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Arai Y, Cha R, Nakagawa S, Inoue A, Nakamura K, Takahashi K. Cartilage Homeostasis under Physioxia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9398. [PMID: 39273346 PMCID: PMC11395513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage receives nutrients and oxygen from the synovial fluid to maintain homeostasis. However, compared to tissues with abundant blood flow, articular cartilage is exposed to a hypoxic environment (i.e., physioxia) and has an enhanced hypoxic stress response. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play a pivotal role in this physioxic environment. In normoxic conditions, HIFs are downregulated, whereas in physioxic conditions, they are upregulated. The HIF-α family comprises three members: HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-3α. Each member has a distinct function in articular cartilage. In osteoarthritis, which is primarily caused by degeneration of articular cartilage, HIF-1α is upregulated in chondrocytes and is believed to protect articular cartilage by acting anabolically on it. Conversely, in contrast to HIF-1α, HIF-2α exerts a catabolic influence on articular cartilage. It may therefore be possible to develop a new treatment for OA by controlling the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α with drugs or by altering the oxygen environment in the joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Arai
- Department of Sports and Para-Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryota Cha
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shuji Nakagawa
- Department of Sports and Para-Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsuo Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kei Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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2
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Liu K, Zhang B, Zhang X. Promoting Articular Cartilage Regeneration through Microenvironmental Regulation. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:4751168. [PMID: 39104594 PMCID: PMC11300091 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4751168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, as the aging population continues to grow, osteoarthritis (OA) has emerged as a leading cause of disability, with its incidence rising annually. Current treatments of OA include exercise and medications in the early stages and total joint replacement in the late stages. These approaches only relieve pain and reduce inflammation; however, they have significant side effects and high costs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective treatment methods that can delay the pathological progression of this condition. The changes in the articular cartilage microenvironment, which are complex and diverse, can aggravate the pathological progression into a vicious cycle, inhibiting the repair and regeneration of articular cartilage. Understanding these intricate changes in the microenvironment is crucial for devising effective treatment modalities. By searching relevant research articles and clinical trials in PubMed according to the keywords of articular cartilage, microenvironment, OA, mechanical force, hypoxia, cytokine, and cell senescence. This study first summarizes the factors affecting articular cartilage regeneration, then proposes corresponding treatment strategies, and finally points out the future research direction. We find that regulating the opening of mechanosensitive ion channels, regulating the expression of HIF-1, delivering growth factors, and clearing senescent cells can promote the formation of articular cartilage regeneration microenvironment. This study provides a new idea for the treatment of OA in the future, which can promote the regeneration of articular cartilage through the regulation of the microenvironment so as to achieve the purpose of treating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryXin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and MinistryGuangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Bingjun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryXin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryXin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and MinistryGuangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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3
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Moriwaki T, Tani H, Haga K, Morita-Umei Y, Soma Y, Umei TC, Sekine O, Takatsuna K, Kishino Y, Kanazawa H, Fujita J, Fukuda K, Tohyama S, Ieda M. Scalable production of homogeneous cardiac organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100666. [PMID: 38113855 PMCID: PMC10753388 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures are known to more closely mimic in vivo conditions compared with 2D cultures. Cardiac spheroids (CSs) and organoids (COs) are useful for 3D tissue engineering and are advantageous for their simplicity and mass production for regenerative therapy and drug discovery. Herein, we describe a large-scale method for producing homogeneous human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived CSs (hiPSC-CSs) and COs without scaffolds using a porous 3D microwell substratum with a suction system. Our method has many advantages, such as increased efficiency and improved functionality, homogeneity, and sphericity of hiPSC-CSs. Moreover, we have developed a substratum on a clinically relevant large scale for regenerative therapy and have succeeded in producing approximately 40,000 hiPSC-CSs with high sphericity at once. Furthermore, we efficiently produced a fused CO model consisting of hiPSC-derived atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes localized on opposite sides of one organoid. This method will facilitate progress toward hiPSC-based clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijun Moriwaki
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tani
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Joint Research Laboratory for Medical Innovation in Heart Disease, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Haga
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuika Morita-Umei
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Soma
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko C Umei
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Otoya Sekine
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaworu Takatsuna
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kishino
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kanazawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Fujita
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shugo Tohyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Tee CA, Han J, Hui JHP, Lee EH, Yang Z. Perspective in Achieving Stratified Articular Cartilage Repair Using Zonal Chondrocytes. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 36416231 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is composed of superficial, medial, and deep zones, which endow the tissue with biphasic mechanical properties to withstand shearing force and compressional loading. The tissue has very limited self-healing capacity once it is damaged due to its avascular nature. To prevent the early onset of osteoarthritis, surgical intervention is often needed to repair the injured cartilage. Current noncell-based and cell-based treatments focus on the regeneration of homogeneous cartilage to achieve bulk compressional properties without recapitulating the zonal matrix and mechanical properties, and often oversight in aiding cartilage integration between host and repair cartilage. It is hypothesized that achieving zonal architecture in articular cartilage tissue repair could improve the structural and mechanical integrity and thus the life span of the regenerated tissue. Engineering stratified cartilage constructs using zonal chondrocytes have been hypothesized to improve the functionality and life span of the regenerated tissues. However, stratified articular cartilage repair has yet to be realized to date due to the lack of an efficient zonal chondrocyte isolation method and an expansion platform that would allow both cell propagation and phenotype maintenance. Various attempts and challenges in achieving stratified articular cartilage repair in a clinical setting are evaluated. In this review, different perspectives on achieving stratified articular cartilage repair using zonal chondrocytes are described. The effectiveness of different zonal chondrocyte isolation and zonal chondrocyte phenotype maintenance methodologies during expansion are compared, with the focus on recent advancements in zonal chondrocyte isolation and expansion that could present a possible strategy to overcome the limitation of applying zonal chondrocytes to facilitate zonal architecture development in articular cartilage regeneration. Impact Statement The zonal properties of articular cartilage contribute to the biphasic mechanical properties of the tissues. Recapitulation of the zonal architecture in regenerated articular cartilage has been hypothesized to improve the mechanical integrity and life span of the regenerated tissue. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the current state of research relevant to achieving stratified articular cartilage repair using zonal chondrocytes from different perspectives. This review further elaborates on a zonal chondrocyte production pipeline that can potentially overcome the current clinical challenges and future work needed to realize stratified zonal chondrocyte implantation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Ann Tee
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheng Yang
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalised-Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Yuan X, Nonsuwan P, Shobo M, Rajan R, Yamazaki T, Sakakibara K, Matsumura K, Yoshikawa C. Cellular Flocculation Using Concentrated Polymer Brush-Modified Cellulose Nanofibers with Different Fiber Lengths. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1101-1111. [PMID: 35104113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, concentrated polymer brush-modified cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with different fiber lengths were used for the flocculation of cells for systematically studying the mechanism of this unique cellular flocculation based on colloidal flocculation theory. Concentrated poly(p-styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt) brush-grafted CNF (CNF-PSSNa) with different fiber lengths were cultured with three different cell types to examine their influence on floc (cell clusters formed by cellular flocculation) characteristics. The floc size and survival rate could be controlled by modifying the CNF-PSSNa fiber lengths. The three cell types showed the same flocculation tendency after culture, indicating the applicability of the method in different cell lines. After 2 weeks of culture, CNF-PSSNa increased the specific expression of hepatocytes compared to the two-dimensional cell culture. Thus, owing to its wide applicability, high cell viability, and ability to control cell size and improve cell function, this technology could be used as a new three-dimensional cell culture method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xida Yuan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.,Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Punnida Nonsuwan
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Miwako Shobo
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Robin Rajan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Keita Sakakibara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumura
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yoshikawa
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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6
