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Aldal'in H, Al-Nadaf AH, Awadallah A, Thiab S, Bastoni HM. Methanolic extract of S. securidaca flowers, leaves, and seeds' antihyperlipidemic effects on high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e275382. [PMID: 37909591 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress, which together rank as three of the most significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Securigera securidaca lowers cholesterol levels in diabetic rats' blood. This investigation's objective was to determine how methanolic extracts affected the flowers, leaves, and seeds of plants in rats that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Five groups of animals were created (n = 5). A total of 35 days, divided into two intervals, were used for the study. Rats received HFD during the first 15-day interval, while during the second 20-day interval, they also received extracts or the Atorvastatin reference drug. The extract of seeds has a high phenol content as well as DPPH radical antioxidant activity. Extracts were given at a dose of 200 mg/kg; p.o. Methanolic treatment of S. securidaca flowers, leaves, and seeds in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats resulted in significant reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLC, and VLDL-C levels. HDL-C levels increased significantly because of the leaves. While in hyperlipidemic rats, seeds significantly reduced the activities of the enzymes ALT and ALP. The findings showed that, to a certain extent, seeds, flowers, and leaves may have benefits in reducing hyperlipidemia brought on by HFD in terms of lipid profiles and liver function enzymes. The findings of this study indicate a promising application prospect, but more research is needed to determine the exact mechanism of these novel compounds as antihyperlipidemic agents and to clarify their potential combination effect with synthetic drugs such as Atorvastatin. Combinations can reduce the dose of chemical medications required, which lowers the risk of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aldal'in
- Al-Karak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Department of Medical Support, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - A H Al-Nadaf
- Mu'tah University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - A Awadallah
- Mu'tah University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - S Thiab
- Applied Private Science University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman, Jordan
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2
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Cui M, Sadri N, Awadallah A, Zhou L, Xin W. Late Recurrence of Colorectal Carcinoma in Patients with Malignant Polyp and Risk Factors. Int J Surg Pathol 2023; 31:967-974. [PMID: 35929107 DOI: 10.1177/10668969221113498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant polyps are polypoid lesions that appear benign endoscopically but harbor invasive adenocarcinoma microscopically. Patient with diagnosis of malignant polyp can be managed by surgical resection or endoscopic surveillance. Current literature on long term recurrence is sparse. A total of 76 patients with malignant polyp and follow-up period of over one year are included. Of these, 28 patients underwent endoscopic polypectomy followed by surveillance (group 1). Forty-eight patients underwent segmental colectomy (group 2). In group 1, three patients developed local recurrent pT3 adenocarcinoma (5.9 to 9.7 years) and one patient developed liver metastasis (7.3 years). One patient presented with malignant polyp in another segment of colon (4.0 years). Two of the malignant polyps with local recurrence do not have commonly reported high-risk features, including tumor ≤ 1 mm from resection margin, presence of lymphovascular invasion and high grade tumor, they had invasion depth of >4 mm and harbored a TP53 missense mutation. In group 2, during the follow-up period (1.0-21.8 years, median 9.3 years), none of the patients developed local recurrence. In this study, surveillance group had a local late recurrence rate of 10.7% versus no local recurrence in surgical resection group (0%). Our study shows that depth of invasion of over 4 mm in malignant polyp is a risk factor for late local recurrence if managed by endoscopic surveillance. Further study is needed to explore whether certain molecular alterations, such as TP53 mutation, is a risk factor for late recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cui
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Navid Sadri
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Sergeeva O, Zhang Y, Julian W, Sasikumar A, Awadallah A, Kenyon J, Shi W, Sergeev M, Huang S, Sexton S, Iyer R, Xin W, Avril N, Chan ER, Lee Z. Imaging of Tumor-Associated Vascular Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Woodchuck Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastro Hep Adv 2022; 1:631-639. [PMID: 35844243 PMCID: PMC9280909 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Radiolabeled short peptide ligands targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) were developed initially for imaging and treatment of prostate cancers. While many nonprostate solid tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) express little PSMA, their neovasculature expresses a high level of PSMA, which is avid for Gallium-68-labeled PSMA-targeting radio-ligand (68Ga-PSMA-11) for positron emission tomography (PET). However, the lack of a spontaneous animal model of tumor-associated vascular PSMA overexpression has hindered the development and assessment of PSMA-targeting radioligands for imaging and therapy of the nonprostatic cancers. We identified detectable indigenous PSMA expression on tumor neovascular endothelia in a naturally occurring woodchuck model of HCC. METHODS Molecular docking was performed with 3 bait PSMA ligands and compared between human and woodchuck PSMA. Initially, PET images were acquired dynamically after intravenously injecting 37 MBq (1.0 mCi) of 68Ga-PSMA-11 into woodchuck models of HCC. Subsequently, 10-minute static PET scans were conducted for other animals 1-hour after injection due to HCC and liver background uptake stabilization at 30-45 minutes after injection. Liver tissue samples were harvested after imaging, fresh-frozen for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot for validation, or fixed for histology for correlation. RESULTS Our preclinical studies confirmed the initial clinical findings of 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake in HCC. The agents (ligands and antibodies) developed against human PSMA were found to be reactive against the woodchuck PSMA. CONCLUSION This animal model offers a unique opportunity for investigating the biogenesis of tumor-associated vascular PSMA, its functional role(s), and potentials for future treatment strategies targeting tumor vascular PSMA using already developed PSMA-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sergeeva
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Willian Julian
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arun Sasikumar
- Nuclear Medicine, St. Gregorios International Cancer Care Centre, Parumala, Kerala, India
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Wuxian Shi
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maxim Sergeev
- Radiology, University Hospitals Clevel and Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Steve Huang
- Nuclear Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sandra Sexton
- Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Renuka Iyer
- Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Wei Xin
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Norbert Avril
- Radiology, University Hospitals Clevel and Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ernest Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Liu C, Chen Q, Shang Y, Chen L, Myers J, Awadallah A, Sun J, Yu S, Umphred-Wilson K, Che D, Dou Y, Li L, Wearsch P, Ramírez-Bergeron D, Beck R, Xin W, Jin G, Adoro S, Zhou L. Endothelial PERK-ATF4-JAG1 axis activated by T-ALL remodels bone marrow vascular niche. Theranostics 2022; 12:2894-2907. [PMID: 35401837 PMCID: PMC8965499 DOI: 10.7150/thno.67710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved adaptive signaling in ER homeostasis and has emerged as critical in highly proliferating cells and potential treatment target for acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Methods: in this study, we assessed the transcriptomic and phenotypic alterations in UPR response of the bone marrow endothelial cells (ECs) in mice engrafted with T-ALL and in bone marrow specimens from patients who have T-ALL. We used PERK inhibitor and generated endothelial specific PERK knockout mice to study the impact of PERK on leukemia progression and hematopoiesis. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to study the mechanistic regulation of JAG1 by ATF4. We characterized small extracellular vesicles (SEV) from leukemia-developing mice and studied the effect of SEVs on EC function. Results: we found that T-ALL development induced a robust activation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-dominant UPR in the bone marrow endothelial vascular niche. The activation of PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 axis remodels the vascular niche, upregulates angiogenic factors including VEGFα and ATF4-regulated JAG1, and suppresses the expression of SCF and CXCL12, which are important to HSC maintenance and regeneration. Further, targeting endothelial PERK significantly improved T-ALL outcome. EC-specific deletion of PERK abolished the aberrant JAG1 up-regulation, improved HSC maintenance, promoted leukemia apoptosis, and improved overall survival. Finally, we showed that small extracellular vesicles are critical mediators of endothelial PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 activation and JAG1 up-regulation in leukemia. Corroborating animal model studies, activation of PERK-ATF4-JAG1 is prominent in human T-ALL bone marrow and T-ALL xenografts. Conclusion: our studies thus revealed for the first time that the leukemia-initiated PERK-ATF4-JAG1 axis plays a critical role in the remodeling of the bone marrow vascular niche and that targeting vascular niche UPR is a potential therapeutic opportunity in T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Qiuyun Chen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yinghui Shang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Lechuang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jay Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jinger Sun
