1
|
Ye Y, Mattingly MM, Sunthimer MJ, Gay JD, Rosen MJ. Early-Life Stress Impairs Perception and Neural Encoding of Rapid Signals in the Auditory Pathway. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3232-3244. [PMID: 36973014 PMCID: PMC10162457 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1787-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During developmental critical periods (CPs), early-life stress (ELS) induces cognitive deficits and alters neural circuitry in regions underlying learning, memory, and attention. Mechanisms underlying critical period plasticity are shared by sensory cortices and these higher neural regions, suggesting that sensory processing may also be vulnerable to ELS. In particular, the perception and auditory cortical (ACx) encoding of temporally-varying sounds both mature gradually, even into adolescence, providing an extended postnatal window of susceptibility. To examine the effects of ELS on temporal processing, we developed a model of ELS in the Mongolian gerbil, a well-established model for auditory processing. In both male and female animals, ELS induction impaired the behavioral detection of short gaps in sound, which are critical for speech perception. This was accompanied by reduced neural responses to gaps in auditory cortex, the auditory periphery, and auditory brainstem. ELS thus degrades the fidelity of sensory representations available to higher regions, and could contribute to well-known ELS-induced problems with cognition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In children and animal models, early-life stress (ELS) leads to deficits in cognition, including problems with learning, memory, and attention. Such problems could arise in part from a low-fidelity representation of sensory information available to higher-level neural regions. Here, we demonstrate that ELS degrades sensory responses to rapid variations in sound at multiple levels of the auditory pathway, and concurrently impairs perception of these rapidly-varying sounds. As these sound variations are intrinsic to speech, ELS may thus pose a challenge to communication and cognition through impaired sensory encoding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ye
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 44242
| | - Michelle M Mattingly
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Matthew J Sunthimer
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Jennifer D Gay
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901
| | - Merri J Rosen
- Hearing Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 44242
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Knipper M, Singer W, Schwabe K, Hagberg GE, Li Hegner Y, Rüttiger L, Braun C, Land R. Disturbed Balance of Inhibitory Signaling Links Hearing Loss and Cognition. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:785603. [PMID: 35069123 PMCID: PMC8770933 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.785603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal hyperexcitability in the central auditory pathway linked to reduced inhibitory activity is associated with numerous forms of hearing loss, including noise damage, age-dependent hearing loss, and deafness, as well as tinnitus or auditory processing deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In most cases, the reduced central inhibitory activity and the accompanying hyperexcitability are interpreted as an active compensatory response to the absence of synaptic activity, linked to increased central neural gain control (increased output activity relative to reduced input). We here suggest that hyperexcitability also could be related to an immaturity or impairment of tonic inhibitory strength that typically develops in an activity-dependent process in the ascending auditory pathway with auditory experience. In these cases, high-SR auditory nerve fibers, which are critical for the shortest latencies and lowest sound thresholds, may have either not matured (possibly in congenital deafness or autism) or are dysfunctional (possibly after sudden, stressful auditory trauma or age-dependent hearing loss linked with cognitive decline). Fast auditory processing deficits can occur despite maintained basal hearing. In that case, tonic inhibitory strength is reduced in ascending auditory nuclei, and fast inhibitory parvalbumin positive interneuron (PV-IN) dendrites are diminished in auditory and frontal brain regions. This leads to deficits in central neural gain control linked to hippocampal LTP/LTD deficiencies, cognitive deficits, and unbalanced extra-hypothalamic stress control. Under these conditions, a diminished inhibitory strength may weaken local neuronal coupling to homeostatic vascular responses required for the metabolic support of auditory adjustment processes. We emphasize the need to distinguish these two states of excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in hearing disorders: (i) Under conditions of preserved fast auditory processing and sustained tonic inhibitory strength, an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance following auditory deprivation can maintain precise hearing through a memory linked, transient disinhibition that leads to enhanced spiking fidelity (central neural gain⇑) (ii) Under conditions of critically diminished fast auditory processing and reduced tonic inhibitory strength, hyperexcitability can be part of an increased synchronization over a broader frequency range, linked to reduced spiking reliability (central neural gain⇓). This latter stage mutually reinforces diminished metabolic support for auditory adjustment processes, increasing the risks for canonical dementia syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marlies Knipper,