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De Roover A, Núñez AE, Cornelis FM, Cherifi C, Casas-Fraile L, Sermon A, Cailotto F, Lories RJ, Monteagudo S. Hypoxia induces DOT1L in articular cartilage to protect against osteoarthritis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150451. [PMID: 34727094 PMCID: PMC8783684 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent joint disease worldwide, and it is a leading source of pain and disability. To date, this disease lacks curative treatment, as underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. The histone methyltransferase DOT1L protects against osteoarthritis, and DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation is reduced in human and mouse osteoarthritic joints. Thus, restoring DOT1L function seems to be critical to preserve joint health. However, DOT1L-regulating molecules and networks remain elusive, in the joint and beyond. Here, we identified transcription factors and networks that regulate DOT1L gene expression using a potentially novel bioinformatics pipeline. Thereby, we unraveled a possibly undiscovered link between the hypoxia pathway and DOT1L. We provide evidence that hypoxia enhanced DOT1L expression and H3K79 methylation via hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF1A). Importantly, we demonstrate that DOT1L contributed to the protective effects of hypoxia in articular cartilage and osteoarthritis. Intra-articular treatment with a selective hypoxia mimetic in mice after surgical induction of osteoarthritis restored DOT1L function and stalled disease progression. Collectively, our data unravel a molecular mechanism that protects against osteoarthritis with hypoxia inducing DOT1L transcription in cartilage. Local treatment with a selective hypoxia mimetic in the joint restores DOT1L function and could be an attractive therapeutic strategy for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid De Roover
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Escribano Núñez
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederique Mf Cornelis
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chahrazad Cherifi
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leire Casas-Fraile
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Sermon
- Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Locomotor and Neurological Disorders Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Cailotto
- UMR 7365 CNRS - University of Lorraine, Molecular Engineering and Articular Physiopathology, Biopôle, University of Lorraine, Campus Biologie-Santé, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
| | - Rik J Lories
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Monteagudo
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Vinod E, Johnson NN, Kumar S, Amirtham SM, James JV, Livingston A, Rebekah G, Daniel AJ, Ramasamy B, Sathishkumar S. Migratory chondroprogenitors retain superior intrinsic chondrogenic potential for regenerative cartilage repair as compared to human fibronectin derived chondroprogenitors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23685. [PMID: 34880351 PMCID: PMC8654938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy for articular hyaline cartilage regeneration predominantly involves the use of mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes. However, the regenerated repair tissue is suboptimal due to the formation of mixed hyaline and fibrocartilage, resulting in inferior long-term functional outcomes. Current preclinical research points towards the potential use of cartilage-derived chondroprogenitors as a viable option for cartilage healing. Fibronectin adhesion assay-derived chondroprogenitors (FAA-CP) and migratory chondroprogenitors (MCP) exhibit features suitable for neocartilage formation but are isolated using distinct protocols. In order to assess superiority between the two cell groups, this study was the first attempt to compare human FAA-CPs with MCPs in normoxic and hypoxic culture conditions, investigating their growth characteristics, surface marker profile and trilineage potency. Their chondrogenic potential was assessed using mRNA expression for markers of chondrogenesis and hypertrophy, glycosaminoglycan content (GAG), and histological staining. MCPs displayed lower levels of hypertrophy markers (RUNX2 and COL1A1), with normoxia-MCP exhibiting significantly higher levels of chondrogenic markers (Aggrecan and COL2A1/COL1A1 ratio), thus showing superior potential towards cartilage repair. Upon chondrogenic induction, normoxia-MCPs also showed significantly higher levels of GAG/DNA with stronger staining. Focused research using MCPs is required as they can be suitable contenders for the generation of hyaline-like repair tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vinod
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. .,Centre for Stem Cell Research, (A Unit of InStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
| | | | - Sanjay Kumar
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, (A Unit of InStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Jithu Varghese James
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abel Livingston
- Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Grace Rebekah
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Alfred Job Daniel
- Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Boopalan Ramasamy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. .,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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8
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Zhang J, Xu W, Li C, Meng F, Guan Y, Liu X, Zhao J, Peng J, Wang Y. Tissue Engineering Microtissue: Construction, Optimization, and Application. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:393-404. [PMID: 33719547 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Until now, there is no clear definition of microtissue; it usually refers to the microtissue formed by the aggregation of seed cells under the action of cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix (ECM). Compared with traditional cell monolayer culture, cells are cultivated into a three-dimensional microstructure in a specific way. The microstructure characteristics of microtissue are similar to natural tissues and can promote cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, it has a broader range of biomedical applications in tissue engineering. The traditional tissue engineering strategy is to add high-density seed cells and biomolecules on a preformed scaffold to construct a tissue engineering graft. However, due to the destruction of the ECM of the cells cultured in a monolayer during the digestion process with trypsin, the uneven distribution of the cells in the scaffold, and the damage of various adverse factors after the cells are implanted in the scaffold, this strategy is often ineffective, and the subsequent applications still face challenges. This article reviews the latest researches of a new strategy-tissue engineering microtissue strategy; discuss several traditional construction methods, structure, and function optimization; and practical application of microtissue. The review aims to provide a reference for future research on tissue engineering microtissue. Impact statement The traditional tissue engineering strategies have several disadvantages, researchers have conducted extensive research on tissue engineering microtissues in recent years, and they make significant progress. Microtissue is a kind of microtissue with three-dimensional structure, its microstructure is similar to that of natural tissue. In addition, microtissue implantation can protect cells from mechanical interference, inflammation, and other adverse factors. Furthermore, it improves the survival rate of cells and the therapeutic effect of tissue-engineered grafts. However, the practical conditions, advantages, and disadvantages of tissue engineering microtissue have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this review is to discuss the latest research progress of microtissue and provide a reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chaochao Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Guan
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhi Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgeng Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University Clinical School, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
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9
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Morouço P, Fernandes C, Lattanzi W. Challenges and Innovations in Osteochondral Regeneration: Insights from Biology and Inputs from Bioengineering toward the Optimization of Tissue Engineering Strategies. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:17. [PMID: 33673516 PMCID: PMC7931100 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the extremely high incidence of lesions and diseases in aging population, it is critical to put all efforts into developing a successful implant for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Many of the patients undergoing surgery present osteochondral fissure extending until the subchondral bone (corresponding to a IV grade according to the conventional radiographic classification by Berndt and Harty). Therefore, strategies for functional tissue regeneration should also aim at healing the subchondral bone and joint interface, besides hyaline cartilage. With the ambition of contributing to solving this problem, several research groups have been working intensively on the development of tailored implants that could promote that complex osteochondral regeneration. These implants may be manufactured through a wide variety of processes and use a wide variety of (bio)materials. This review aimed to examine the state of the art regarding the challenges, advantages, and drawbacks of the current strategies for osteochondral regeneration. One of the most promising approaches relies on the principles of additive manufacturing, where technologies are used that allow for the production of complex 3D structures with a high level of control, intended and predefined geometry, size, and interconnected pores, in a reproducible way. However, not all materials are suitable for these processes, and their features should be examined, targeting a successful regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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10
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Conditional ablation of MAPK7 expression in chondrocytes impairs endochondral bone formation in limbs and adaptation of chondrocytes to hypoxia. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:103. [PMID: 32944217 PMCID: PMC7488079 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long bones of limbs are formed through endochondral bone formation, which depends on the coordinated development of growth plates. Our previous studies have demonstrated that dysfunction of mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MAPK7) can cause skeletal dysplasia. However, little is known about the role of MAPK7 in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes during growth plate development. Results Ablation of MAPK7 expression in chondrocytes led to growth restriction, short limbs and bone mass loss in postnatal mice. Histological studies revealed that MAPK7 deficiency increased the apoptosis and decreased the proliferation of chondrocytes in the center of the proliferative layer, where the most highly hypoxic chondrocytes are located. Accordingly, hypertrophic differentiation markers were downregulated in the central hypertrophic layer, beneath the site where abnormal apoptosis was observed. Simultaneously, we demonstrated that hypoxic adaptation and hypoxia-induced activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit α (HIF1α) were impaired when MAPK7 could not be activated normally in primary chondrocytes. Concomitantly, vascular invasion into epiphyseal cartilage was inhibited when Mapk7 was deleted. Conclusions We demonstrated that MAPK7 is necessary for maintaining proliferation, survival, and differentiation of chondrocytes during postnatal growth plate development, possibly through modulating HIF1α signaling for adaptation to hypoxia. These results indicate that MAPK7 signaling might be a target for treatment of chondrodysplasia.