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shuiliang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Danian Che
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yingtong Dou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Luoyi Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pamela Wearsch
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Rose Beck
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stanley Adoro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Wang L, Yu S, Chan ER, Chen KY, Liu C, Che D, Awadallah A, Myers J, Askew D, Huang AY, Maillard I, Huang D, Xin W, Zhou L. Notch-Regulated Dendritic Cells Restrain Inflammation-Associated Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:348-361. [PMID: 33441309 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) play a central role in T-cell antitumor responses. We studied the significance of Notch-regulated DC immune responses in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer in which there is epithelial downregulation of Notch/Hes1 signaling. This defect phenocopies that caused by GMDS (GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase) mutation in human colorectal cancers. We found that, although wild-type immune cells restrained dysplasia progression and decreased the incidence of adenocarcinoma in chimeric mice, the immune system with Notch2 deleted in all blood lineages or in only DCs promoted inflammation-associated transformation. Notch2 signaling deficiency not only impaired cDC terminal differentiation, but also downregulated CCR7 expression, reduced DC migration, and suppressed antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. Transfer of Notch-primed DCs restrained inflammation-associated dysplasia progression. Consistent with the mouse data, we observed a correlation between infiltrating cDC1 and Notch2 signaling in human colorectal cancers and found that GMDS-mutant colorectal cancers showed decreased CCR7 expression and suppressed cDC1 signature gene expression. Suppressed cDC1 gene signature expression in human colorectal cancer was associated with a poor prognosis. In summary, our study supports an important role for Notch2 signaling in cDC1-mediated antitumor immunity and indicates that Notch2-controlled DCs restrain inflammation-associated colon cancer development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shuiliang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ernest R Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Cui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Danian Che
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jay Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David Askew
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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Chen W, Lee Z, Awadallah A, Zhou L, Xin W. Peritumoral/vascular expression of PSMA as a diagnostic marker in hepatic lesions. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:92. [PMID: 32703222 PMCID: PMC7376868 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-00982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differential diagnosis between primary cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma is histologically challenging due to lack of distinct morphological features and reliable molecular markers. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed in prostate epithelium and upregulated on the surface of prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. Studies have shown PSMA enzymatic activity is involved in malignancy-driven neoangiogenesis in the endothelium of tumor-associated neovasculature in breast, lung, thyroid, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and urothelial cancer. Recently, PSMA-targeted imaging technology (PSMA PET-CT) detected the presence of PSMA in primary cholangiocarcinoma. However histological correlation with PSMA expression other mass lesions in the liver has not yet been studied. METHODS 72 cases of liver mass resection were collected at a tertiary hospital from 2011 to 2019. Immunohistochemical stains for PSMA and CD34 were performed. The expression of PSMA in tumor cells and associated neovascular endothelium were analyzed separately and the locations of vascular structures were confirmed by CD34 expression. RESULTS Among 72 cases, 28 cases (22/72, 38.9%) showed PSMA peritumoral/vascular expression only, 3 cases (3/72, 4.2%) showed tumor cell expression only, and 2 cases (2/72, 2.8%) showed both tumor cell and peritumoral/vascular expression. The remainder (39/72, 54.2%) showed no expression. Particularly, most of primary cholangiocarcinoma showed PSMA vascular expression (13/15, 86.7%), while none of the 18 cases of metastatic pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma were positive for PSMA (0/18, 0%) (p < 0.01). Outside of pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma, none of the metastatic tumors, including colon and lung cancers, expressed PSMA. In 8 cases of metastatic prostate carcinoma, 3 showed PSMA expressions in tumor cells only (3/8, 37.5%) and 2 expressed PMSA in both tumor cells and neovasculature (2/8, 25.0%). Out of 22 HCC cases, 15 (15/22, 68.2%) were positive for PSMA in tumor vasculature. None of the 5 hepatic adenoma expressed PSMA (0/5, 0%). CONCLUSION Significantly enhanced tumor-associated neovascular PSMA expression was identified in primary cholangiocarcinoma, compared to metastatic pancreatobiliary adenocarcinoma. Our findings potentially provide a sensitive marker in differential diagnosis between otherwise morphologically indistinguishable cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.
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7
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Amer N, Al Helal J, Al Hajji M, Al Abduljabbar A, Al Arfaj M, Al Sadery H, Awadallah A. Proteus Syndrome, a rare case with an unusual presentation: Case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2020; 72:339-342. [PMID: 32563816 PMCID: PMC7306542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus Syndrome is an extremely rare case where only 200 cases has been reported. Macrodactyly is a striking feature. Biesker’s criteria is a diagnostic tool, which assist in reaching the diagnosis. Confirmation is by finding genetic variation in AKT1 and/or PTEN gene. Our case had multiple intestinal lipomatosis which caused him small bowel volvulus.
Introduction Proteus Syndrome is a very rare syndrome, where only 200 cases has been reported so far. Presentation of case We were presented with a 45 year male with features of chronic Intestinal Obstruction. On Examination he had a giant right middle finger (Fig. 1), giant left forearm, with amputated left hand, and massive abdominal distension with tenderness in upper abdomen. Discussion Proteus Syndrome (PS) is a very rare syndrome, diagnosis of which is based on Biescker’s criteria, either one finding from Criteria A, or two from B, or three from C. Confirmation of the disease is by finding genetic variation in the AKT1 gene. In addition to the presence to some of the criteria in our patient, he also had numerous intestinal lipomatosis, involving almost most of his small intestine. This in addition to high riding caecum and a narrow long mesentery which contributed to the development of small Bowel volvulus. Conclusion PS should be suspected whenever we encounter patients with macrodactyly and this should alert us to the possibility of other congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amer
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - J Al Helal
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Al Hajji
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Al Abduljabbar
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Al Arfaj
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Al Sadery
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Awadallah
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Sergeeva O, Kepe V, Zhang Y, Miller-Atkins GA, Keynon JD, Iyer R, Sexton S, Awadallah A, Xin W, Saunthararajah Y, Chan ER, Lee Z. [ 18F] Clofarabine for PET Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111748. [PMID: 31703407 PMCID: PMC6896045 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) relies heavily on radiological imaging. However, information pertaining to liver cancer treatment such as the proliferation status is lacking. Imaging tumor proliferation can be valuable in patient management. This study investigated 18F-labeled clofarabine ([18F]CFA) targeting deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) for PET imaging of dCK-dependent proliferation in HCC. Since clinical PET scans showed a high liver background uptake of [18F]CFA, the aim of this study was to reduce this liver background uptake. A clinically relevant animal model of spontaneously developed HCC in the woodchucks was used for imaging experiments. Several modifiers were tested and compared with the baseline PET scan: Forodesine, probenecid, and cold clofarabine, all applied before the hot [18F]CFA injection to evaluate the reduction in liver background uptake. Application of forodesine before hot [18F]CFA injection did not reduce the background uptake. Instead, it increased the background by 11.6–36.3%. Application of probenecid also increased the liver background uptake by 16.6–32.1%. Cold CFA application did reduce the liver background uptake of [18F]CFA, comparing to the baseline scan. Combining cold CFA with [18F]CFA for PET imaging of liver cancers is a promising strategy, worthy of further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sergeeva
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (O.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Vladimir Kepe
- Nuclear Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (O.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | | | | | - Renuka Iyer
- Medical Oncology, Rowell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (R.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Sexton
- Medical Oncology, Rowell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; (R.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.A.); (W.X.)
| | - Wei Xin
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.A.); (W.X.)
| | | | - E. Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.A.M.-A.); (E.R.C.)
