cells orthogonal to the apical–basal axis within a tissue. Originally described in insects, it is now known that PCP is required for many processes in vertebrates, including directional cell movement, polarized cell division, ciliary orientation, neural tube closure, heart development and lung branching. In this review, we outline the evidence implicating PCP in kidney development and disease focusing initially on the function of PCP in ureteric bud branching and elongation. We then describe how defects in PCP may lead to polycystic kidney disease and discuss a newly identified role for PCP in the kidney filtration barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- Leukocyte Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - David A Long
- Nephro-Urology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schulte K, Berger K, Boor P, Jirak P, Gelman IH, Arkill KP, Neal CR, Kriz W, Floege J, Smeets B, Moeller MJ. Origin of parietal podocytes in atubular glomeruli mapped by lineage tracing. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:129-41. [PMID: 24071005 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parietal podocytes are fully differentiated podocytes lining Bowman's capsule where normally only parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are found. Parietal podocytes form throughout life and are regularly observed in human biopsies, particularly in atubular glomeruli of diseased kidneys; however, the origin of parietal podocytes is unresolved. To assess the capacity of PECs to transdifferentiate into parietal podocytes, we developed and characterized a novel method for creating atubular glomeruli by electrocoagulation of the renal cortex in mice. Electrocoagulation produced multiple atubular glomeruli containing PECs as well as parietal podocytes that projected from the vascular pole and lined Bowman's capsule. Notably, induction of cell death was evident in some PECs. In contrast, Bowman's capsules of control animals and normal glomeruli of electrocoagulated kidneys rarely contained podocytes. PECs and podocytes were traced by inducible and irreversible genetic tagging using triple transgenic mice (PEC- or Pod-rtTA/LC1/R26R). Examination of serial cryosections indicated that visceral podocytes migrated onto Bowman's capsule via the vascular stalk; direct transdifferentiation from PECs to podocytes was not observed. Similar results were obtained in a unilateral ureter obstruction model and in human diseased kidney biopsies, in which overlap of PEC- or podocyte-specific antibody staining indicative of gradual differentiation did not occur. These results suggest that induction of atubular glomeruli leads to ablation of PECs and subsequent migration of visceral podocytes onto Bowman's capsule, rather than transdifferentiation from PECs to parietal podocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schulte
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, NRW, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Deane JA, Verghese E, Martelotto LG, Cain JE, Galtseva A, Rosenblum ND, Watkins DN, Ricardo SD. Visualizing renal primary cilia. Nephrology (Carlton) 2013; 18:161-8. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Centre for Cancer Research; Monash Institute of Medical Research; Monash Medical Centre
| | - Jason E Cain
- Centre for Cancer Research; Monash Institute of Medical Research; Monash Medical Centre
| | | | | | - D Neil Watkins
- Centre for Cancer Research; Monash Institute of Medical Research; Monash Medical Centre
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ichimura K, Fukuyo Y, Nakamura T, Powell R, Sakai T, Janknecht R, Obara T. Developmental localization of nephrin in zebrafish and medaka pronephric glomerulus. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:313-24. [PMID: 23324868 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413477115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit diaphragm (SD) is a highly specialized intercellular junction between podocyte foot processes and plays a crucial role in the formation of the filtration barrier. In this study, we examined the developmental localization of Nephrin, an essential component of SD, in the pronephric glomerulus of zebrafish and medaka. In the mature glomerulus of both fish, Nephrin is localized along the glomerular basement membrane as seen in mammals, indicating that Nephrin is localized at the SD. Interestingly, Nephrin was detected already in immature podocytes before the SD and foot processes started to form in both fish. Nephrin was localized along the cell surface of immature podocytes but as different localization patterns. In zebrafish, Nephrin signal bordered the lateral membrane of podocytes, which were columnar in shape, as in rat immature podocytes. However, in medaka immature podocytes, Nephrin was localized in a punctate pattern among podocyte cell bodies. These findings suggest that Nephrin needs to be integrated to the membrane before the formation of the SD and then moves to the proper site to form the SD. Furthermore, a podocyte-specific marker, such as Nephrin, should be a useful tool for the future analysis of pronephric glomerular development in fish mutants and morphants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
A comparative analysis of glomerulus development in the pronephros of medaka and zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45286. [PMID: 23028906 PMCID: PMC3445478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The glomerulus of the vertebrate kidney links the vasculature to the excretory system and produces the primary urine. It is a component of every single nephron in the complex mammalian metanephros and also in the primitive pronephros of fish and amphibian larvae. This systematic work highlights the benefits of using teleost models to understand the pronephric glomerulus development. The morphological processes forming the pronephric glomerulus are astoundingly different between medaka and zebrafish. (1) The glomerular primordium of medaka - unlike the one of zebrafish - exhibits a C-shaped epithelial layer. (2) The C-shaped primordium contains a characteristic balloon-like capillary, which is subsequently divided into several smaller capillaries. (3) In zebrafish, the bilateral pair of pronephric glomeruli is fused at the midline to form a glomerulus, while in medaka the two parts remain unmerged due to the interposition of the interglomerular mesangium. (4) Throughout pronephric development the interglomerular mesangial cells exhibit numerous cytoplasmic granules, which are reminiscent of renin-producing (juxtaglomerular) cells in the mammalian afferent arterioles. Our systematic analysis of medaka and zebrafish demonstrates that in fish, the morphogenesis of the pronephric glomerulus is not stereotypical. These differences need be taken into account in future analyses of medaka mutants with glomerulus defects.