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Yao Y, Wang C. Dedifferentiation: inspiration for devising engineering strategies for regenerative medicine. NPJ Regen Med 2020; 5:14. [PMID: 32821434 PMCID: PMC7395755 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell dedifferentiation is the process by which cells grow reversely from a partially or terminally differentiated stage to a less differentiated stage within their own lineage. This extraordinary phenomenon, observed in many physiological processes, inspires the possibility of developing new therapeutic approaches to regenerate damaged tissue and organs. Meanwhile, studies also indicate that dedifferentiation can cause pathological changes. In this review, we compile the literature describing recent advances in research on dedifferentiation, with an emphasis on tissue-specific findings, cellular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications from an engineering perspective. A critical understanding of such knowledge may provide fresh insights for designing new therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine based on the principle of cell dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Yao
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510120 Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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12
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Lam T, Dehne T, Krüger JP, Hondke S, Endres M, Thomas A, Lauster R, Sittinger M, Kloke L. Photopolymerizable gelatin and hyaluronic acid for stereolithographic 3D bioprinting of tissue-engineered cartilage. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2649-2657. [PMID: 30860678 PMCID: PMC6790697 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To create artificial cartilage in vitro, mimicking the function of native extracellular matrix (ECM) and morphological cartilage-like shape is essential. The interplay of cell patterning and matrix concentration has high impact on the phenotype and viability of the printed cells. To advance the capabilities of cartilage bioprinting, we investigated different ECMs to create an in vitro chondrocyte niche. Therefore, we used methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) and methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) in a stereolithographic bioprinting approach. Both materials have been shown to support cartilage ECM formation and recovery of chondrocyte phenotype. We used these materials as bioinks to create cartilage models with varying chondrocyte densities. The models maintained shape, viability, and homogenous cell distribution over 14 days in culture. Chondrogenic differentiation was demonstrated by cartilage-typical proteoglycan and type II collagen deposition and gene expression (COL2A1, ACAN) after 14 days of culture. The differentiation pattern was influenced by cell density. A high cell density print (25 × 106 cells/mL) led to enhanced cartilage-typical zonal segmentation compared to cultures with lower cell density (5 × 106 cells/mL). Compared to HAMA, GelMA resulted in a higher expression of COL1A1, typical for a more premature chondrocyte phenotype. Both bioinks are feasible for printing in vitro cartilage with varying differentiation patterns and ECM organization depending on starting cell density and chosen bioink. The presented technique could find application in the creation of cartilage models and in the treatment of articular cartilage defects using autologous material and adjusting the bioprinted constructs size and shape to the patient. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B:2649-2657, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tilo Dehne
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering
| | | | | | | | | | - Roland Lauster
- Technische Universität BerlinInstitute of Medical BiotechnologyBerlinGermany
| | - Michael Sittinger
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering
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Mennan C, Garcia J, McCarthy H, Owen S, Perry J, Wright K, Banerjee R, Richardson JB, Roberts S. Human Articular Chondrocytes Retain Their Phenotype in Sustained Hypoxia While Normoxia Promotes Their Immunomodulatory Potential. Cartilage 2019; 10:467-479. [PMID: 29671342 PMCID: PMC6755872 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518769714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the phenotype of human articular chondrocytes cultured in normoxia (21% O2) or continuous hypoxia (2% O2). DESIGN Chondrocytes were extracted from patients undergoing total knee replacement (n = 5) and cultured in ~21% (normoxic chondrocytes, NC) and 2% (hypoxic chondrocytes, HC) oxygen in both monolayer and 3-dimensional (3D) pellet culture and compared with freshly isolated chondrocytes (FC). Cells were assessed by flow cytometry for markers indicative of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), chondrogenic-potency and dedifferentiation. Chondrogenic potency and immunomodulatory gene expression was assessed in NC and HC by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess collagen II production following 3D pellet culture. RESULTS NC were positive (>97%, n = 5) for MSC markers, CD73, CD90, and CD105, while HC demonstrated <90% positivity (n = 4) and FC (n = 5) less again (CD73 and CD90 <20%; CD105 <40%). The markers CD166 and CD151, indicative of chondrogenic de-differentiation, were significantly higher on NC compared with HC and lowest on FC. NC also produced the highest levels of CD106 and showed the greatest levels of IDO expression, following interferon-γ stimulation, indicating immunomodulatory potential. NC produced the highest levels of CD49c (>60%) compared with HC and FC in which production was <2%. Hypoxic conditions upregulated expression of SOX9, frizzled-related protein (FRZB), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), and collagen type II (COL2A1) and downregulated activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) in 3 out of 4 patients compared with normoxic conditions for monolayer cells. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic conditions encourage retention of a chondrogenic phenotype with some immunomodulatory potential, whereas normoxia promotes dedifferentiation of chondrocytes toward an MSC phenotype with loss of chondrogenic potency but enhanced immunomodulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mennan
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - John Garcia
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Helen McCarthy
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Sharon Owen
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Jade Perry
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Karina Wright
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Robin Banerjee
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
| | - James B. Richardson
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
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Hall AC. The Role of Chondrocyte Morphology and Volume in Controlling Phenotype-Implications for Osteoarthritis, Cartilage Repair, and Cartilage Engineering. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2019; 21:38. [PMID: 31203465 PMCID: PMC6571082 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-019-0837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Articular chondrocytes are exclusively responsible for the turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of hyaline cartilage. However, chondrocytes are phenotypically unstable and, if they de-differentiate into hypertrophic or fibroblastic forms, will produce a defective and weak matrix. Chondrocyte volume and morphology exert a strong influence over phenotype and a full appreciation of the factors controlling chondrocyte phenotype stability is central to understanding (a) the mechanisms underlying the cartilage failure in osteoarthritis (OA), (b) the rationale for hyaline cartilage repair, and (c) the strategies for improving the engineering of resilient cartilage. The focus of this review is on the factors involved in, and the importance of regulating, chondrocyte morphology and volume as key controllers of chondrocyte phenotype. RECENT FINDINGS The visualisation of fluorescently-labelled in situ chondrocytes within non-degenerate and mildly degenerate cartilage, by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) and imaging software, has identified the marked heterogeneity of chondrocyte volume and morphology. The presence of chondrocytes with cytoplasmic processes, increased volume, and clustering suggests important early changes to their phenotype. Results from experiments more closely aligned to the normal physico-chemical environment of in situ chondrocytes are emphasising the importance of understanding the factors controlling chondrocyte morphology and volume that ultimately affect phenotype. An appreciation of the importance of chondrocyte volume and morphology for controlling the chondrocyte phenotype is advancing at a rapid pace and holds particular promise for developing strategies for protecting the chondrocytes against deleterious changes and thereby maintaining healthy and resilient cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Hall
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9XD, UK.
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15
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Keeley TP, Mann GE. Defining Physiological Normoxia for Improved Translation of Cell Physiology to Animal Models and Humans. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:161-234. [PMID: 30354965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2 ~21 kPa) and its ultimate distribution within mitochondria (as low as ~0.5-1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended in limiting its inherent toxicity. It has long been recognized that cell culture undertaken under room air conditions falls short of replicating this protection in vitro. Despite this, difficulty in accurately determining the appropriate O2 levels in which to culture cells, coupled with a lack of the technology to replicate and maintain a physiological O2 environment in vitro, has hindered addressing this issue thus far. In this review, we aim to address the current understanding of tissue Po2 distribution in vivo and summarize the attempts made to replicate these conditions in vitro. The state-of-the-art techniques employed to accurately determine O2 levels, as well as the issues associated with reproducing physiological O2 levels in vitro, are also critically reviewed. We aim to provide the framework for researchers to undertake cell culture under O2 levels relevant to specific tissues and organs. We envisage that this review will facilitate a paradigm shift, enabling translation of findings under physiological conditions in vitro to disease pathology and the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
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16
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Pattappa G, Johnstone B, Zellner J, Docheva D, Angele P. The Importance of Physioxia in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis and the Mechanisms Controlling Its Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E484. [PMID: 30678074 PMCID: PMC6387316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage covers the surface of synovial joints and enables joint movement. However, it is susceptible to progressive degeneration with age that can be accelerated by either previous joint injury or meniscectomy. This degenerative disease is known as osteoarthritis (OA) and it greatly affects the adult population. Cell-based tissue engineering provides a possible solution for treating OA at its earliest stages, particularly focal cartilage lesions. A candidate cell type for treating these focal defects are Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). However, present methods for differentiating these cells towards the chondrogenic lineage lead to hypertrophic chondrocytes and bone formation in vivo. Environmental stimuli that can stabilise the articular chondrocyte phenotype without compromising tissue formation have been extensively investigated. One factor that has generated intensive investigation in MSC chondrogenesis is low oxygen tension or physioxia (2⁻5% oxygen). In vivo articular cartilage resides at oxygen tensions between 1⁻4%, and in vitro results suggest that these conditions are beneficial for MSC expansion and chondrogenesis, particularly in suppressing the cartilage hypertrophy. This review will summarise the current literature regarding the effects of physioxia on MSC chondrogenesis with an emphasis on the pathways that control tissue formation and cartilage hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Pattappa
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Johannes Zellner
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Angele
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
- Sporthopaedicum Regensburg, Hildegard von Bingen Strasse 1, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Graceffa V, Vinatier C, Guicheux J, Stoddart M, Alini M, Zeugolis DI. Chasing Chimeras - The elusive stable chondrogenic phenotype. Biomaterials 2018; 192:199-225. [PMID: 30453216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The choice of the best-suited cell population for the regeneration of damaged or diseased cartilage depends on the effectiveness of culture conditions (e.g. media supplements, three-dimensional scaffolds, mechanical stimulation, oxygen tension, co-culture systems) to induce stable chondrogenic phenotype. Herein, advances and shortfalls in in vitro, preclinical and clinical setting of various in vitro microenvironment modulators on maintaining chondrocyte phenotype or directing stem cells towards chondrogenic lineage are critically discussed. Chondrocytes possess low isolation efficiency, limited proliferative potential and rapid phenotypic drift in culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are relatively readily available, possess high proliferation potential, exhibit great chondrogenic differentiation capacity, but they tend to acquire a hypertrophic phenotype when exposed to chondrogenic stimuli. Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, despite their promising in vitro and preclinical data, are still under-investigated. Although a stable chondrogenic phenotype remains elusive, recent advances in in vitro microenvironment modulators are likely to develop clinically- and commercially-relevant therapies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Claire Vinatier
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Jerome Guicheux
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Martin Stoddart
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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18