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (O.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Nuclear Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-844-7920
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9
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Cui M, Cai Z, Awadallah A, Xin W. Uniform and Robust Nuclear Expression of HES1 in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 27:844-851. [PMID: 31232134 DOI: 10.1177/1066896919854166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are neoplasms that most commonly arise from gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and lung. HES1 is a downstream target of Notch signaling pathway. The current literature about HES1 expression in NENs is sparse and inconsistent. Methods. In this study, we evaluated HES1 expression by immunohistochemistry in a total of 32 cases of NENs, including 13 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors from gastrointestinal tract, 10 cases of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of pancreas, 9 cases from lung, including 4 cases of typical carcinoid, 1 case of atypical carcinoid, and 4 cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma. The intensity of the stain was scored from - to +++, and the distribution of the staining of HES1 was evaluated. Results. HES1 demonstrates uniform robust (+++) nuclear staining pattern in the tumor cells of all the NENs (32/32), regardless of the origin of the system and the grade of the tumor. Conclusions. HES1 is uniformly expressed in NENs with robust nuclear expression pattern. Our finding suggests that NOTCH1 or HES1 inhibitor is a potential therapeutic choice for neuroendocrine neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cui
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zhenjian Cai
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wei Xin
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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10
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Sergeeva O, Zhang Y, Kenyon JD, Miller-Atkins GA, Wu C, Iyer R, Sexton S, Wojtylak P, Awadallah A, Xin W, Chan ER, O’Donnel JK, Lee Z. PET imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma with anti-1-amino-3-[ 18F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid in comparison with L-[S-methyl- 11C]methionine. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:47. [PMID: 31119488 PMCID: PMC6531569 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE [11C]methionine ([11C]Met) was used for cancer imaging based on upregulated amino acid transport and protein synthesis in different tumor types. However, the short half-life of 11C decay limited further clinical development of [11C]Met. Synthetic amino acid analog anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluoro-cyclobutyl-1-carboxylic acid ([18F]FCABC) was developed and FDA-approved for PET imaging of recurrent prostate cancer. This study investigated "repurposed" [18F]FACBC for PET imaging of primary liver cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in comparison with [11C]Met. METHODS [11C]Met was synthesized in the lab, and [18F]FACBC was purchased from a commercial outlet. A clinically relevant animal model of spontaneously developed HCC in the woodchucks was used for PET imaging. Bioinformatics analysis was performed for the expression of amino acid transporters responsible for radiotracer uptake and validated by PCR. Dynamic PET scans of [11C]Met and [18F]FACBC were acquired within 1 week. Standardized uptake value (SUV) was calculated for regions of interest (ROIs) defined over HCC and a liver background region. H&E staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were performed with harvested tissues post-imaging. RESULTS Higher expression of ACST2 and LAT1 was found in HCC than in the surrounding liver tissues. PCR validated this differential expression. [11C]Met and [18F]FACBC displayed some differences in their uptake and retention in HCC. Both peaked in HCC with an SUV of 3.5 after 10 min post-injection. Met maintained a plateaued contrast uptake in HCC to that in the liver while [18F]FCABC declined in HCC and liver after peak uptake. The pathological assessment revealed the liver tumor as moderately differentiated similar to the human HCC and proliferative. CONCLUSION Both [18F]FACBC and [11C]Met showed uptake in HCC through the use of a clinically relevant animal model of woodchuck HCC. The uptake and retention of [18F]FACBC and [11C]Met depend on their metabolism and also rely on the distribution of their principal amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sergeeva
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | | | - Chunying Wu
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Renuka Iyer
- Medical Oncology, Rowell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Sandra Sexton
- Medical Oncology, Rowell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Patrick Wojtylak
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - E. Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - James K. O’Donnel
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH USA
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11
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Hamadeh F, Awadallah A, Meyerson HJ, Beck RC. Flow Cytometry Identifies a Spectrum of Maturation in Myeloid Neoplasms Having Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Differentiation. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2019; 98:43-51. [PMID: 30614203 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoplasms derived from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are currently divided into two broad categories: mature PDC proliferations associated with myeloid neoplasms (MPDMN) and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN); only BPDCN is recognized in the WHO 2016 classification of hematopoietic neoplasms. We present seven patients with high grade myeloid neoplasms (MNs), mostly acute leukemias, having a spectrum of PDC differentiation and not fitting with MPDMN or BPDCN. METHODS We analyzed seven MN cases having increased myeloblasts and prominent CD56-negative PDC proliferations comprising 5-26% of bone marrow or blood cellularity as measured by flow cytometry. The cases included five acute myeloid leukemia (three FAB M4 subtype, two unclassified), one mixed phenotype acute leukemia, and one case of unclassified MN. RESULTS Six cases demonstrated immunophenotypic evidence of PDC differentiation from leukemic blasts, based on variable expression of CD34, CD45, CD123, and CD304 by the leukemic cells. Four cases had circulating PDC populations in blood. None of the cases met clinical or pathologic criteria for BPDCN. Morphologic review was available for four acute leukemia cases and demonstrated either nodular or interstitial infiltrates of PDCs. All cases had an aggressive clinical course, and three cases had FLT3 ITD mutation. CONCLUSIONS These cases demonstrate that high grade MNs, in particular AML, can exhibit PDC differentiation, with or without monocytic differentiation, in a manner distinct from MPDMN or BPDCN. The existence of MNs with immature PDC proliferations suggests that there is a broader spectrum of PDC-associated neoplasms than currently recognized. © 2019 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Hamadeh
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Howard J Meyerson
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rose C Beck
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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12
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Alayed K, Schweitzer K, Awadallah A, Shetty S, Turakhia S, Meyerson H. A multicolour flow cytometric assay for c-MYC protein in B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:906-915. [PMID: 29769234 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM Develop an objective assay to detect c-MYC protein expression using multiparametric flow cytometry (FCM) as an alternative to immunohistochemistry (IHC). METHODS 57 patient samples and 11 cell line samples were evaluated. Cell suspensions were obtained and c-MYC staining was performed in combination with CD45 and CD19 and, in some samples, CD10. The percentage of c-MYC+ cells by FCM was correlated with the percentage determined by IHC. The relationship between c-MYC protein expression and the presence of a c-MYC gene rearrangement in aggressive and high-grade lymphomas was also assessed. RESULTS c-MYC expression by FCM and IHC demonstrated a high degree of correlation in a training set of 33 patient cases, r=0.92, 11 cell line samples, r=0.81 and in a validation set of 24 aggressive and high-grade B-cell lymphomas, r=0.85. c-MYC gene was rearranged by fluorescence in situ hybridisation in 6/9 samples with high c-MYC expression (>40%) by FCM and 6/14 by IHC. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a reliable multicolour FCM assay to detect c-MYC expression suitable for clinical laboratories that should be helpful to accurately quantify c-MYC expression in B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alayed
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Seidman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karen Schweitzer
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Seidman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Seidman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shashirekha Shetty
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Seidman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Samir Turakhia
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Seidman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Howard Meyerson
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Seidman Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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13