| | - Wibke Singer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Gisela E. Hagberg
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital Tübingen (UKT), Tübingen, Germany
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yiwen Li Hegner
- MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Braun
- MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Land
- Department of Experimental Otology, Institute for Audioneurotechnology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen F, Zhao F, Mahafza N, Lu W. Detecting Noise-Induced Cochlear Synaptopathy by Auditory Brainstem Response in Tinnitus Patients With Normal Hearing Thresholds: A Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:778197. [PMID: 34987358 PMCID: PMC8721093 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.778197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy (CS) is defined as a permanent loss of synapses in the auditory nerve pathway following noise exposure. Several studies using auditory brainstem response (ABR) have indicated the presence of CS and increased central gain in tinnitus patients with normal hearing thresholds (TNHT), but the results were inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to review the evidence of CS and its pathological changes in the central auditory system in TNHT. Published studies using ABR to study TNHT were reviewed. PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were selected to search for relevant literature. Studies (489) were retrieved, and 11 were included for meta-analysis. The results supported significantly reduced wave I amplitude in TNHT, whereas the alternations in wave V amplitude were inconsistent among the studies. Consistently increased V/I ratio indicated noise-induced central gain enhancement. The results indicated the evidence of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy in tinnitus patients with normal hearing. However, inconsistent changes in wave V amplitude may be explained by that the failure of central gain that triggers the pathological neural changes in the central auditory system and/or that increased central gain may be necessary to generate tinnitus but not to maintain tinnitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Chen
- Centre for Speech and Language Therapy and Hearing Science, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Zhao
- Centre for Speech and Language Therapy and Hearing Science, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Hearing and Speech Science, Guangzhou Xinhua College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nadeem Mahafza
- Centre for Speech and Language Therapy and Hearing Science, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conductive hearing loss during development does not appreciably alter the sharpness of cochlear tuning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3955. [PMID: 33597563 PMCID: PMC7890061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies show that listeners often have difficulty hearing in situations with background noise, despite normal tuning curves in quiet. One potential source of this difficulty could be sensorineural changes in the auditory periphery (the ear). Signal in noise detection deficits also arise in animals raised with developmental conductive hearing loss (CHL), a manipulation that induces acoustic attenuation to model how sound deprivation changes the central auditory system. This model attributes perceptual deficits to central changes by assuming that CHL does not affect sensorineural elements in the periphery that could raise masked thresholds. However, because of efferent feedback, altering the auditory system could affect cochlear elements. Indeed, recent studies show that adult-onset CHL can cause cochlear synapse loss, potentially calling into question the assumption of an intact periphery in early-onset CHL. To resolve this issue, we tested the long-term peripheral effects of CHL via developmental bilateral malleus displacement. Using forward masking tuning curves, we compared peripheral tuning in animals raised with CHL vs age-matched controls. Using compound action potential measurements from the round window, we assessed inner hair cell synapse integrity. Results indicate that developmental CHL can cause minor synaptopathy. However, developmental CHL does not appreciably alter peripheral frequency tuning.