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Cohen BP, Bernstein JL, Morrison KA, Spector JA, Bonassar LJ. Tissue engineering the human auricle by auricular chondrocyte-mesenchymal stem cell co-implantation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202356. [PMID: 30356228 PMCID: PMC6200177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Children suffering from microtia have few options for auricular reconstruction. Tissue engineering approaches attempt to replicate the complex anatomy and structure of the ear with autologous cartilage but have been limited by access to clinically accessible cell sources. Here we present a full-scale, patient-based human ear generated by implantation of human auricular chondrocytes and human mesenchymal stem cells in a 1:1 ratio. Additional disc construct surrogates were generated with 1:0, 1:1, and 0:1 combinations of auricular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. After 3 months in vivo, monocellular auricular chondrocyte discs and 1:1 disc and ear constructs displayed bundled collagen fibers in a perichondrial layer, rich proteoglycan deposition, and elastin fiber network formation similar to native human auricular cartilage, with the protein composition and mechanical stiffness of native tissue. Full ear constructs with a 1:1 cell combination maintained gross ear structure and developed a cartilaginous appearance following implantation. These studies demonstrate the successful engineering of a patient-specific human auricle using exclusively human cell sources without extensive in vitro tissue culture prior to implantation, a critical step towards the clinical application of tissue engineering for auricular reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Cohen
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jaime L Bernstein
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kerry A Morrison
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason A Spector
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.,Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Li H, Li X, Jing X, Li M, Ren Y, Chen J, Yang C, Wu H, Guo F. Hypoxia promotes maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype in rat growth plate chondrocytes through the HIF-1α/YAP signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3181-3192. [PMID: 30320354 PMCID: PMC6202095 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo‑yes‑associated protein (YAP) signaling pathway was previously identified to serve an important role in controlling chondrocyte differentiation and post‑natal growth. Growth plate cartilage tissue is avascular, and hypoxia‑inducible factor (HIF)‑1α is essential for chondrocytes to maintain their chondrogenic phenotype in a hypoxic environment. In the present study, the role of hypoxia and HIF‑1α in the regulation of YAP in chondrocytes was investigated. The data demonstrated that hypoxia promoted the maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype, HIF‑1α expression and YAP activation in chondrocytes in a time‑dependent manner. Hypoxia promoted YAP activation in a Hippo‑independent manner. Inhibiting the expression of HIF‑1α decreased the activation of YAP and downregulated the expression of sex‑determining region‑box 9 protein (SOX9) under hypoxic conditions, while the upregulation of HIF‑1α by cobalt chloride promoted the expression and nuclear translocation of YAP and upregulated the expression of SOX9 and collagen II chain under normoxic conditions. In addition, inhibition of YAP expression under hypoxia did not affect the expression of the HIF‑1α signaling pathway, but inhibited the up‑regulation of SOX9 expression caused by hypoxia. In addition, reoxygenation following hypoxia inhibited the activation of YAP caused by hypoxia in chondrocytes, whereas the upregulation of SOX9 and collagen II chain also appeared to be inhibited. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that hypoxia promoted YAP activation via HIF‑1α. Therefore, the HIF‑1α/YAP signaling axis may serve an important role in controlling growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and the maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype in growth plate chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhi Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Caihong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Krajewska-Włodarczyk M, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Placek W, Osowski A, Wojtkiewicz J. Articular Cartilage Aging-Potential Regenerative Capacities of Cell Manipulation and Stem Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E623. [PMID: 29470431 PMCID: PMC5855845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in articular cartilage during the aging process are a stage of natural changes in the human body. Old age is the major risk factor for osteoarthritis but the disease does not have to be an inevitable consequence of aging. Chondrocytes are particularly prone to developing age-related changes. Changes in articular cartilage that take place in the course of aging include the acquisition of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype by chondrocytes, a decrease in the sensitivity of chondrocytes to growth factors, a destructive effect of chronic production of reactive oxygen species and the accumulation of the glycation end products. All of these factors affect the mechanical properties of articular cartilage. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the process of articular cartilage aging may help to create new therapies aimed at slowing or inhibiting age-related modifications of articular cartilage. This paper presents the causes and consequences of cellular aging of chondrocytes and the biological therapeutic outlook for the regeneration of age-related changes of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krajewska-Włodarczyk
- Department of Rheumatology, Municipal Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Placek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Adam Osowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland.
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21
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Critchley SE, Eswaramoorthy R, Kelly DJ. Low‐oxygen conditions promote synergistic increases in chondrogenesis during co‐culture of human osteoarthritic stem cells and chondrocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1074-1084. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Critchley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of AnatomyRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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22
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Hypoxia regulates RhoA and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in a context-dependent way to control re-differentiation of chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9032. [PMID: 28831110 PMCID: PMC5567364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage tissue is avascular and hypoxic which regulates chondrocyte phenotype via stabilization of HIFs. Here, we investigated the role of hypoxia and HIFs in regulation of Rho and canonical Wnt signaling in chondrocytes. Our data demonstrates that hypoxia controls the expression of RhoA in chondrocytes in a context-dependent manner on the culturing conditions. Within a 3D microenvironment, hypoxia suppresses RhoA on which hypoxia-driven expression of chondrogenic markers depends. Conversely, hypoxia leads to upregulation of RhoA in chondrocytes on 2D with a failure in re-expression of chondrogenic markers. Similarly to RhoA, hypoxic regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling depends on the microenvironment. Hypoxia downregulates β-catenin within 3D hydrogels whereas it causes a potent increase on 2D. Hypoxia-induced suppression of canonical Wnt signaling in 3D contributes to the promotion of chondrogenic phenotype as induction of Wnt signaling abrogates the hypoxic re-differentiation of chondrocytes. Inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling via stabilization of Axin2 leads to a synergistic enhancement of hypoxia-induced expression of chondrogenic markers. The effects of hypoxia on Rho and Wnt/β-catenin signaling are HIF-dependent as stabilizing HIFs under normoxia revealed similar effects on chondrocytes. The study reveals important insights on hypoxic signaling of chondrocytes and how hypoxia regulates cellular mechanisms depending on the cellular microenvironment.
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23
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Li K, Zhang C, Qiu L, Gao L, Zhang X. Advances in Application of Mechanical Stimuli in Bioreactors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:399-411. [PMID: 28463576 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is the weight-bearing tissue in diarthroses. It lacks the capacity for self-healing once there are injuries or diseases due to its avascularity. With the development of tissue engineering, repairing cartilage defects through transplantation of engineered cartilage that closely matches properties of native cartilage has become a new option for curing cartilage diseases. The main hurdle for clinical application of engineered cartilage is how to develop functional cartilage constructs for mass production in a credible way. Recently, impressive hyaline cartilage that may have the potential to provide capabilities for treating large cartilage lesions in the future has been produced in laboratories. The key to functional cartilage construction in vitro is to identify appropriate mechanical stimuli. First, they should ensure the function of metabolism because mechanical stimuli play the role of blood vessels in the metabolism of AC, for example, acquiring nutrition and removing wastes. Second, they should mimic the movement of synovial joints and produce phenotypically correct tissues to achieve the adaptive development between the micro- and macrostructure and function. In this article, we divide mechanical stimuli into three types according to forces transmitted by different media in bioreactors, namely forces transmitted through the liquid medium, solid medium, or other media, then we review and summarize the research status of bioreactors for cartilage tissue engineering (CTE), mainly focusing on the effects of diverse mechanical stimuli on engineered cartilage. Based on current researches, there are several motion patterns in knee joints; but compression, tension, shear, fluid shear, or hydrostatic pressure each only partially reflects the mechanical condition in vivo. In this study, we propose that rolling-sliding-compression load consists of various stimuli that will represent better mechanical environment in CTE. In addition, engineers often ignore the importance of biochemical factors to the growth and development of engineered cartilage. In our point of view, only by fully considering synergistic effects of mechanical and biochemical factors can we find appropriate culture conditions for functional cartilage constructs. Once again, rolling-sliding-compression load under appropriate biochemical conditions may be conductive to realize the adaptive development between the structure and function of engineered cartilage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Lulu Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Lilan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Xizheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
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24
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Silverstein AM, Stoker AM, Ateshian GA, Bulinski JC, Cook JL, Hung CT. Transient expression of the diseased phenotype of osteoarthritic chondrocytes in engineered cartilage. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:829-836. [PMID: 27183499 PMCID: PMC5383531 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the degradation of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage in post-traumatic OA (PTOA), these tissues are challenging to study and manipulate in vitro. In this study, chondrocytes isolated from either PTOA (meniscal-release (MR) model) or normal (contralateral limb) cartilage of canine knee joints were used to form micropellets to assess the maintenance of the OA chondrocyte phenotype in vitro. Media samples from the micropellet cultures were used to measure matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), chemokine, and cytokine concentrations. Significant differences in matrix synthesis were observed as a function of disease with OA chondrocytes generally synthesizing more extracellular matrix with increasing time in culture. No donor dependent differences were detected. Luminex multiplex analysis of pellet culture media showed disease and time-dependent differences in interleukin (IL)-8, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC)-like protein, MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3, which are differentially expressed in OA. This memory of their diseased phenotype persists for the first 2 weeks of culture. These results demonstrate the potential to use chondrocytes from an animal model of OA to study phenotype alterations during the progression and treatment of OA. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:829-836, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Silverstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, New York 10027
| | - Aaron M. Stoker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gerard A. Ateshian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, New York 10027,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - J. Chloe Bulinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James L. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Clark T. Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, New York 10027
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25
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Hospodiuk M, Dey M, Sosnoski D, Ozbolat IT. The bioink: A comprehensive review on bioprintable materials. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:217-239. [PMID: 28057483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses "bioink", bioprintable materials used in three dimensional (3D) bioprinting processes, where cells and other biologics are deposited in a spatially controlled pattern to fabricate living tissues and organs. It presents the first comprehensive review of existing bioink types including hydrogels, cell aggregates, microcarriers and decellularized matrix components used in extrusion-, droplet- and laser-based bioprinting processes. A detailed comparison of these bioink materials is conducted in terms of supporting bioprinting modalities and bioprintability, cell viability and proliferation, biomimicry, resolution, affordability, scalability, practicality, mechanical and structural integrity, bioprinting and post-bioprinting maturation times, tissue fusion and formation post-implantation, degradation characteristics, commercial availability, immune-compatibility, and application areas. The paper then discusses current limitations of bioink materials and presents the future prospects to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hospodiuk