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Verbus EA, Kenyon JD, Sergeeva O, Awadallah A, Yuan L, Welter JF, Caplan AI, Schluchter MD, Khalil AM, Lee Z. Expression of miR-145-5p During Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J Stem Cell Res (Overl Park) 2017; 1:1-10. [PMID: 29721552 PMCID: PMC5926818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the quality of tissue engineered (TE) cartilage has historically been performed by endpoint measurements including marker gene expression. Until the adoption of promoter-driven reporter constructs capable of quantitative and real time non-destructive expression analysis, temporal gene expression assessments along a timeline could not be performed on TE constructs. We further exploit this technique to utilize microRNA (miRNA or miR) through the use of firefly luciferase reporter (Luc) containing a 3' UTR perfect complementary target sequence to the mature miR-145-5p. We report the development and testing of a firefly luciferase (Luc) reporter responsive to miR-145-5p for longitudinal tracking of miR-145-5p expression throughout MSC chondrogenic differentiation. Plasmid reporter vectors containing a miR-145-5p responsive reporter (Luc reporter with a perfect complementary target sequence to the mature miR-145-5p sequence in the 3'UTR), a Luc reporter driven by a truncated Sox9 (one of the targets of miR-145-5p) promoter, or the Luc backbone (control) vector without a specific miRNA target were transfected into MSCs by electroporation. Transfected MSCs were mixed with untransfected MSC to generate chondrogenic pellets. Pellets were imaged by bioluminescent imaging (BLI) and harvested along a preset time line. The imaging signals from miR-145-5p responsive reporter and Sox9 promoter-driven reporter showed correlated time-courses (measured by BLI and normalized to Luc-control reporter; Spearman r=0.93, p=0.0002) during MSC chondrogenic differentiation. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR suggests an inverse relationship between miR-145-5p and Sox9 gene expression during MSC chondrogenic differentiation. Non-destructive cell-pellet imaging is capable of supplementing histological analyses to characterize TE cartilage. The miR-145-5p responsive reporter is relatively simple to construct and generates a consistent imaging signal responsive to miR-145-5p during MSC chondrogenesis in parallel to certain molecular and cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D. Kenyon
- Skeletal Research Center, Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US
| | - Olga Sergeeva
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Skeletal Research Center, Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US
| | - Lewis Yuan
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US
| | - Jean F. Welter
- Skeletal Research Center, Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US
| | - Arnold I. Caplan
- Skeletal Research Center, Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US
| | - Mark D. Schluchter
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US
| | - Ahmad M. Khalil
- Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, US
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14
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Dang PN, Herberg S, Varghai D, Riazi H, Varghai D, McMillan A, Awadallah A, Phillips LM, Jeon O, Nguyen MK, Dwivedi N, Yu X, Murphy WL, Alsberg E. Endochondral Ossification in Critical-Sized Bone Defects via Readily Implantable Scaffold-Free Stem Cell Constructs. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1644-1659. [PMID: 28661587 PMCID: PMC5689752 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing socioeconomic burden of musculoskeletal injuries and limitations of current therapies have motivated tissue engineering approaches to generate functional tissues to aid in defect healing. A readily implantable scaffold-free system comprised of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells embedded with bioactive microparticles capable of controlled delivery of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was engineered to guide endochondral bone formation. The microparticles were formulated to release TGF-β1 early to induce cartilage formation and BMP-2 in a more sustained manner to promote remodeling into bone. Cell constructs containing microparticles, empty or loaded with one or both growth factors, were implanted into rat critical-sized calvarial defects. Micro-computed tomography and histological analyses after 4 weeks showed that microparticle-incorporated constructs with or without growth factor promoted greater bone formation compared to sham controls, with the greatest degree of healing with bony bridging resulting from constructs loaded with BMP-2 and TGF-β1. Importantly, bone volume fraction increased significantly from 4 to 8 weeks in defects treated with both growth factors. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of types I, II, and X collagen, suggesting defect healing via endochondral ossification in all experimental groups. The presence of vascularized red bone marrow provided strong evidence for the ability of these constructs to stimulate angiogenesis. This system has great translational potential as a readily implantable combination therapy that can initiate and accelerate endochondral ossification in vivo. Importantly, construct implantation does not require prior lengthy in vitro culture for chondrogenic cell priming with growth factors that is necessary for current scaffold-free combination therapies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1644-1659.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Davood Varghai
- Departments of Plastic SurgeryCase Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of ClevelandClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Hooman Riazi
- Departments of Plastic SurgeryCase Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of ClevelandClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - William L. Murphy
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering
- Orthopaedic and RehabilitationUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Biomedical Engineering
- Orthopaedic SurgeryCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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15
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Meyerson H, Awadallah A, Blidaru G, Osei E, Schlegelmilch J, Egler R, Abu-Arja R, Ding H. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia with prominent CD141+ myeloid dendritic cell differentiation. Hum Pathol 2017; 68:147-153. [PMID: 28414089 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid malignancies showing CD141+ myeloid dendritic cell (MDC) differentiation have not been documented. Here, we describe a patient with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia in which a prominent CD141+ cell population was identified most consistent with CD141+ MDCs based on phenotypic similarity with normal CD141+ MDCs. Molecular studies demonstrated a KRAS mutation. The findings from the spleen and bone marrow are described. This is the first well-documented demonstration of CD141+ MDC differentiation of a hematopoietic neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Meyerson
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Georgetta Blidaru
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Ebenezer Osei
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - June Schlegelmilch
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Rachel Egler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Rolla Abu-Arja
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Hilda Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
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16
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Kean TJ, Mera H, Whitney GA, MacKay DL, Awadallah A, Fernandes RJ, Dennis JE. Disparate response of articular- and auricular-derived chondrocytes to oxygen tension. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:319-33. [PMID: 27128439 PMCID: PMC4984267 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1182996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM To determine the effect of reduced (5%) oxygen tension on chondrogenesis of auricular-derived chondrocytes. Currently, many cell and tissue culture experiments are performed at 20% oxygen with 5% carbon dioxide. Few cells in the body are subjected to this supra-physiological oxygen tension. Chondrocytes and their mesenchymal progenitors are widely reported to have greater chondrogenic expression when cultured at low, more physiological, oxygen tension (1-7%). Although generally accepted, there is still some controversy, and different culture methods, species, and outcome metrics cloud the field. These results are, however, articular chondrocyte biased and have not been reported for auricular-derived chondrocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Auricular and articular chondrocytes were isolated from skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits, expanded in culture and differentiated in high density cultures with serum-free chondrogenic media. Cartilage tissue derived from aggregate cultures or from the tissue engineered sheets were assessed for biomechanical, glycosaminoglycan, collagen, collagen cross-links, and lysyl oxidase activity and expression. RESULTS Our studies show increased proliferation rates for both auricular and articular chondrocytes at low (5%) O2 versus standard (20%) O2. In our scaffold-free chondrogenic cultures, low O2 was found to increase articular chondrocyte accumulation of glycosaminoglycan, but not cross-linked type II collagen, or total collagen. Conversely, auricular chondrocytes accumulated less glycosaminoglycan, cross-linked type II collagen and total collagen under low oxygen tension. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the dramatic difference in response to low O2 of chondrocytes isolated from different anatomical sites. Low O2 is beneficial for articular-derived chondrogenesis but detrimental for auricular-derived chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kean
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hisashi Mera
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - G. Adam Whitney
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Danielle L. MacKay