Collapse
|
5
|
Age-related hearing loss pertaining to potassium ion channels in the cochlea and auditory pathway. Pflugers Arch 2020; 473:823-840. [PMID: 33336302 PMCID: PMC8076138 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most prevalent sensory deficit in the elderly and constitutes the third highest risk factor for dementia. Lifetime noise exposure, genetic predispositions for degeneration, and metabolic stress are assumed to be the major causes of ARHL. Both noise-induced and hereditary progressive hearing have been linked to decreased cell surface expression and impaired conductance of the potassium ion channel KV7.4 (KCNQ4) in outer hair cells, inspiring future therapies to maintain or prevent the decline of potassium ion channel surface expression to reduce ARHL. In concert with KV7.4 in outer hair cells, KV7.1 (KCNQ1) in the stria vascularis, calcium-activated potassium channels BK (KCNMA1) and SK2 (KCNN2) in hair cells and efferent fiber synapses, and KV3.1 (KCNC1) in the spiral ganglia and ascending auditory circuits share an upregulated expression or subcellular targeting during final differentiation at hearing onset. They also share a distinctive fragility for noise exposure and age-dependent shortfalls in energy supply required for sustained surface expression. Here, we review and discuss the possible contribution of select potassium ion channels in the cochlea and auditory pathway to ARHL. We postulate genes, proteins, or modulators that contribute to sustained ion currents or proper surface expressions of potassium channels under challenging conditions as key for future therapies of ARHL.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hofmeier B, Wolpert S, Aldamer ES, Walter M, Thiericke J, Braun C, Zelle D, Rüttiger L, Klose U, Knipper M. Reduced sound-evoked and resting-state BOLD fMRI connectivity in tinnitus. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:637-649. [PMID: 30202725 PMCID: PMC6128096 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The exact neurophysiological basis of chronic tinnitus, which affects 10-15% of the population, remains unknown and is controversial at many levels. It is an open question whether phantom sound perception results from increased central neural gain or not, a crucial question for any future therapeutic intervention strategies for tinnitus. We performed a comprehensive study of mild hearing-impaired participants with and without tinnitus, excluding participants with co-occurrences of hyperacusis. A right-hemisphere correlation between tinnitus loudness and auditory perceptual difficulty was observed in the tinnitus group, independent of differences in hearing thresholds. This correlation was linked to reduced and delayed sound-induced suprathreshold auditory brain responses (ABR wave V) in the tinnitus group, suggesting subsided rather than exaggerated central neural responsiveness. When anatomically predefined auditory regions of interest were analysed for altered sound-evoked BOLD fMRI activity, it became evident that subcortical and cortical auditory regions and regions involved in sound detection (posterior insula, hippocampus), responded with reduced BOLD activity in the tinnitus group, emphasizing reduced, rather than increased, central neural gain. Regarding previous findings of evoked BOLD activity being linked to positive connectivities at rest, we additionally analysed r-fcMRI responses in anatomically predefined auditory regions and regions associated with sound detection. A profound reduction in positive interhemispheric connections of homologous auditory brain regions and a decline in the positive connectivities between lower auditory brainstem regions and regions involved in sound detection (hippocampus, posterior insula) were observed in the tinnitus group. The finding went hand-in-hand with the emotional (amygdala, anterior insula) and temporofrontal/stress-regulating regions (prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus) that were no longer positively connected with auditory cortex regions in the tinnitus group but were instead positively connected to lower-level auditory brainstem regions. Delayed sound processing, reduced sound-evoked BOLD fMRI activity and altered r-fcMRI in the auditory midbrain correlated in the tinnitus group and showed right hemisphere dominance as did tinnitus loudness and perceptual difficulty. The findings suggest that reduced central neural gain in the auditory stream may lead to phantom perception through a failure to energize attentional/stress-regulating networks for contextualization of auditory-specific information. Reduced auditory-specific information flow in tinnitus has until now escaped detection in humans, as low-level auditory brain regions were previously omitted from neuroimaging studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register DRKS0006332.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABR wave
- ABR, auditory brainstem response
- BA, Brodmann area
- BA13A, anterior insula
- BA13P, posterior insula
- BA28, entorhinal cortex
- BB-chirp, broadband chirp
- BERA, brainstem-evoked response audiometry
- CN, cochlear nucleus
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Cortisol
- DL, dorsolateral
- EFR, envelope-followed responses
- ENT, ear, nose and throat
- FA, flip angle
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FOV, field of view