Collapse
|
33
|
Saraga-Babić M, Vukojević K, Bočina I, Drnašin K, Saraga M. Ciliogenesis in normal human kidney development and post-natal life. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:55-63. [PMID: 21688189 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciliogenesis in developing and post-natal human kidneys appears to influence cell proliferation and differentiation, apico-basal cell polarity, and tubular lumen formation. We have analyzed the appearance of primary cilia and differentiation of kidney cells in ten human conceptuses aged 6-22 weeks and in one 5-year-old kidney, using a double immunofluorescence labeling technique for α-tubulin, γ-tubulin, Oct-4, and Ki-67 and by electron microscopy. Immature forms of nephrons and ampullae were characterized by intense cell proliferation, which subsequently decreased during development. Primary cilia appeared on the surfaces of non-proliferating cells in developing nephrons, gradually increasing in length from 0.59 μm in renal vesicles to 0.81 μm in the S-forms of nephrons, ultimately reaching 3.04 μm in length in mature fetal and post-natal nephrons. Ciliary length increased from 0.59 μm in ampullae to 1.28 μm in post-natal collecting tubules. Mesenchymal to epithelial transformation of kidney cells coincided with the appearance of apico-basal polarity, both gap and tight junctions, and lumen formation. Up-regulation of Oct-4 expression correlated with the onset of kidney cell differentiation. Our results demonstrate the importance of proper primary cilia lengthening and Oct-4 expression for the normal development of fetal and post-natal kidneys and of apico-basal polarity for normal tubular lumen formation. Disturbances in these processes are associated with ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Saraga-Babić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yates LL, Papakrivopoulou J, Long DA, Goggolidou P, Connolly JO, Woolf AS, Dean CH. The planar cell polarity gene Vangl2 is required for mammalian kidney-branching morphogenesis and glomerular maturation. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4663-76. [PMID: 20843830 PMCID: PMC2972698 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, incorporating non-canonical Wnt signalling, controls embryonic convergent (CE) extension, polarized cell division and ciliary orientation. It also limits diameters of differentiating renal tubules, with mutation of certain components of the pathway causing cystic kidneys. Mutations in mouse Vangl genes encoding core PCP proteins cause neural tube defects (NTDs) and Vangl2 mutations also impair branching of embryonic mouse lung airways. Embryonic metanephric kidneys also undergo branching morphogenesis and Vangl2 is known to be expressed in ureteric bud/collecting duct and metanephric mesenchymal/nephron lineages. These observations led us to investigate metanephroi in Vangl2 mutant mice, Loop-tail (Lp). Although ureteric bud formation is normal in Vangl2Lp/Lp embryos, subsequent in vivo and in vitro branching morphogenesis is impaired. Null mutant kidneys are short, consistent with a CE defect. Differentiating glomerular epithelia express several PCP genes (Vangl1/2, Celsr1, Scrib, Mpk1/2 and Fat4) and glomeruli in Vangl2Lp/Lp fetuses are smaller and contain less prominent capillary loops than wild-type littermates. Furthermore, Vangl2Lp/+ kidneys had modest reduction in glomerular numbers postnatally. Vangl2Lp/Lp metanephroi contained occasional dilated tubules but no overt cystic phenotype. These data show for the first time that a PCP gene is required for normal morphogenesis of both the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme-derived structures. It has long been recognized that certain individuals with NTDs are born with malformed kidneys, and recent studies have discovered VANGL mutations in some NTD patients. On the basis of our mutant mouse study, we suggest that PCP pathway mutations should be sought when NTD and renal malformation co-exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Yates
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|