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Russell J. Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James E. Dennis
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Varadan V, Gilmore H, Miskimen KLS, Tuck D, Parsai S, Awadallah A, Krop IE, Winer EP, Bossuyt V, Somlo G, Abu-Khalaf MM, Fenton MA, Sikov W, Harris LN. Immune Signatures Following Single Dose Trastuzumab Predict Pathologic Response to PreoperativeTrastuzumab and Chemotherapy in HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3249-59. [PMID: 26842237 PMCID: PMC5439498 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent data suggest that intrinsic subtype and immune cell infiltration may predict response to trastuzumab-based therapy. We studied the interaction between these factors, changes in immune signatures following brief exposure to trastuzumab, and achievement of pathologic complete response (pCR) to subsequent preoperative trastuzumab and chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In patients enrolled on two multicenter trials (03-311 and 211B), tumor core biopsies were obtained at baseline and after brief exposure to single-agent trastuzumab or nab-paclitaxel. Gene expression profiles were assessed to assign PAM50 subtypes, measure immune cell activation, and were correlated with response. RESULTS The pCR rate was significantly higher in HER2-enriched tumors in the Discovery, 03-311 (36%, P = 0.043) dataset, as compared with other subtypes, which validated in 211B (50%, P = 0.048). Significant increases in a signature of immune cell admixture (Immune Index) were observed only following brief exposure to trastuzumab in HER2-enriched tumors (Discovery/03-311, P = 0.05; Validation/211B, P = 0.02). Increased Immune Index was predictive of response after brief exposure (03-311, P = 0.03; 211B, P = 0.04), but not at baseline, in addition to increased expression of a CD4(+) follicular helper T-cell signature (03-311, P = 0.05; 211B, P = 0.04). Brief exposure to trastuzumab significantly increased gene expression of the T-cell marker PD-1 in HER2-enriched tumors (Discovery/03-311, P = 0.045) and PD-1 positivity by IHC (Validation/211B, P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Correlations between pCR rates, increases in Immune Index and markers of T-cell activity following brief exposure to trastuzumab in HER2-enriched tumors provide novel insights into the interaction between tumor biology, antitumor immunity, and response to treatment, and suggest potential clinically useful biomarkers in HER2(+) breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 22(13); 3249-59. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Varadan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Hannah Gilmore
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristy L S Miskimen
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Shikha Parsai
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ian E Krop
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric P Winer
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Veerle Bossuyt
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - George Somlo
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Maysa M Abu-Khalaf
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Anne Fenton
- Lifespan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - William Sikov
- Women and Infants Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lyndsay N Harris
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
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18
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Wang W, Zimmerman G, Huang X, Yu S, Myers J, Wang Y, Moreton S, Nthale J, Awadallah A, Beck R, Xin W, Wald D, Huang AY, Zhou L. Aberrant Notch Signaling in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment of Acute Lymphoid Leukemia Suppresses Osteoblast-Mediated Support of Hematopoietic Niche Function. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1641-52. [PMID: 26801976 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
More than half of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients harbor gain-of-function mutations in the intracellular domain of Notch1. Diffuse infiltration of the bone marrow commonly occurs in T-ALL and relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, and is associated with worse prognosis. However, the mechanism of leukemia outgrowth in the marrow and the resulting biologic impact on hematopoiesis are poorly understood. Here, we investigated targetable cellular and molecular abnormalities in leukemia marrow stroma responsible for the suppression of normal hematopoiesis using a T-ALL mouse model and human T-ALL xenografts. We found that actively proliferating leukemia cells inhibited normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation and homing to the perivascular region. In addition, leukemia development was accompanied by the suppression of the endosteum-lining osteoblast population. We further demonstrated that aberrant Notch activation in the stroma plays an important role in negatively regulating the expression of CXLC12 on osteoblasts and their differentiation. Notch blockade reversed attenuated HSPC cycling, leukemia-associated abnormal blood lineage distribution, and thrombocytopenia as well as recovered osteoblast and HSPC abundance and improved the hematopoietic-supportive functions of osteoblasts. Finally, we confirmed that reduced osteoblast frequency and enhanced Notch signaling were also features of the marrow stroma of human ALL tissues. Collectively, our findings suggest that therapeutically targeting the leukemia-infiltrated hematopoietic niche may restore HSPC homeostasis and improve the outcome of ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Grant Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xiaoran Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shuiliang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jay Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stephen Moreton
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joseph Nthale
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rose Beck
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David Wald
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
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19
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Meyerson HJ, Osei E, Schweitzer K, Blidaru G, Edinger A, Schlegelmilch J, Awadallah A, Goyal T. CD1c(+) myeloid dendritic cells in myeloid neoplasia. Cytometry 2015; 90:337-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard J. Meyerson
- Department of Pathology; University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Ebenezer Osei
- Department of Pathology; University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Karen Schweitzer
- Department of Pathology; University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Georgetta Blidaru
- Department of Pathology; University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Alison Edinger
- Department of Pathology; University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - June Schlegelmilch
- Department of Pathology; University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology; University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Tanu Goyal
- Department of Pathology; University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
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Xiao W, Hong H, Awadallah A, Yu S, Zhou L, Xin W. CRABP-II is a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic molecular marker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in distinguishing from benign pancreatic conditions. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1177-83. [PMID: 24709110 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CRABP-II, a retinoic acid binding protein, shuffles retinoic acid from cytoplasm into nucleus and forms a complex with nuclear retinoic acid receptor to facilitate transcriptional activities of retinoic acid. In this study, we studied the expression patterns of CRABP-II in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) compared with those in normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and precancerous lesions. We showed no detectable expressions of CRABP-II in normal pancreatic parenchyma, normal ductal epithelium, and chronic pancreatitis. In contrast, the expression of CRABP-II was readily detected in all PDACs including metastatic PDACs. CRABP-II staining was also observed and progressively increased from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia 1 to 3. In addition, when fine needle aspiration specimens were evaluated from patients with PDAC, CRABP-II was positive in 55.6% cases if cytology diagnosis was "atypia," and in 87.5% cases, if "malignancy." Our study suggests that CRABP-II is highly and specifically expressed in PDAC and is more commonly expressed in high-grade precursor cancerous lesions than in low-grade lesions. Therefore, overexpression of CRABP-II is a late event of pancreatic carcinogenesis, and it could be used as a diagnostic marker to distinguish PDAC from other benign pancreatic conditions in both resection and cytology specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Hong Hong
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Shuiliang Yu
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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21