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Madhuri Dey
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donna Sosnoski
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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26
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Donderwinkel I, van Hest JCM, Cameron NR. Bio-inks for 3D bioprinting: recent advances and future prospects. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00826k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, interest in the field of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has increased enormously. This review describes all the currently used bio-printing inks, including polymeric hydrogels, polymer bead microcarriers, cell aggregates and extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Donderwinkel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
- Department of Bio-organic Chemistry
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department of Bio-organic Chemistry
- Radboud University
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
- School of Engineering
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27
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Kokubo M, Sato M, Yamato M, Mitani G, Uchiyama Y, Mochida J, Okano T. Characterization of layered chondrocyte sheets created in a co-culture system with synoviocytes in a hypoxic environment. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2885-2894. [PMID: 27401487 DOI: 10.1002/term.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endeavouring to repair and regenerate articular cartilage using cell sheets, we have previously established a co-culture system of chondrocytes and synoviocytes, and have reported the successful and rapid production of chondrocyte sheets. In the present study, to examine the effects of oxygen concentration on the chondrocyte sheets, we co-cultured human articular chondrocytes and human synoviocytes in 2%, 5% and 21% oxygen, and measured chondrocyte metabolic activity and proliferation activities under each condition for 14 days in culture. Layered chondrocyte sheets were also created under each condition and the proteoglycan (PG) level was compared with the gene expression of type I collagen (COL1), COL2, COL27, tissue metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), fibronectin-1 (FN1), SRY-related HMG Box 9 (SOX9), aggrecan-1 (ACAN), integrin-α10 (ITGα10), matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), MMP13 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif 5 (ADAMTS5). Compared with 5% and 21% oxygen, the 2% condition caused significantly greater cell metabolic activity and proliferation (p < 0.05). The 2% condition produced a 10% greater PG level compared with 21% oxygen (p < 0.05). All conditions increased the expression of chondrocyte-specific genes, such as COL2, and were associated with low expression levels of catabolic factors, such as MMP3 and MMP13. These observations indicated that the specificity of the chondrocyte sheets was maintained under all conditions. The culture times did not differ between the 5% and 21% conditions. Compared with 21% oxygen, layered chondrocyte sheets rich in extracellular matrix were created 2.85 days earlier in 2% oxygen, which is similar to the level found in deep cartilage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Kokubo
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Sato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genya Mitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Uchiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Joji Mochida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Yildizgoren MT, Helvaci MR, Ustun N, Osmanoglu K, Turhanoglu AD. Ultrasonographic Assessment of the Distal Femoral Cartilage Thickness in Patients with Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease. Cartilage 2016; 7:217-21. [PMID: 27375836 PMCID: PMC4918064 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515614946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the distal femoral cartilage thickness of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) with those of healthy subjects using ultrasonography. METHODS The study comprised 30 patients with SCD (16 male, 14 female; mean age, 30.1 years) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Demographic features and medications of the patients were recorded. With the knees held in maximum flexion, the femoral cartilage thickness was measured bilaterally with a 7- to 12-MHz linear probe. Using ultrasonography, 3 midpoint measurements were taken from both knees: lateral femoral condyle (LFC), intercondylar area (ICA), and medial femoral condyle (MFC). RESULTS Patients with SCD had thinner femoral cartilage thickness values at LFC (P = 0.004), at MFC (P = 0.000), and ICA (P = 0.002) when compared with those of the healthy subjects. Patients with SCD also had lower Hb levels (P = 0.000) levels. Weak positive correlations were determined between Hemoglobin (Hb) levels and ultrasonographic measurements in the SCD group at MFC (r = 0.331, P = 0.010), and ICA (r = 0.289 , P = 0.025 ). Low levels of Hb seem to affect the femoral cartilage thickness. CONCLUSION These preliminary findings of decreased femoral cartilage thickness in SCD patients should be complemented with future studies. The possibility of early knee joint degeneration and eventual osteoarthritis in SCD should be kept in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Turgut Yildizgoren
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mustafa Kemal University Medical School, Hatay, Turkey,Mustafa Turgut Yildizgoren, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mustafa Kemal University, Medical School, Serinyol, Hatay, 31001, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Rami Helvaci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University Medical School, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Ustun
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mustafa Kemal University Medical School, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Kasim Osmanoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University Medical School, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ayse Dicle Turhanoglu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mustafa Kemal University Medical School, Hatay, Turkey
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29
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Kean TJ, Mera H, Whitney GA, MacKay DL, Awadallah A, Fernandes RJ, Dennis JE. Disparate response of articular- and auricular-derived chondrocytes to oxygen tension. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:319-33. [PMID: 27128439 PMCID: PMC4984267 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1182996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM To determine the effect of reduced (5%) oxygen tension on chondrogenesis of auricular-derived chondrocytes. Currently, many cell and tissue culture experiments are performed at 20% oxygen with 5% carbon dioxide. Few cells in the body are subjected to this supra-physiological oxygen tension. Chondrocytes and their mesenchymal progenitors are widely reported to have greater chondrogenic expression when cultured at low, more physiological, oxygen tension (1-7%). Although generally accepted, there is still some controversy, and different culture methods, species, and outcome metrics cloud the field. These results are, however, articular chondrocyte biased and have not been reported for auricular-derived chondrocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Auricular and articular chondrocytes were isolated from skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits, expanded in culture and differentiated in high density cultures with serum-free chondrogenic media. Cartilage tissue derived from aggregate cultures or from the tissue engineered sheets were assessed for biomechanical, glycosaminoglycan, collagen, collagen cross-links, and lysyl oxidase activity and expression. RESULTS Our studies show increased proliferation rates for both auricular and articular chondrocytes at low (5%) O2 versus standard (20%) O2. In our scaffold-free chondrogenic cultures, low O2 was found to increase articular chondrocyte accumulation of glycosaminoglycan, but not cross-linked type II collagen, or total collagen. Conversely, auricular chondrocytes accumulated less glycosaminoglycan, cross-linked type II collagen and total collagen under low oxygen tension. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the dramatic difference in response to low O2 of chondrocytes isolated from different anatomical sites. Low O2 is beneficial for articular-derived chondrogenesis but detrimental for auricular-derived chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kean
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hisashi Mera
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - G. Adam Whitney
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Danielle L. MacKay
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Russell J. Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James E. Dennis
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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30
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Lynch B, Crawford K, Baruti O, Abdulahad A, Webster M, Puetzer J, Ryu C, Bonassar LJ, Mendenhall J. The effect of hypoxia on thermosensitive poly(N
-vinylcaprolactam) hydrogels with tunable mechanical integrity for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:1863-1873. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Lynch
- Department of Chemistry; Morehouse College; Atlanta Georgia
| | | | - Omari Baruti
- Department of Chemistry; Morehouse College; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Asem Abdulahad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York
| | | | - Jennifer Puetzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Cornell University; Ithaca New York
| | - Chang Ryu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York
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31
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Zhou Y. The Application of Ultrasound in 3D Bio-Printing. Molecules 2016; 21:E590. [PMID: 27164066 PMCID: PMC6274238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging and promising technology in tissue engineering to construct tissues and organs for implantation. Alignment of self-assembly cell spheroids that are used as bioink could be very accurate after droplet ejection from bioprinter. Complex and heterogeneous tissue structures could be built using rapid additive manufacture technology and multiple cell lines. Effective vascularization in the engineered tissue samples is critical in any clinical application. In this review paper, the current technologies and processing steps (such as printing, preparation of bioink, cross-linking, tissue fusion and maturation) in 3D bio-printing are introduced, and their specifications are compared with each other. In addition, the application of ultrasound in this novel field is also introduced. Cells experience acoustic radiation force in ultrasound standing wave field (USWF) and then accumulate at the pressure node at low acoustic pressure. Formation of cell spheroids by this method is within minutes with uniform size and homogeneous cell distribution. Neovessel formation from USWF-induced endothelial cell spheroids is significant. Low-intensity ultrasound could enhance the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Its use is at low cost and compatible with current bioreactor. In summary, ultrasound application in 3D bio-printing may solve some challenges and enhance the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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32
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Yin H, Wang Y, Sun Z, Sun X, Xu Y, Li P, Meng H, Yu X, Xiao B, Fan T, Wang Y, Xu W, Wang A, Guo Q, Peng J, Lu S. Induction of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation and functional cartilage microtissue formation for in vivo cartilage regeneration by cartilage extracellular matrix-derived particles. Acta Biomater 2016; 33:96-109. [PMID: 26802442 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We propose a method of preparing a novel cell carrier derived from natural cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM), designated cartilage ECM-derived particles (CEDPs). Through a series of processes involving pulverization, sieving, and decellularization, fresh cartilage was made into CEDPs with a median diameter of 263 ± 48 μm. Under microgravity culture conditions in a rotary cell culture system (RCCS), bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) can proliferate rapidly on the surface of CEDPs with high viability. Histological evaluation and gene expression analysis indicated that BMSCs were differentiated into mature chondrocytes after 21 days of culture without the use of exogenous growth factors. Functional cartilage microtissue aggregates of BMSC-laden CEDPs formed as time in culture increased. Further, the microtissue aggregates were directly implanted into trochlear cartilage defects in a rat model (CEDP+MSC group). Gait analysis and histological results indicated that the CEDP+MSC group obtained better and more rapid joint function recovery and superior cartilage repair compared to the control groups, in which defects were treated with CEDPs alone or only fibrin glue, at both 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. In conclusion, the innovative cell carrier derived from cartilage ECM could promote chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and the direct use of functional cartilage microtissue facilitated cartilage regeneration. This strategy for cell culture, stem cell differentiation and one-step surgery using cartilage microtissue for cartilage repair provides novel prospects for cartilage tissue engineering and may have further broad clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We proposed a method to prepare a novel cell carrier derived from natural cartilage ECM, termed cartilage ECM-derived particles (CEDPs), which can support proliferation of MSCs and facilitate their chondrogenic differentiation. Further, the direct use of functional cartilage microtissue of MSC-laden CEDP aggregates for cartilage repair in vivo induced hyaline-like articular cartilage repair. This strategy for cell culture, stem cell differentiation and the one-step surgery for cartilage repair provide novel prospects for cartilage tissue engineering and may have further broad clinical applications.