- FWHM, full width at half maximum
- G-H-S, Goebel-Hiller-Score
- HF-chirp, high-frequency chirp
- HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- High-SR AF, high-spontaneous firing rates auditory fibers
- IC, inferior colliculus
- L, left
- LF-chirp, low-frequency chirp
- Low-SR AF, low-spontaneous firing rates auditory fibers
- M, medial
- MGB, medial geniculate body
- MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PTA, pure tone audiogram
- R, right
- ROI, region of interest
- SD, standard deviation
- SOC, superior olivary complex
- SPL, sound pressure level
- SPM, Statistical Parametric Mapping
- TA, acquisition time
- TE, echo time
- TR, repetition time
- Tinnitus
- VBM, voxel-based morphometry
- fMRI
- r-fcMRI
- rCBF, resting-state cerebral blood flow
- rCBV, resting-state cerebral blood volume
- zFC, z-values functional connectivity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hofmeier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Wolpert
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Saad Aldamer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Walter
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - John Thiericke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany/HNO Ärzte Praxis Part GmbB, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Braun
- MEG Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 47, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Zelle
- Section of Physiological Acoustics and Communication, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Klose
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, D-73076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hearing Research Center Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wolter S, Möhrle D, Schmidt H, Pfeiffer S, Zelle D, Eckert P, Krämer M, Feil R, Pilz PKD, Knipper M, Rüttiger L. GC-B Deficient Mice With Axon Bifurcation Loss Exhibit Compromised Auditory Processing. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:65. [PMID: 30275816 PMCID: PMC6152484 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory axon T-like branching (bifurcation) in neurons from dorsal root ganglia and cranial sensory ganglia depends on the molecular signaling cascade involving the secreted factor C-type natriuretic peptide, the natriuretic peptide receptor guanylyl cyclase B (GC-B; also known as Npr2) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI, also known as PKGI). The bifurcation of cranial nerves is suggested to be important for information processing by second-order neurons in the hindbrain or spinal cord. Indeed, mice with a spontaneous GC-B loss of function mutation (Npr2cn/cn ) display an impaired bifurcation of auditory nerve (AN) fibers. However, these mice did not show any obvious sign of impaired basal hearing. Here, we demonstrate that mice with a targeted inactivation of the GC-B gene (Npr2 lacZ/lacZ , GC-B KO mice) show an elevation of audiometric thresholds. In the inner ear, the cochlear hair cells in GC-B KO mice were nevertheless similar to those from wild type mice, justified by the typical expression of functionally relevant marker proteins. However, efferent cholinergic feedback to inner and outer hair cells was reduced in GC-B KO mice, linked to very likely reduced rapid efferent feedback. Sound-evoked AN responses of GC-B KO mice were elevated, a feature that is known to occur when the efferent axo-dendritic feedback on AN is compromised. Furthermore, late sound-evoked brainstem responses were significantly delayed in GC-B KO mice. This delay in sound response was accompanied by a weaker sensitivity of the auditory steady state response to amplitude-modulated sound stimuli. Finally, the acoustic startle response (ASR) - one of the fastest auditory responses - and the prepulse inhibition of the ASR indicated significant changes in temporal precision of auditory processing. These findings suggest that GC-B-controlled axon bifurcation of spiral ganglion neurons is important for proper activation of second-order neurons in the hindbrain and is a prerequisite for proper temporal auditory processing likely by establishing accurate efferent top-down control circuits. These data hypothesize that the bifurcation pattern of cranial nerves is important to shape spatial and temporal information processing for sensory feedback control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wolter
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorit Möhrle
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Pfeiffer
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Zelle
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Physiological Acoustics and Communication, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Eckert
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Krämer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter K D Pilz
