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Vieira P, Nagy II, Rahikkala E, Väisänen ML, Latva K, Kaunisto K, Valmari P, Keski-Filppula R, Haanpää MK, Sidoroff V, Miettinen PJ, Arkkola T, Ojaniemi M, Nuutinen M, Uusimaa J, Myllynen P. Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency: Expanding the clinical phenotype and novel laboratory findings. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:223-234. [PMID: 34622459 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) deficiency due to the homozygous PCK1 variant has recently been associated with childhood-onset hypoglycemia with a recognizable pattern of abnormal urine organic acids. In this study, 21 children and 3 adult patients with genetically confirmed PEPCK-C deficiency were diagnosed during the years 2016 to 2019 and the available biochemical and clinical data were collected. All patients were ethnic Finns. Most patients (22 out of 24) had a previously published homozygous PCK1 variant c.925G>A. Two patients had a novel compound heterozygous PCK1 variant c.925G>A and c.716C>T. The laboratory results showed abnormal urine organic acid profile with increased tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and inadequate ketone body production during hypoglycemia. The hypoglycemic episodes manifested predominantly in the morning. Infections, fasting or poor food intake, heavy exercise, alcohol consumption, and breastfeeding were identified as triggering factors. Five patients presented with neonatal hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemic seizures occurred in half of the patients (12 out of 24). The first hypoglycemic episode often occurred at the age of 1-2 years, but it sometimes presented at a later age, and could re-occur during school age or adulthood. This study adds to the laboratory data on PEPCK-C deficiency, confirming the recognizable urine organic acid pattern and identifying deficient ketogenesis as a novel laboratory finding. The phenotype is expanded suggesting that the risk of hypoglycemia may continue into adulthood if predisposing factors are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Vieira
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Irina I Nagy
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elisa Rahikkala
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marja-Leena Väisänen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katariina Latva
- Department of Pediatrics, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
| | - Kari Kaunisto
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Valmari
- Department of Pediatrics, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Riikka Keski-Filppula
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria K Haanpää
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Virpi Sidoroff
- Department of Pediatrics, North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Päivi J Miettinen
- New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Arkkola
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja Ojaniemi
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Nuutinen
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- Clinic for Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Päivi Myllynen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Nagy II, Xu Q, Naillat F, Ali N, Miinalainen I, Samoylenko A, Vainio SJ. Impairment of Wnt11 function leads to kidney tubular abnormalities and secondary glomerular cystogenesis. BMC Dev Biol 2016; 16:30. [PMID: 27582005 PMCID: PMC5007805 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt11 is a member of the Wnt family of secreted signals controlling the early steps in ureteric bud (UB) branching. Due to the reported lethality of Wnt11 knockout embryos in utero, its role in later mammalian kidney organogenesis remains open. The presence of Wnt11 in the emerging tubular system suggests that it may have certain roles later in the development of the epithelial ductal system. RESULTS The Wnt11 knockout allele was backcrossed with the C57Bl6 strain for several generations to address possible differences in penetrance of the kidney phenotypes. Strikingly, around one third of the null mice with this inbred background survived to the postnatal stages. Many of them also reached adulthood, but urine and plasma analyses pointed out to compromised kidney function. Consistent with these data the tubules of the C57Bl6 Wnt11 (-/-) mice appeared to be enlarged, and the optical projection tomography indicated changes in tubular convolution. Moreover, the C57Bl6 Wnt11 (-/-) mice developed secondary glomerular cysts not observed in the controls. The failure of Wnt11 signaling reduced the expression of several genes implicated in kidney development, such as Wnt9b, Six2, Foxd1 and Hox10. Also Dvl2, an important PCP pathway component, was downregulated by more than 90 % due to Wnt11 deficiency in both the E16.5 and NB kidneys. Since all these genes take part in the control of UB, nephron and stromal progenitor cell differentiation, their disrupted expression may contribute to the observed anomalies in the kidney tubular system caused by Wnt11 deficiency. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt11 signal has roles at the later stages of kidney development, namely in coordinating the development of the tubular system. The C57Bl6 Wnt11 (-/-) mouse generated here provides a model for studying the mechanisms behind tubular anomalies and glomerular cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Nagy
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland.,NordLab Oulu, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Qi Xu
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Florence Naillat
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Nsrein Ali
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Ilkka Miinalainen
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Anatoly Samoylenko
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Biocenter Oulu, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5A, Oulu, 90014, Finland. .,InfoTech Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Nagy II, Railo A, Rapila R, Hast T, Sormunen R, Tavi P, Räsänen J, Vainio SJ. Wnt-11 signalling controls ventricular myocardium development by patterning N-cadherin and beta-catenin expression. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85:100-9. [PMID: 19622544 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The stage-dependent organization of the cardiomyocytes during formation of the different layers of the developing ventricular wall is critical for the establishment of a functional heart, but the instructive signals involved are still poorly known. We have addressed the potential role of Wnt-11 in the control of early ventricular myocardium assembly. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate by means of expression analysis and a mouse model in which Wnt-11 function has been inactivated that Wnt-11 is expressed by the embryonic ventricular cardiomyocytes and serves as one important signal for ventricular wall development. In the absence of Wnt-11, the coordinated organization, intercellular contacts, co-localized expression of the cell adhesion components N-cadherin and beta-catenin, and the cytoskeleton of the differentiating ventricular cardiomyocytes are all disturbed. Moreover, the ventricular wall lacking Wnt-11 signalling is thinner and the expression of the Gata-4, Nkx2.5, Mef2c, ANP, and BNP genes is down-regulated relative to controls. These defects lie behind disturbed embryonic cardiac functional development, marked by an increase in the ventricular relaxation time during the early diastole. CONCLUSION We conclude that Wnt-11 signalling serves as a critical cell adhesion cue for the organization of the cardiomyocytes in the developing ventricular wall, which is essential for the establishment of a functional heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Nagy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Railo A, Nagy II, Kilpeläinen P, Vainio S. Wnt-11 signaling leads to down-regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin, JNK/AP-1 and NF-kappaB pathways and promotes viability in the CHO-K1 cells. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2389-99. [PMID: 18572162 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt family of glycoprotein growth factors controls a number of central cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and ageing. All the Wnt proteins analyzed so far either activate or inhibit the canonical beta-catenin signaling pathway that regulates transcription of the target genes. In addition, some of them activate noncanonical signaling pathways that involve components such as the JNK, heterotrimeric G proteins, protein kinase C, and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, although the precise signaling mechanisms are only just beginning to be revealed. We demonstrate here that Wnt-11 signaling is sufficient to inhibit not only the canonical beta-catenin mediated Wnt signaling but also JNK/AP-1 and NF-kappaB signaling in the CHO cells, thus serving as a noncanonical Wnt ligand in this system. Inhibition of the JNK/AP-1 pathway is mediated in part by the MAPK kinase MKK4 and Akt. Moreover, protein kinase C is involved in the regulation of JNK/AP-1 by Wnt-11, but not of the NF-kappaB pathway. Consistent with the central role of Akt, JNK and NF-kappaB in cell survival and stress responses, Wnt-11 signaling promotes cell viability. Hence Wnt-11 is involved in coordination of key signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Railo
- Oulu Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, P.O.B. 5000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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