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33
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Markway BD, Cho H, Zilberman-Rudenko J, Holden P, McAlinden A, Johnstone B. Hypoxia-inducible factor 3-alpha expression is associated with the stable chondrocyte phenotype. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1561-70. [PMID: 26174816 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α are important regulators of the chondrocyte phenotype but little is known about HIF-3α in cartilage. The objective of this study was to characterize HIF-3α (HIF3A) expression during chondrocyte differentiation in vitro and in native cartilage tissues. HIF3A, COL10A1, and MMP13 were quantified in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and articular chondrocytes from healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) tissue in three-dimensional cultures and in human embryonic epiphyses and adult articular cartilage. HIF3A was found to have an inverse association with hypertrophic markers COL10A1 and MMP13 in chondrogenic cells and tissues. In healthy chondrocytes, HIF3A was induced by dexamethasone and increased during redifferentiation. By comparison, HIF3A expression was extremely low in chondrogenically differentiated MSCs expressing high levels of COL10A1 and MMP13. HIF3A was also lower in redifferentiated OA chondrocytes than in healthy chondrocytes. In human embryonic epiphyseal tissue, HIF3A expression was lowest in the hypertrophic zone. Distinct splice patterns were also found in embryonic cartilage when compared with adult articular cartilage and redifferentiated chondrocytes. These in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that HIF3A levels are indicative of the hypertrophic state of chondrogenic cells and one or more splice variants may be important regulators of the chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Markway
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Holly Cho
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Paul Holden
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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34
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Synoviocyte Derived-Extracellular Matrix Enhances Human Articular Chondrocyte Proliferation and Maintains Re-Differentiation Capacity at Both Low and Atmospheric Oxygen Tensions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129961. [PMID: 26075742 PMCID: PMC4468209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current tissue engineering methods are insufficient for total joint resurfacing, and chondrocytes undergo de-differentiation when expanded on tissue culture plastic. De-differentiated chondrocytes show poor re-differentiation in culture, giving reduced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen matrix accumulation. To address this, porcine synoviocyte-derived extracellular matrix and low (5%) oxygen tension were assessed for their ability to enhance human articular chondrocyte expansion and maintain re-differentiation potential. Methods Porcine synoviocyte matrices were devitalized using 3 non-detergent methods. These devitalized synoviocyte matrices were compared against tissue culture plastic for their ability to support human chondrocyte expansion. Expansion was further compared at both low (5%), and atmospheric (20%) oxygen tension on all surfaces. Expanded cells then underwent chondrogenic re-differentiation in aggregate culture at both low and atmospheric oxygen tension. Aggregates were assessed for their GAG and collagen content both biochemically and histologically. Results Human chondrocytes expanded twice as fast on devitalized synoviocyte matrix vs. tissue culture plastic, and cells retained their re-differentiation capacity for twice the number of population doublings. There was no significant difference in growth rate between low and atmospheric oxygen tension. There was significantly less collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan and more MMP13 expression in cells expanded on synoviocyte matrix vs. tissue culture plastic. There were also significant effects due to oxygen tension on gene expression, wherein there was greater collagen type I, collagen type II, SOX9 and less MMP13 expression on tissue culture plastic compared to synoviocyte matrix. There was a significant increase in GAG, but not collagen, accumulation in chondrocyte aggregates re-differentiated at low oxygen tension over that achieved in atmospheric oxygen conditions. Conclusions Synoviocyte-derived matrix supports enhanced expansion of human chondrocytes such that the chondrocytes are maintained in a state from which they can re-differentiate into a cartilage phenotype after significantly more population doublings. Also, low oxygen tension supports GAG, but not collagen, accumulation. These findings are a step towards the production of a more functional, tissue engineered cartilage.