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matt L, Eckert P, Panford-Walsh R, Geisler HS, Bausch AE, Manthey M, Müller NIC, Harasztosi C, Rohbock K, Ruth P, Friauf E, Ott T, Zimmermann U, Rüttiger L, Schimmang T, Knipper M, Singer W. Visualizing BDNF Transcript Usage During Sound-Induced Memory Linked Plasticity. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:260. [PMID: 30127717 PMCID: PMC6089339 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) expression is hypothesized to be a cue for the context-specificity of memory formation. So far, activity-dependent BDNF cannot be explicitly monitored independently of basal BDNF levels. We used the BLEV (BDNF-live-exon-visualization) reporter mouse to specifically detect activity-dependent usage of Bdnf exon-IV and -VI promoters through bi-cistronic co-expression of CFP and YFP, respectively. Enriching acoustic stimuli led to improved peripheral and central auditory brainstem responses, increased Schaffer collateral LTP, and enhanced performance in the Morris water maze. Within the brainstem, neuronal activity was increased and accompanied by a trend for higher expression levels of Bdnf exon-IV-CFP and exon-VI-YFP transcripts. In the hippocampus BDNF transcripts were clearly increased parallel to changes in parvalbumin expression and were localized to specific neurons and capillaries. Severe acoustic trauma, in contrast, elevated neither Bdnf transcript levels, nor auditory responses, parvalbumin or LTP. Together, this suggests that critical sensory input is essential for recruitment of activity-dependent auditory-specific BDNF expression that may shape network adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Matt
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Eckert
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rama Panford-Walsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hyun-Soon Geisler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne E Bausch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marie Manthey
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas I C Müller
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Csaba Harasztosi
- Section of Physiological Acoustics and Communication, Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Rohbock
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Ruth
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eckhard Friauf
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Transgenic Facility Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zimmermann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmang
- Instituto de Biologíay Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wibke Singer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takahashi S, Sun W, Zhou Y, Homma K, Kachar B, Cheatham MA, Zheng J. Prestin Contributes to Membrane Compartmentalization and Is Required for Normal Innervation of Outer Hair Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:211. [PMID: 30079013 PMCID: PMC6062617 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer hair cells (OHC) act as amplifiers and their function is modified by medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents. The unique OHC motor protein, prestin, provides the molecular basis for somatic electromotility, which is required for sensitivity and frequency selectivity, the hallmarks of mammalian hearing. Prestin proteins are the major component of the lateral membrane of mature OHCs, which separates apical and basal domains. To investigate the contribution of prestin to this unique arrangement, we compared the distribution of membrane proteins in OHCs of wildtype (WT) and prestin-knockout (KO) mice. In WT, the apical protein PMCA2 was exclusively localized to the hair bundles, while it was also found at the lateral membrane in KOs. Similarly, a basal protein KCNQ4 did not coalesce at the base of OHCs but was widely dispersed in mice lacking prestin. Since the expression levels of PMCA2 and KCNQ4 remained unchanged in KOs, the data indicate that prestin is required for the normal distribution of apical and basal membrane proteins in OHCs. Since OHC synapses predominate in the basal subnuclear region, we also examined the synaptic architecture in prestin-KO mice. Although neurite densities were not affected, MOC efferent terminals in prestin-KO mice were no longer constrained to the basal pole as in WT. This trend was evident as early as at postnatal day 12. Furthermore, terminals were often enlarged and frequently appeared as singlets when compared to the multiple clusters of individual terminals in WT. This abnormality in MOC synaptic morphology in prestin-KO mice is similar to defects in mice lacking MOC pathway proteins such as α9/α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and BK channels, indicating a role for prestin in the proper establishment of MOC synapses. To investigate the contribution of prestin’s electromotility, we also examined OHCs from a mouse model that expresses non-functional prestin (499-prestin). We found no changes in PMCA2 localization and MOC synaptic morphology in OHCs from 499-prestin mice. Taken together, these results indicate that prestin, independent of its motile function, plays an important structural role in membrane compartmentalization, which is required for the formation of normal efferent-OHC synapses in mature OHCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoe Takahashi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Willy Sun
- Section on Structural Cell Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yingjie Zhou
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kazuaki Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,The Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Bechara Kachar
- Section on Structural Cell Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mary Ann Cheatham