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Xiao W, Hong H, Awadallah A, Zhou L, Xin W. Utilization of CDX2 expression in diagnosing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and predicting prognosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86853. [PMID: 24489794 PMCID: PMC3906088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CDX2, a master transcriptional regulator of intestinal cell differentiation and survival, has been used as a marker to indicate colorectal lineage in adenocarcinomas of unknown origin. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common causes for adenocarcinomas of unknown origin, but CDX2 expression in pancreatic disease remains unclear. In this study, we systemically and extensively investigated the expression and role of CDX2 in PDAC. We reported that CDX2 expression is weak and heterogeneous is all normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. It is largely expressed in epithelial-lining cells of pancreatic ducts including main ducts, inter-lobular ducts, intra-lobular ducts, intercalated ducts and centroacinar cells, but not in acinar cells or islet cells. CDX2 expression is down regulated during the transformation process from PanIN to PDAC. Only one third of PDACs retain some degree of CDX2 expression, and this group of PDACs have reduced median survival time compared to that of CDX2 negative group (308 days vs. 586 days, p = 0.0065). Metastatic PDACs remain similar expression pattern to that of the primary sites. Our study clearly demonstrates CDX2 expression in pancreatic diseases including PDAC, which is practically important when CDX2 is used to establish the primary sites of adenocarcinomas of unknown origin. In addition, our study also provides CDX2 as a prognostic marker for PDAC and implicates an important role of CDX2 in the development of normal pancreas and PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hong Hong
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lin P, Correa D, Kean TJ, Awadallah A, Dennis JE, Caplan AI. Serial transplantation and long-term engraftment of intra-arterially delivered clonally derived mesenchymal stem cells to injured bone marrow. Mol Ther 2013; 22:160-8. [PMID: 24067545 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) home to sites of injury. Nevertheless, efficient delivery of MSCs to target organs and description of their ultimate fate remain major challenges. We provide evidence that intra-arterially (IA) injected MSCs selectively engraft from the circulation as perivascular cells in the bone marrow (BM) after a localized radiation injury. Luciferase-expressing MSCs, derived from a conditionally immortalized clone (BMC-9) representing a pure population of cells, were arterially delivered into mice irradiated in one leg. Cell distribution was measured by bioluminescent imaging and final destination assessed by luciferase immunolocalization. IA injections resulted in engraftment only in the irradiated leg where cells localize and proliferate abluminal to the BM vasculature, a phenomenon not replicated with intravenous injections or with IA injections of kidney cells harvested from the same donor used for MSCs. Furthermore, MSCs harvested from the engrafted marrow and serially transplanted retain the ability to selectively engraft at sites of injury. This study demonstrates that MSCs can serially engraft at sites of injury from the circulation, that they reside in the perivascular space, and that arterial delivery is more efficient than venous delivery for cell engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lin
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA [2] Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Diego Correa
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas J Kean
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Arnold I Caplan
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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23
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Manjila S, Miller E, Awadallah A, Murakami S, Cohen ML, Cohen AR. Ossified choroid plexus papilloma of the fourth ventricle: elucidation of the mechanism of osteogenesis in benign brain tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2013; 12:13-20. [PMID: 23641963 DOI: 10.3171/2013.3.peds12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
True ossification within benign brain tumors is rare, and the molecular mechanism for this process is poorly understood. The authors report a case of ossified choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and analyze it to help elucidate the underlying molecular basis of osteogenesis in benign brain tumors. A 21-year-old man presented with headache and depression that progressed over years. Computed tomography, MRI, and angiography demonstrated a large heavily calcified fourth ventricular tumor with a vascular blush and no hydrocephalus. The tumor was resected and was found to be an ossified CPP. Immunohistochemical staining for VEGF, Sox2, BMP-2, osterix, osteopontin, and osteocalcin was performed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of bone formation. The tumor was extensively ossified with mature bone trabeculae. Immunostaining for VEGF was positive. Additional staining showed the presence of osteocalcin in this ossified tumor but not in samples of nonossified CPPs collected from other patients. Staining for osterix and osteopontin was equivocally positive in the ossified CPP but also in the nonossified CPPs examined. The presence of osteocalcin in the ossified CPP demonstrates that there is true bone formation rather than simple calcification. Its appearance within cells around the trabeculae suggests the presence of osteoblasts. The presence of osterix suggests that a pluripotent cell, or one that is already partially differentiated, may be differentiated into an osteoblast through this pathway. This represents the first systematic immunohistochemical analysis of osteogenesis within choroid plexus tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Manjila
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Whitney GA, Mera H, Weidenbecher M, Awadallah A, Mansour JM, Dennis JE. Methods for producing scaffold-free engineered cartilage sheets from auricular and articular chondrocyte cell sources and attachment to porous tantalum. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:157-65. [PMID: 23514898 PMCID: PMC3559237 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffold-free cartilage engineering techniques may provide a simple alternative to traditional methods employing scaffolds. We previously reported auricular chondrocyte-derived constructs for use in an engineered trachea model; however, the construct generation methods were not reported in detail. In this study, methods for cartilage construct generation from auricular and articular cell sources are described in detail, and the resulting constructs are compared for use in a joint resurfacing model. Attachment of cartilage sheets to porous tantalum is also investigated as a potential vehicle for future attachment to subchondral bone. Large scaffold-free cartilage constructs were produced from culture-expanded chondrocytes from skeletally mature rabbits, and redifferentiated in a chemically-defined culture medium. Auricular constructs contained more glycosaminoglycan (39.6±12.7 vs. 9.7±1.9 μg/mg wet weight, mean and standard deviation) and collagen (2.7±0.45 vs. 1.1±0.2 μg/mg wet weight, mean and standard deviation) than articular constructs. Aggregate modulus was also higher for auricular constructs vs. articular constructs (0.23±0.07 vs. 0.12±0.03 MPa, mean and standard deviation). Attachment of constructs to porous tantalum was achieved by neocartilage ingrowth into tantalum pores. These results demonstrate that large scaffold-free neocartilage constructs can be produced from mature culture-expanded chondrocytes in a chemically-defined medium, and that these constructs can be attached to porous tantalum.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Adam Whitney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio. ; Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio. ; Hope Heart Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, Washington
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25
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Xiao W, Awadallah A, Xin W. Loss of ARID1A/BAF250a expression in ovarian endometriosis and clear cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2012; 5:642-650. [PMID: 22977660 PMCID: PMC3438773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian endometriosis has been associated with increased risk for ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC). Atypical endometriosis shares common molecular alterations with CCC and therefore, has been proposed as a precursor lesion of CCC, although it is unclear if benign endometriosis is pre-neoplastic. In this study, we examined some molecular alterations in ovarian benign endometriosis, atypical endometriosis, and CCC in comparison to papillary serous carcinoma (PSC). These included BAF250a (encoded by ARID1A), a recently identified major tumor suppressor in ovarian CCC, as well as hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1b, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and P53. We confirmed that CCC but not PSC had loss of BAF250a expression, HNF-1b up-regulation, loss of ER expression and P53 expression. We further showed that both atypical endometriosis and adjacent CCC had loss of BAF250a expression (38.5% vs. 57.7%), HNF-1b up-regulation (53.8% vs. 92.3%), and loss of ER (84.6% vs. 92.3%) and PR (76.9% vs. 84.6%) expression. Importantly, about 20% of benign ovarian endometriosis had loss of BAF250a expression, 33% with HNF-1b up-regulation, 23% loss of ER expression and 50% loss of PR expression, respectively. The concurrent rate of loss of BAF250a expression, HNF-1b up-regulation, and loss of ER expression was not observed in any benign endometriosis, and was increased to 23.1% in atypical endometriosis, and was further increased to 42.3% in CCC. Therefore, the molecular alterations accumulate in a stepwise manner along the transformation process from benign endometriosis through atypical endometriosis to CCC. These data suggest that a portion of benign ovarian endometriosis has already undergone genetic alterations that lead to aberrant protein expression, possibly conferring a higher risk for malignant transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Endometriosis/genetics
- Endometriosis/metabolism
- Endometriosis/pathology
- Female
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta/metabolism
- Humans
- Nuclear Proteins/deficiency
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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26