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Ito A, Nagai M, Tajino J, Yamaguchi S, Iijima H, Zhang X, Aoyama T, Kuroki H. Culture temperature affects human chondrocyte messenger RNA expression in monolayer and pellet culture systems. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128082. [PMID: 26010859 PMCID: PMC4444092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy has been explored for articular cartilage regeneration. Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a promising cell-based technique for repairing articular cartilage defects. However, there are several issues such as chondrocyte de-differentiation. While numerous studies have been designed to overcome some of these issues, only a few have focused on the thermal environment that can affect chondrocyte metabolism and phenotype. In this study, the effects of different culture temperatures on human chondrocyte metabolism- and phenotype-related gene expression were investigated in 2D and 3D environments. Human chondrocytes were cultured in a monolayer or in a pellet culture system at three different culture temperatures (32°C, 37°C, and 41°C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total RNA level, normalized to the threshold cycle value of internal reference genes, was higher at lower temperatures in both culture systems. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and citrate synthase (CS), which are involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, respectively, were expressed at similar levels at 32°C and 37°C in pellet cultures, but the levels were significantly lower at 41°C. Expression of the chondrogenic markers, collagen type IIA1 (COL2A1) and aggrecan (ACAN), was higher at 37°C than at 32°C and 41°C in both culture systems. However, this phenomenon did not coincide with SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), which is a fundamental transcription factor for chondrogenesis, indicating that a SOX9-independent pathway might be involved in this phenomenon. In conclusion, the expression of chondrocyte metabolism-related genes at 32°C was maintained or enhanced compared to that at 37°C. However, chondrogenesis-related genes were further induced at 37°C in both culture systems. Therefore, manipulating the culture temperature may be an advantageous approach for regulating human chondrocyte metabolic activity and chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoko Nagai
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Tajino
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoki Yamaguchi
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iijima
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xiangkai Zhang
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aoyama
- Department of Development and Rehabilitation of Motor Function, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Schrobback K, Klein TJ, Woodfield TBF. The importance of connexin hemichannels during chondroprogenitor cell differentiation in hydrogel versus microtissue culture models. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1785-94. [PMID: 25693425 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate selection of scaffold architecture is a key challenge in cartilage tissue engineering. Gap junction-mediated intercellular contacts play important roles in precartilage condensation of mesenchymal cells. However, scaffold architecture could potentially restrict cell-cell communication and differentiation. This is particularly important when choosing the appropriate culture platform as well as scaffold-based strategy for clinical translation, that is, hydrogel or microtissues, for investigating differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells in cartilage tissue engineering. We, therefore, studied the influence of gap junction-mediated cell-cell communication on chondrogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) and articular chondrocytes. Expanded human chondrocytes and BM-MSCs were either (re-) differentiated in micromass cell pellets or encapsulated as isolated cells in alginate hydrogels. Samples were treated with and without the gap junction inhibitor 18-α glycyrrhetinic acid (18αGCA). DNA and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and gene expression levels (collagen I/II/X, aggrecan, and connexin 43) were quantified at various time points. Protein localization was determined using immunofluorescence, and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) was measured in conditioned media. While GAG/DNA was higher in alginate compared with pellets for chondrocytes, there were no differences in chondrogenic gene expression between culture models. Gap junction blocking reduced collagen II and extracellular ATP in all chondrocyte cultures and in BM-MSC hydrogels. However, differentiation capacity was not abolished completely by 18αGCA. Connexin 43 levels were high throughout chondrocyte cultures and peaked only later during BM-MSC differentiation, consistent with the delayed response of BM-MSCs to 18αGCA. Alginate hydrogels and microtissues are equally suited culture platforms for the chondrogenic (re-)differentiation of expanded human articular chondrocytes and BM-MSCs. Therefore, reducing direct cell-cell contacts does not affect in vitro chondrogenesis. However, blocking gap junctions compromises cell differentiation, pointing to a prominent role for hemichannel function in this process. Therefore, scaffold design strategies that promote an increasing distance between single chondroprogenitor cells do not restrict their differentiation potential in tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Schrobback
- 1Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Travis Jacob Klein
- 1Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Tim B F Woodfield
- 1Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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Ollitrault D, Legendre F, Drougard C, Briand M, Benateau H, Goux D, Chajra H, Poulain L, Hartmann D, Vivien D, Shridhar V, Baldi A, Mallein-Gerin F, Boumediene K, Demoor M, Galera P. BMP-2, hypoxia, and COL1A1/HtrA1 siRNAs favor neo-cartilage hyaline matrix formation in chondrocytes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:133-47. [PMID: 24957638 PMCID: PMC4313417 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an irreversible pathology that causes a decrease in articular cartilage thickness, leading finally to the complete degradation of the affected joint. The low spontaneous repair capacity of cartilage prevents any restoration of the joint surface, making OA a major public health issue. Here, we developed an innovative combination of treatment conditions to improve the human chondrocyte phenotype before autologous chondrocyte implantation. First, we seeded human dedifferentiated chondrocytes into a collagen sponge as a scaffold, cultured them in hypoxia in the presence of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), BMP-2, and transfected them with small interfering RNAs targeting two markers overexpressed in OA dedifferentiated chondrocytes, that is, type I collagen and/or HtrA1 serine protease. This strategy significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of type I collagen and HtrA1, and led to an improvement in the chondrocyte phenotype index of differentiation. The effectiveness of our in vitro culture process was also demonstrated in the nude mouse model in vivo after subcutaneous implantation. We, thus, provide here a new protocol able to favor human hyaline chondrocyte phenotype in primarily dedifferentiated cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Our study also offers an innovative strategy for chondrocyte redifferentiation and opens new opportunities for developing therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ollitrault
- 1 Microenvironnement Cellulaire et Pathologies Laboratory (MILPAT) EA 4652, Federative Research Structure (FRS) 146 ICORE, Faculty of Medicine, IBFA, University of Caen/Lower-Normandy (UCLN) , Caen, France
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3D dynamic culture of rabbit articular chondrocytes encapsulated in alginate gel beads using spinner flasks for cartilage tissue regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:539789. [PMID: 25506593 PMCID: PMC4260432 DOI: 10.1155/2014/539789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy using chondrocytes for cartilage repair suffers from chondrocyte dedifferentiation. In the present study, the effects of an integrated three-dimensional and dynamic culture on rabbit articular chondrocytes were investigated. Cells (passages 1 and 4) were encapsulated in alginate gel beads and cultured in spinner flasks in chondrogenic and chondrocyte growth media. Subcutaneous implantation of the cell-laden beads was performed to evaluate the ectopic chondrogenesis. It was found that cells remained viable after 35 days in the three-dimensional dynamic culture. Passage 1 cells demonstrated a proliferative growth in both media. Passage 4 cells showed a gradual reduction in DNA content in growth medium, which was attenuated in chondrogenic medium. Deposition of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was found in all cultures. While passage 1 cells generally produced higher amounts of GAG than passage 4 cells, GAG/DNA became similar on day 35 for both cells in growth media. Interestingly, GAG/DNA in growth medium was greater than that in chondrogenic medium for both cells. Based on GAG quantification and gene expression analysis, encapsulated passage 1 cells cultured in growth medium displayed the best ectopic chondrogenesis. Taken together, the three-dimensional and dynamic culture for chondrocytes holds great potential in cartilage regeneration.
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Georgi N, van Blitterswijk C, Karperien M. Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell–or Chondrocyte-Seeded Microcarriers as Building Blocks for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2513-23. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Georgi
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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40
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Hubka KM, Dahlin RL, Meretoja VV, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Enhancing chondrogenic phenotype for cartilage tissue engineering: monoculture and coculture of articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:641-54. [PMID: 24834484 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage exhibits an inherently low rate of regeneration. Consequently, damage to articular cartilage often requires surgical intervention. However, existing treatments generally result in the formation of fibrocartilage tissue, which is inferior to native articular cartilage. As a result, cartilage engineering strategies seek to repair or replace damaged cartilage with an engineered tissue that restores full functionality to the impaired joint. These strategies often involve the use of chondrocytes, yet in vitro expansion and culture can lead to undesirable changes in chondrocyte phenotype. This review focuses on the use of articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in either monoculture or coculture for the enhancement of chondrogenesis. Coculture strategies increasingly outperform their monoculture counterparts with regard to chondrogenesis and present unique opportunities to attain chondrocyte phenotype stability in vitro. Methods to prevent chondrocyte dedifferentiation and promote chondrocyte redifferentiation as well as to promote the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs while preventing MSC hypertrophy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsea M Hubka
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas
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41
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Chan LLY, Huang J, Hagiwara Y, Aguila L, Rowe D. Discriminating multiplexed GFP reporters in primary articular chondrocyte cultures using image cytometry. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:1041-53. [PMID: 24728974 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry has become a standard tool for defining a heterogeneous cell population based on surface expressed epitopes or GFP reporters that reflect cell types or cellular differentiation. The introduction of image cytometry raised the possibility of adaptation to discriminate GFP reporters used to appreciate cell heterogeneity within the skeletal lineages. The optical filters and LEDs were optimized for the reporters used in transgenic mice expressing various fluorescent proteins. In addition, the need for compensation between eGFP and surrounding reporters due to optical cross-talk was eliminated by selecting the appropriate excitation and emission filters. Bone marrow or articular cartilage cell cultures from GFP and RFP reporter mouse lines were established to demonstrate the equivalency in functionalities of image to flow cytometry analysis. To examine the ability for monitoring primary cell differentiation, articular chondrocyte cell cultures were established from mice that were single or doubly transgenic (Dkk3eGFP and Col2A1GFPcyan), which identify the progression of superficial small articular cell to a mature chondrocyte. The instrument was able to rapidly and accurately discriminate cells that were Dkk3eGFP only, Dkk3eGFP/Col2A1GFPcyan, and Col2A1GFP, which provides a useful tool for studying the impact of culture conditions on lineage expansion and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, 360 Merrimack St. Building 9, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA,
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42
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Zhu M, Feng Q, Bian L. Differential effect of hypoxia on human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and hypertrophy in hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1333-40. [PMID: 24342044 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels provide a conducive 3-D environment that supports the chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The HA macromer concentration in the hydrogels has a significant impact on the chondrogenesis of the encapsulated MSCs due to changes in the physical properties of the hydrogels. Meanwhile, hypoxia has been shown to promote MSC chondrogenesis and suppress subsequent hypertrophy. This study investigates the combinatorial effect of tuning HA macromer concentration (1.5-5%w/v) and hypoxia on MSC chondrogenesis and hypertrophy. To decouple the effect of HA concentration from that of crosslinking density, the HA hydrogel crosslinking density was adjusted by varying the extent of the reaction through the light exposure time while keeping the HA concentration constant (5%w/v at 5 or 15 min). It was found that hypoxia had no significant effect on the chondrogenesis and cartilaginous matrix synthesis of hMSCs under all hydrogel conditions. In contrast, the hypoxia-mediated positive or negative regulation of hMSC hypertrophy in HA hydrogels is dependent on the HA concentration but independent of the crosslinking density. Specifically, hypoxia significantly suppressed hMSC hypertrophy and neocartilage calcification in low HA concentration hydrogels, whereas hypoxia substantially enhanced hMSC hypertrophy, leading to elevated tissue calcification in high HA concentration hydrogels irrespective of their crosslinking density. In addition, at a constant high HA concentration, increasing hydrogel crosslinking density promoted hMSC hypertrophy and matrix calcification. To conclude, the findings from this study demonstrate that the effect of hypoxia on hMSC chondrogenesis and hypertrophy is differentially influenced by the encapsulating HA hydrogel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Qian Feng
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Liming Bian
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Meretoja VV, Dahlin RL, Wright S, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Articular chondrocyte redifferentiation in 3D co-cultures with mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:514-23. [PMID: 24387702 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated the ability of 3D co-cultures with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to redifferentiate monolayer expanded articular chondrocytes (ACs) and produce cartilaginous extracellular matrix at varying stages of the dedifferentiation process and further examined the dependency of this effect on the culture medium composition. Primary bovine ACs were expanded in monolayers for up to nine population doublings to obtain seven cell stocks with gradually increasing levels of dedifferentiation. Culture expanded ACs were then seeded as monocultures and co-cultures with rabbit bone marrow-derived MSCs (30:70 ratio of ACs-to-MSCs) on porous scaffolds. Parallel cultures were established for each cell population in serum-containing growth medium and serum-free induction medium supplemented with dexamethasone and TGF-β3. After 3 weeks, all groups were analyzed for DNA content, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline (HYP) production, and chondrogenic gene expression. Significant enhancements in cellularity, GAG content and GAG/HYP ratio, and chondrogenic phenotype were observed in the induction medium compared to growth medium at all levels of AC expansion. Furthermore, primary co-cultures showed similarly enhanced chondrogenesis compared to monocultures in both culture media, whereas passaged ACs benefitted from co-culturing only in the induction medium. We conclude that co-cultures of ACs and MSCs can produce superior in vitro engineered cartilage in comparison to pure AC cultures, due to both heterotypic cellular interactions and decreased need for monolayer expansion of biopsied chondrocytes. While the initial level of AC dedifferentiation affected the quality of the engineered constructs, co-culture benefits were realized at all stages of AC expansion when suitable chondroinductive culture medium was used.