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,The Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,The Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aazh H, Knipper M, Danesh AA, Cavanna AE, Andersson L, Paulin J, Schecklmann M, Heinonen-Guzejev M, Moore BC. Insights from the third international conference on hyperacusis: causes, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. Noise Health 2018; 20:162-170. [PMID: 30136676 PMCID: PMC6122267 DOI: 10.4103/nah.nah_2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperacusis is intolerance of certain everyday sounds that causes significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, recreational, and other day-to-day activities. OBJECTIVE The aim of this report is to summarize the key findings and conclusions from the Third International Conference on Hyperacusis. TOPICS COVERED The main topics discussed comprise (1) diagnosis of hyperacusis and audiological evaluations, (2) neurobiological aspect of hyperacusis, (3) misophonia, (4) hyperacusis in autism spectrum disorder, (5) noise sensitivity, (6) hyperacusis-related distress and comorbid psychiatric illness, and (7) audiologist-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for hyperacusis. CONCLUSIONS Implications for research and clinical practice are summarised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hashir Aazh
- Audiology Department, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Department of Molecular Physiology of Hearing, Hearing Research Institute Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ali A. Danesh
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Andrea E. Cavanna
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Johan Paulin
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Schecklmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Brian C.J. Moore
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paul BT, Bruce IC, Roberts LE. Evidence that hidden hearing loss underlies amplitude modulation encoding deficits in individuals with and without tinnitus. Hear Res 2017; 344:170-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
12
|
Longenecker RJ, Galazyuk AV. Variable Effects of Acoustic Trauma on Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Tinnitus In Individual Animals. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:207. [PMID: 27826232 PMCID: PMC5078752 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of tinnitus is known to be diverse in the human population. An appropriate animal model of tinnitus should incorporate this pathological diversity. Previous studies evaluating the effect of acoustic over exposure (AOE) have found that animals typically display increased spontaneous firing rates and bursting activity of auditory neurons, which often has been linked to behavioral evidence of tinnitus. However, only a subset of studies directly associated these neural correlates to individual animals. Furthermore, the vast majority of tinnitus studies were conducted on anesthetized animals. The goal of this study was to test for a possible relationship between tinnitus, hearing loss, hyperactivity and bursting activity in the auditory system of individual unanesthetized animals following AOE. Sixteen mice were unilaterally exposed to 116 dB SPL narrowband noise (centered at 12.5 kHz) for 1 h under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. Gap-induced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (GPIAS) was used to assess behavioral evidence of tinnitus whereas hearing performance was evaluated by measurements of auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and prepulse inhibition PPI audiometry. Following behavioral assessments, single neuron firing activity was recorded from the inferior colliculus (IC) of four awake animals and compared to recordings from four unexposed controls. We found that AOE increased spontaneous activity in all mice tested, independently of tinnitus behavior or severity of threshold shifts. Bursting activity did not increase in two animals identified as tinnitus positive (T+), but did so in a tinnitus negative (T−) animal with severe hearing loss (SHL). Hyperactivity does not appear to be a reliable biomarker of tinnitus. Our data suggest that multidisciplinary assessments on individual animals following AOE could offer a powerful experimental tool to investigate mechanisms of tinnitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Longenecker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Alexander V Galazyuk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Möhrle D, Ni K, Varakina K, Bing D, Lee SC, Zimmermann U, Knipper M, Rüttiger L. Loss of auditory sensitivity from inner hair cell synaptopathy can be centrally compensated in the young but not old brain. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 44:173-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