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Malemud CJ, Sun Y, Pearlman E, Ginley NM, Awadallah A, Wisler BA, Dennis JE. Monosodium Urate and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Increase Apoptosis in Human Chondrocyte Cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:113. [PMID: 24660115 PMCID: PMC3959644 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1149.1000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium urate and tumor necrosis factor-α, are two potent mediators of separate inflammatory response pathways in arthritic joints where inflammation may be accompanied by the loss of chondrocyte vitality via apoptosis. To address this possibility in vitro, chondrocyte cultures were employed to determine the extent to which monosodium urate and recombinant TNF-α altered the frequency of apoptotic chondrocytes. Apoptosis as a function of the activation of p38 kinase, C-Jun-terminal kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and/or the activity of xanthine oxidase was also studied. Using normal human chondrocytes, monosodium urate or recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α increased the frequency of apoptosis and activity of xanthine oxidase. However, the xanthine oxidase-specific inhibitor, febuxostat, failed to blunt this response. Monosodium urate, tumor necrosis factor-α or the Janus kinase inhibitor, AG-490, increased the frequency of apoptotic nuclei in macroaggregate pellet cultures initiated from juvenile human chondrocytes, but not in pellet cultures derived from mesenchymal stem cells. In OA chondrocytes, activation of p38, C-Jun-NH2-kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 preceded apoptosis. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 also was seen in pellet cultures initiated from juvenile chondrocytes and MSCs incubated with MSU, recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α or febuxostat, but apoptosis was increased only in the pellet cultures derived from juvenile chondrocytes. Although AG-490 or the combination of AG-490 and febuxostat inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 activation, apoptosis was unaffected. These results showed that recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α, monosodium urate and AG-490 increased apoptosis in normal human chondrocytes, OA chondrocytes and human juvenile chondrocyte pellet cultures, but not in chondrocyte pellet cultures initiated from MSCs. The increased frequency of apoptotic chondrocytes in response to recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α or monosodium urate was not dependent on either activation of STAT3 or the activity of XO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106-5076 ; Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106-5076
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Visual Sciences Research Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Visual Sciences Research Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Nell M Ginley
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Bradley A Wisler
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106-5076
| | - James E Dennis
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106 ; Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA 98101-2795
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27
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Wang F, Dennis JE, Awadallah A, Solchaga LA, Molter J, Kuang Y, Salem N, Lin Y, Tian H, Kolthammer JA, Kim Y, Love ZB, Gerson SL, Lee Z. Transcriptional profiling of human mesenchymal stem cells transduced with reporter genes for imaging. Physiol Genomics 2009; 37:23-34. [PMID: 19116247 PMCID: PMC2661103 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00300.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, myocardial, or neural lineages when exposed to specific stimuli, making them attractive for tissue repair and regeneration. We have used reporter gene-based imaging technology to track MSC transplantation or implantation in vivo. However, the effects of lentiviral transduction with the fluc-mrfp-ttk triple-fusion vector on the transcriptional profiles of MSCs remain unknown. In this study, gene expression differences between wild-type and transduced hMSCs were evaluated using an oligonucleotide human microarray. Significance Analysis of Microarray identified differential genes with high accuracy; RT-PCR validated the microarray results. Annotation analysis showed that transduced hMSCs upregulated cell differentiation and antiapoptosis genes while downregulating cell cycle, proliferation genes. Despite transcriptional changes associated with bone and cartilage remodeling, their random pattern indicates no systematic change of crucial genes that are associated with osteogenic, adipogenic, or chondrogenic differentiation. This correlates with the experimental results that lentiviral transduction did not cause the transduced MSCs to lose their basic stem cell identity as demonstrated by osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation assays with both transduced and wild-type MSCs, although a certain degree of alterations occurred. Histological analysis demonstrated osteogenic differentiation in MSC-loaded ceramic cubes in vivo. In conclusion, transduction of reporter genes into MSCs preserved the basic properties of stem cells while enabling noninvasive imaging in living animals to study the biodistribution and other biological activities of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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28
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Weidenbecher M, Henderson JH, Tucker HM, Baskin JZ, Awadallah A, Dennis JE. Hyaluronan-based scaffolds to tissue-engineer cartilage implants for laryngotracheal reconstruction. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:1745-9. [PMID: 17690606 PMCID: PMC2504717 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e31811434ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Donor site morbidity, including pneumothorax, can be a considerable problem when harvesting cartilage grafts for laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR). Tissue-engineered cartilage may offer a solution to this problem. This study investigated the feasibility of using Hyalograft C combined with autologous chondrocytes to tissue engineer cartilage grafts for LTR in rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Animal study. METHODS Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits underwent LTR: 12 rabbits received autologous tissue-engineered cartilage grafts and 6 animals, serving as a positive control group, native auricular cartilage. To determine any differences in response to the site of implantation and any potential immune response to the scaffold, a second piece of engineered neocartilage and a non-cell-loaded scaffold were inserted paralaryngeally into a subset of the rabbits. The rabbits were sacrificed 3, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after the LTR and their larynx examined. RESULTS None of the 18 rabbits showed signs of respiratory distress. A smooth, noninflammatory scar was visible intraluminally. Histologically, the native auricular cartilage implants showed excellent integration without any signs of inflammation or cartilage degradation. In contrast, all tissue-engineered grafts and empty scaffolds revealed marked signs of an unspecific foreign body reaction, leading to a complete degradation of the neocartilage, whether implanted para- or intralaryngeally. CONCLUSION In contrast to the success with which Hyalograft C has been applied in articular defect repair, our results indicate that, in rabbits, Hyalograft C initiates a foreign body reaction if implanted intra- or paralaryngeally, leading to cartilage degradation and possible graft failure. These findings suggest limitations on the environment in which Hyalograft C can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Weidenbecher
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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29
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Love Z, Wang F, Dennis J, Awadallah A, Salem N, Lin Y, Weisenberger A, Majewski S, Gerson S, Lee Z. Imaging of mesenchymal stem cell transplant by bioluminescence and PET. J Nucl Med 2007; 48:2011-20. [PMID: 18006616 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.043166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dynamic measurements of infused stem cells generally require animal euthanasia for single-time-point determinations of engraftment. In this study, we used a triple-fusion reporter system for multimodal imaging to monitor human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) transplants. METHODS hMSCs were transduced with a triple-fusion reporter, fluc-mrfp-ttk (encoding firefly luciferase, monomeric red fluorescent protein, and truncated herpes simplex virus type 1 sr39 thymidine kinase) by use of a lentiviral vector. Transduced cells were assayed in vitro for the expression of each functional component of the triple-fusion reporter. Transduced and control hMSCs were compared for their potential to differentiate into bone, cartilage, and fat. hMSCs expressing the reporter were then loaded into porous, fibronectin-coated ceramic cubes and subcutaneously implanted into NOD-SCID mice along with cubes that were loaded with wild-type hMSCs and empty cubes. Mice were imaged repeatedly over 3 mo by bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and selected animals underwent CT and PET imaging. RESULTS Osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic potential assays revealed retained differentiation potentials between transduced and wild-type hMSCs. Signals from the cubes loaded with reporter-transduced hMSCs were visible by BLI over 3 mo. There was no signal from the empty or wild-type hMSC-loaded control cubes. PET data provided confirmation of the quantitative estimation of the number of cells at one spot (cube). Cubes were removed from some animals, and histologic evaluations showed bone formation in cubes loaded with either reporter-transduced or wild-type hMSCs, whereas empty controls were negative for bone formation. CONCLUSION The triple-fusion reporter approach resulted in a reliable method of labeling stem cells for investigation in small-animal models by use of both BLI and small-animal PET imaging. It has the potential for translation into future human studies with clinical PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Love