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44
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Chondrocyte differentiation of human endometrial gland-derived MSCs in layered cell sheets. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:359109. [PMID: 24348153 PMCID: PMC3852803 DOI: 10.1155/2013/359109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, regenerative medicine using engineered three-dimensional (3D) tissues has been focused. In the fields of cell therapy and regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive autologous cell sources. While, in bioengineered tissues, a 3D environment may affect the differentiation of the stem cells, little is known regarding the effect of 3D environment on cellular differentiation. In this study, MSC differentiation in in vitro 3D tissue models was assessed by human endometrial gland-derived MSCs (hEMSCs) and cell sheet technology. hEMSC sheets were layered into cell-dense 3D tissues and were cultured on porous membranes. The tissue sections revealed that chondrocyte-like cells were found within the multilayered cell sheets even at 24 h after layering. Immunostainings of chondrospecific markers were positive within those cell sheet constructs. In addition, sulfated glycosaminoglycan accumulation within the tissues increased in proportion to the numbers of layered cell sheets. The findings suggested that a high cell density and hypoxic environment in 3D tissues by layering cell sheets might accelerate a rapid differentiation of hEMSCs into chondrocytes without the help of chondro-differentiation reagents. These tissue models using cell sheets would give new insights to stem cell differentiation in 3D environment and contribute to the future application of stem cells to cartilage regenerative therapy.
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45
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Meretoja VV, Dahlin RL, Wright S, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. The effect of hypoxia on the chondrogenic differentiation of co-cultured articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells in scaffolds. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4266-73. [PMID: 23489925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the effects of lowered oxygen tension (20% and 5% O2) on the chondrogenesis and hypertrophy of articular chondrocytes (ACs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their co-cultures with a 30:70 AC:MSC ratio. Cells were cultured for six weeks within porous scaffolds, and their cellularity, cartilaginous matrix production (collagen II/I expression ratio, hydroxyproline and GAG content) and hypertrophy markers (collagen X expression, ALP activity, calcium accumulation) were analyzed. After two weeks, hypoxic culture conditions had expedited chondrogenesis with all cell types by increasing collagen II/I expression ratio and matrix synthesis by ~2.5-11 and ~1.5-3.0 fold, respectively. At later times, hypoxia decreased cellularity but had little effect on matrix synthesis. ACs and co-cultures showed similarly high collagen II/I expression ratio and GAG rich matrix formation, whereas MSCs produced the least hyaline cartilage-like matrix and obtained a hypertrophic phenotype with eventual calcification. MSC hypertrophy was further emphasized in hypoxic conditions. We conclude that the most promising cell source for cartilage engineering was co-cultures, as they have a potential to decrease the need for primary chondrocyte harvest and expansion while obtaining a stable highly chondrogenic phenotype independent of the oxygen tension in the cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville V Meretoja
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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46
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Leijten JC, Georgi N, Wu L, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Cell Sources for Articular Cartilage Repair Strategies: Shifting from Monocultures to Cocultures. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:31-40. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen C.H. Leijten
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Georgi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Wu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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47
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Schuurman W, Klein TJ, Dhert WJA, van Weeren PR, Hutmacher DW, Malda J. Cartilage regeneration using zonal chondrocyte subpopulations: a promising approach or an overcomplicated strategy? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:669-78. [PMID: 23135870 DOI: 10.1002/term.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage defects heal imperfectly and osteoarthritic changes develop frequently as a result. Although the existence of specific behaviours of chondrocytes derived from various depth-related zones in vitro has been known for over 20 years, only a relatively small body of in vitro studies has been performed with zonal chondrocytes and current clinical treatment strategies do not reflect these native depth-dependent (zonal) differences. This is surprising since mimicking the zonal organization of articular cartilage in neo-tissue by the use of zonal chondrocyte subpopulations could enhance the functionality of the graft. Although some research groups including our own have made considerable progress in tailoring culture conditions using specific growth factors and biomechanical loading protocols, we conclude that an optimal regime has not yet been determined. Other unmet challenges include the lack of specific zonal cell sorting protocols and limited amounts of cells harvested per zone. As a result, the engineering of functional tissue has not yet been realized and no long-term in vivo studies using zonal chondrocytes have been described. This paper critically reviews the research performed to date and outlines our view of the potential future significance of zonal chondrocyte populations in regenerative approaches for the treatment of cartilage defects. Secondly, we briefly discuss the capabilities of additive manufacturing technologies that can not only create patient-specific grafts directly from medical imaging data sets but could also more accurately reproduce the complex 3D zonal extracellular matrix architecture using techniques such as hydrogel-based cell printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schuurman
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - T J Klein
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - W J A Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - D W Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - J Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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48
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Oldershaw RA. Cell sources for the regeneration of articular cartilage: the past, the horizon and the future. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 93:389-400. [PMID: 23075006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avascular, aneural articular cartilage has a low capacity for self-repair and as a consequence is highly susceptible to degradative diseases such as osteoarthritis. Thus the development of cell-based therapies that repair focal defects in otherwise healthy articular cartilage is an important research target, aiming both to delay the onset of degradative diseases and to decrease the need for joint replacement surgery. This review will discuss the cell sources which are currently being investigated for the generation of chondrogenic cells. Autologous chondrocyte implantation using chondrocytes expanded ex vivo was the first chondrogenic cellular therapy to be used clinically. However, limitations in expansion potential have led to the investigation of adult mesenchymal stem cells as an alternative cell source and these therapies are beginning to enter clinical trials. The chondrogenic potential of human embryonic stem cells will also be discussed as a developmentally relevant cell source, which has the potential to generate chondrocytes with phenotype closer to that of articular cartilage. The clinical application of these chondrogenic cells is much further away as protocols and tissue engineering strategies require additional optimization. The efficacy of these cell types in the regeneration of articular cartilage tissue that is capable of withstanding biomechanical loading will be evaluated according to the developing regulatory framework to determine the most appropriate cellular therapy for adoption across an expanding patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Oldershaw
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Li J, Pei M. Cell Senescence: A Challenge in Cartilage Engineering and Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:270-87. [PMID: 22273114 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Li
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Achilli TM, Meyer J, Morgan JR. Advances in the formation, use and understanding of multi-cellular spheroids. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1347-60. [PMID: 22784238 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.707181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developing in vitro models for studying cell biology and cell physiology is of great importance to the fields of biotechnology, cancer research, drug discovery, toxicity testing, as well as the emerging fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) methods of mammalian cell culture have several limitations and it is increasingly recognized that cells grown in a three-dimensional (3D) environment more closely represent normal cellular function due to the increased cell-to-cell interactions, and by mimicking the in vivo architecture of natural organs and tissues. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the methods to form 3D multi-cellular spheroids, the advantages and limitations of these methods, and assays used to characterize the function of spheroids. The use of spheroids has led to many advances in basic cell sciences, including understanding cancer cell interactions, creating models for drug discovery and cancer metastasis, and they are being investigated as basic units for engineering tissue constructs. As so, this review will focus on contributions made to each of these fields using spheroid models. EXPERT OPINION Multi-cellular spheroids are rich in biological content and mimic better the in vivo environment than 2D cell culture. New technologies to form and analyze spheroids are rapidly increasing their adoption and expanding their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Marie Achilli
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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