Somatic memory and gain increase as preconditions for tinnitus: Insights from congenital deafness. Hear Res 2016; 333:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Singer W, Geisler HS, Panford-Walsh R, Knipper M. Detection of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses in the Auditory System Using Fluorescence Immunohistochemistry and High-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1427:263-76. [PMID: 27259932 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3615-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In sensory systems, a balanced excitatory and inhibitory circuit along the ascending pathway is not only important for the establishment of topographically ordered connections from the periphery to the cortex but also for temporal precision of signal processing. The accomplishment of spatial and temporal cortical resolution in the central nervous system is a process that is likely initiated by the first sensory experiences that drive a period of increased intracortical inhibition. In the auditory system, the time of first sensory experience is also the period in which a reorganization of cochlear efferent and afferent fibers occurs leading to the mature innervation of inner and outer hair cells. This mature hair cell innervation is the basis of accurate sound processing along the ascending pathway up to the auditory cortex. We describe here, a protocol for detecting excitatory and inhibitory marker proteins along the ascending auditory pathway, which could be a useful tool for detecting changes in auditory signal processing during various forms of hearing disorders. Our protocol uses fluorescence immunohistochemistry in combination with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy in cochlear and brain tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wibke Singer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, ENT Clinic, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Hyun-Soon Geisler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, ENT Clinic, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Rama Panford-Walsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, ENT Clinic, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.,DNA Genotek Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, ENT Clinic, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chumak T, Rüttiger L, Lee SC, Campanelli D, Zuccotti A, Singer W, Popelář J, Gutsche K, Geisler HS, Schraven SP, Jaumann M, Panford-Walsh R, Hu J, Schimmang T, Zimmermann U, Syka J, Knipper M. BDNF in Lower Brain Parts Modifies Auditory Fiber Activity to Gain Fidelity but Increases the Risk for Generation of Central Noise After Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5607-27. [PMID: 26476841 PMCID: PMC5012152 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For all sensory organs, the establishment of spatial and temporal cortical resolution is assumed to be initiated by the first sensory experience and a BDNF-dependent increase in intracortical inhibition. To address the potential of cortical BDNF for sound processing, we used mice with a conditional deletion of BDNF in which Cre expression was under the control of the Pax2 or TrkC promoter. BDNF deletion profiles between these mice differ in the organ of Corti (BDNFPax2-KO) versus the auditory cortex and hippocampus (BDNFTrkC-KO). We demonstrate that BDNFPax2-KO but not BDNFTrkC-KO mice exhibit reduced sound-evoked suprathreshold ABR waves at the level of the auditory nerve (wave I) and inferior colliculus (IC) (wave IV), indicating that BDNF in lower brain regions but not in the auditory cortex improves sound sensitivity during hearing onset. Extracellular recording of IC neurons of BDNFPax2 mutant mice revealed that the reduced sensitivity of auditory fibers in these mice went hand in hand with elevated thresholds, reduced dynamic range, prolonged latency, and increased inhibitory strength in IC neurons. Reduced parvalbumin-positive contacts were found in the ascending auditory circuit, including the auditory cortex and hippocampus of BDNFPax2-KO, but not of BDNFTrkC-KO mice. Also, BDNFPax2-WT but not BDNFPax2-KO mice did lose basal inhibitory strength in IC neurons after acoustic trauma. These findings suggest that BDNF in the lower parts of the auditory system drives auditory fidelity along the entire ascending pathway up to the cortex by increasing inhibitory strength in behaviorally relevant frequency regions. Fidelity and inhibitory strength can be lost following auditory nerve injury leading to diminished sensory outcome and increased central noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Chumak
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sze Chim Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dario Campanelli
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annalisa Zuccotti
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital and DKFZ Heidelberg, In Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wibke Singer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jiří Popelář
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katja Gutsche
- Instituto de Biologíay Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Hyun-Soon Geisler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Philipp Schraven
- Department of Otolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Jaumann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jing Hu
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmang
- Instituto de Biologíay Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ulrike Zimmermann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Josef Syka
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Centre Tübingen, Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|