- Department of Nuclear Medicine/Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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30
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Dennis JE, Esterly K, Awadallah A, Parrish CR, Poynter GM, Goltry KL. Clinical-Scale Expansion of a Mixed Population of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem and Progenitor Cells for Potential Use in Bone Tissue Regeneration. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2575-82. [PMID: 17585167 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the ability of bone marrow derived stem and progenitor cells to regenerate many tissues, including bone. Methods to expand or enrich progenitors from bone marrow are common; however, these methods include many steps not amenable to clinical use. A closed automated cell production culture system was developed for clinical-scale ex vivo production of bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells for hematopoietic reconstitution. The current study tested the ability of this bioreactor system to produce progenitor cells, termed tissue repair cells (TRC), possessing osteogenic potential. Three TRC formulations were evaluated: (a) cells cultured without exogenous cytokines (TRC); (b) cells cultured with exogenous cytokines (TRC-C); and (c) an adherent subset of TRC-C (TRC-C(Ad)). Starting human bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM MNC) and TRC products were characterized for the expression of cell surface markers, in vitro colony forming ability, and in vivo osteogenic potential. Results showed significant expansion of mesenchymal progenitors (CD90+, CD105+, and CD166+) in each TRC formulation. In vivo bone formation, measured by histology, was highest in the TRC group, followed by TRC-C(Ad) and TRC-C. The TRC product outperformed starting BM MNC and had equivalent bone forming potential to purified MSCs at the same cell dose. Post hoc analysis revealed that the presence of CD90+, CD105+, and CD166+ correlated strongly with in vivo bone formation scores (r(2) > .95). These results demonstrate that this bioreactor system can be used to generate, in a single step, a population of progenitor cells with potent osteogenic potential. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Dennis
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 6 Floor Hanna Building, 11100 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Naumann A, Dennis JE, Awadallah A, Carrino DA, Mansour JM, Kastenbauer E, Caplan AI. Immunochemical and mechanical characterization of cartilage subtypes in rabbit. J Histochem Cytochem 2002; 50:1049-58. [PMID: 12133908 DOI: 10.1177/002215540205000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is categorized into three general subgroups, hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, based primarily on morphologic criteria and secondarily on collagen (Types I and II) and elastin content. To more precisely define the different cartilage subtypes, rabbit cartilage isolated from joint, nose, auricle, epiglottis, and meniscus was characterized by immunohistochemical (IHC) localization of elastin and of collagen Types I, II, V, VI, and X, by biochemical analysis of total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and by biomechanical indentation assay. Toluidine blue staining and safranin-O staining were used for morphological assessment of the cartilage subtypes. IHC staining of the cartilage samples showed a characteristic pattern of staining for the collagen antibodies that varied in both location and intensity. Auricular cartilage is discriminated from other subtypes by interterritorial elastin staining and no staining for Type VI collagen. Epiglottal cartilage is characterized by positive elastin staining and intense staining for Type VI collagen. The unique pattern for nasal cartilage is intense staining for Type V collagen and collagen X, whereas articular cartilage is negative for elastin (interterritorially) and only weakly positive for collagen Types V and VI. Meniscal cartilage shows the greatest intensity of staining for Type I collagen, weak staining for collagens V and VI, and no staining with antibody to collagen Type X. Matching cartilage samples were categorized by total GAG content, which showed increasing total GAG content from elastic cartilage (auricle, epiglottis) to fibrocartilage (meniscus) to hyaline cartilage (nose, knee joint). Analysis of aggregate modulus showed nasal and auricular cartilage to have the greatest stiffness, epiglottal and meniscal tissue the lowest, and articular cartilage intermediate. This study illustrates the differences and identifies unique characteristics of the different cartilage subtypes in rabbits. The results provide a baseline of data for generating and evaluating engineered repair cartilage tissue synthesized in vitro or for post-implantation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Naumann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Solchaga LA, Gao J, Dennis JE, Awadallah A, Lundberg M, Caplan AI, Goldberg VM. Treatment of osteochondral defects with autologous bone marrow in a hyaluronan-based delivery vehicle. Tissue Eng 2002; 8:333-47. [PMID: 12031121 DOI: 10.1089/107632702753725085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The natural repair of osteochondral defects can be enhanced with biocompatible, biodegradable and bioactive materials that provide structural support and molecular cuing to stimulate repair. Since bone marrow contains osteochondral progenitor cells and bioactive agents, it is hypothesized that the combination of scaffold and bone marrow would be a superior composite material for osteochondral repair. This hypothesis will be tested by comparing the outcome of osteochondral defects filled with a fibronectin-coated hyaluronan-based sponge (ACP) with or without autologous bone marrow. Thirty-three 4-month-old rabbits received 3-mm diameter osteochondral defects that were then filled with ACP loaded or not with autologous bone marrow. Rabbits were sacrificed at 2, 3, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery and the condyles processed for histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation. The defects were graded with a histologic scoring scale. Except for the 3-week specimens, the histologic appearance of the defects was similar in both groups. Four weeks after surgery, the defects were filled with bone with a top layer of cartilage well integrated with the adjacent cartilage. Twelve and 24 weeks after surgery, the defects again showed bone filling. The primary difference between the 4-week samples and the 12- and 24-week samples was that the layer of cartilage that appeared to be thinner than the adjacent cartilage. At each harvest time, the overall histologic scores of the specimens did not reveal statistical differences between the treatment groups. However, as revealed by the results of the 3-week sacrifices, bone marrow loading appeared to accelerate the first stages of the repair process. The fibronectin-coated hyaluronan-based scaffold appears to organize the natural response and facilitate the integration of the neo-cartilage with the adjacent tissue. The fundamental tissue engineering principles derived from this study should provide guidelines for the development of comparable clinical reconstructive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Solchaga
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Abstract
Adult marrow contains mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) that have multiple differentiation potentials. A conditionally immortalized MPC clone, BMC9, has been identified that exhibits four mesenchymal cell phenotypes: chondrocyte, adipocyte, stromal (support osteoclast formation), and osteoblast. The BMC9 clone, control brain fibroblasts and another marrow-derived clone, BMC10, were isolated from a transgenic mouse (H-2Kb-tsA58) containing a gene for conditional immortality. To test for chondrogenic potential, cells were cultured in defined medium containing 10 ng/ml transforming growth factor beta and 10-7 M dexamethasone in 15-ml polypropylene tubes ("aggregate cultures"). Adipogenic potential was quantitated by flow cytometry of Nile Red-stained cells cultured for 1 and 2 weeks in medium containing isobutyl methylxanthine, indomethacin, insulin, and dexamethasone. Support of osteoclast formation was measured by quantitating multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells in spleen cell cocultures of test clones (immortomouse clones and positive control ST2 cells) cultured in the presence of 10-7 M vitamin D3 and 150 mM ascorbate-2-phosphate. In vivo osteogenic potential was assayed by histologic examination of bone formation in subcutaneous implants, into athymic mouse hosts, of a composite of cells combined with porous calcium phosphate ceramics. The bone marrow-derived clone BMC9 has the potential to express each of the four mesenchymal characteristics tested, while brain fibroblasts, tested under identical conditions, did not exhibit any of these four mesenchymal characteristics. BMC10 cells exhibited osteogenic and chondrogenic phenotypes, but showed only minimal expression of adipocytic or osteoclast-supportive phenotypes. Clone BMC9 is, minimally, a quadripotential MPC isolated from the marrow of an adult mouse that can differentiate into cartilage and adipose, support osteoclast formation, and form bone. The BMC9 clone is an example of an adult-derived multipotential progenitor cell that is situated early in the mesenchymal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Dennis
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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