1
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Gill HK, Yin S, Nerurkar NL, Lawlor JC, Lee C, Huycke TR, Mahadevan L, Tabin CJ. Hox gene activity directs physical forces to differentially shape chick small and large intestinal epithelia. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00449-0. [PMID: 39116876 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Hox transcription factors play crucial roles in organizing developmental patterning across metazoa, but how these factors trigger regional morphogenesis has largely remained a mystery. In the developing gut, Hox genes help demarcate identities of intestinal subregions early in embryogenesis, which ultimately leads to their specialization in both form and function. Although the midgut forms villi, the hindgut develops sulci that resolve into heterogeneous outgrowths. Combining mechanical measurements of the embryonic chick intestine and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that the posterior Hox gene HOXD13 regulates biophysical phenomena that shape the hindgut lumen. We further show that HOXD13 acts through the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway to thicken, stiffen, and promote isotropic growth of the subepithelial mesenchyme-together, these features lead to hindgut-specific surface buckling. TGF-β, in turn, promotes collagen deposition to affect mesenchymal geometry and growth. We thus identify a cascade of events downstream of positional identity that direct posterior intestinal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasreet K Gill
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sifan Yin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - John C Lawlor
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - ChangHee Lee
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - L Mahadevan
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Mos B, Erler D, Lawson C, Dworjanyn SA. Crown-of-thorns starfish complete their larval phase eating only nitrogen-fixing Trichodesmium cyanobacteria. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado2682. [PMID: 39018391 PMCID: PMC466945 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium form extensive blooms that supply new N to nutrient-poor marine ecosystems. Yet little is known about what eats Trichodesmium. In this laboratory study, we show that one of the greatest threats to coral reefs, predatory crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTS), Acanthaster sp., completes their larval phase feeding solely on Trichodesmium. We observed Trichodesmium erythraeum CMP1985 in the stomachs of larvae using florescence microscopy and traced the assimilation of nitrogen from labeled trichomes into larval tissues using stable isotopes. Some larvae fed T. erythraeum were morphologically ready to become benthic juveniles after 19 days. Given that Trichodesmium can be food for CoTS, reported increases in Trichodesmium could be a driving factor in the heightened frequency of CoTS population irruptions that have devastated coral reefs in past decades. Future studies could test this through investigating the diets of wild larvae and incorporating Trichodesmium abundance into models of CoTS population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mos
- Moreton Bay Research Station (MBRS), School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Dunwich 4183, Australia
- Centre for Marine Science (CMS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour 2450, Australia
| | - Dirk Erler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, Australia
| | - Corinne Lawson
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour 2450, Australia
| | - Symon A. Dworjanyn
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour 2450, Australia
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3
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Necsulea A. Tissue specificity follows gene duplication. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:1068-1069. [PMID: 38622361 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Necsulea
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, Villeurbanne, France.
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4
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Telmer CA, Karimi K, Chess MM, Agalakov S, Arshinoff BI, Lotay V, Wang DZ, Chu S, Pells TJ, Vize PD, Hinman VF, Ettensohn CA. Echinobase: a resource to support the echinoderm research community. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae002. [PMID: 38262680 PMCID: PMC11075573 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinobase (www.echinobase.org) is a model organism knowledgebase serving as a resource for the community that studies echinoderms, a phylum of marine invertebrates that includes sea urchins and sea stars. Echinoderms have been important experimental models for over 100 years and continue to make important contributions to environmental, evolutionary, and developmental studies, including research on developmental gene regulatory networks. As a centralized resource, Echinobase hosts genomes and collects functional genomic data, reagents, literature, and other information for the community. This third-generation site is based on the Xenbase knowledgebase design and utilizes gene-centric pages to minimize the time and effort required to access genomic information. Summary gene pages display gene symbols and names, functional data, links to the JBrowse genome browser, and orthology to other organisms and reagents, and tabs from the Summary gene page contain more detailed information concerning mRNAs, proteins, diseases, and protein-protein interactions. The gene pages also display 1:1 orthologs between the fully supported species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin), Lytechinus variegatus (green sea urchin), Patiria miniata (bat star), and Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns sea star). JBrowse tracks are available for visualization of functional genomic data from both fully supported species and the partially supported species Anneissia japonica (feather star), Asterias rubens (sugar star), and L. pictus (painted sea urchin). Echinobase serves a vital role by providing researchers with annotated genomes including orthology, functional genomic data aligned to the genomes, and curated reagents and data. The Echinoderm Anatomical Ontology provides a framework for standardizing developmental data across the phylum, and knowledgebase content is formatted to be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable by the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Telmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kamran Karimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Macie M Chess
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sergei Agalakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Bradley I Arshinoff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Dong Zhuo Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Stanley Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Troy J Pells
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Peter D Vize
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Veronica F Hinman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Charles A Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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5
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Stoeltje L, Luc JK, Haddad T, Schrankel CS. The roles of ABCB1/P-glycoprotein drug transporters in regulating gut microbes and inflammation: insights from animal models, old and new. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230074. [PMID: 38497255 PMCID: PMC10945405 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Commensal enteric bacteria have evolved systems that enable growth in the ecologic niche of the host gastrointestinal tract. Animals evolved parallel mechanisms to survive the constant exposure to bacteria and their metabolic by-products. We propose that drug transporters encompass a crucial system to managing the gut microbiome. Drug transporters are present in the apical surface of gut epithelia. They detoxify cells from small molecules and toxins (xenobiotics) in the lumen. Here, we review what is known about commensal structure in the absence of the transporter ABCB1/P-glycoprotein in mammalian models. Knockout or low-activity alleles of ABCB1 lead to dysbiosis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in mammals. However, the exact function of ABCB1 in these contexts remain unclear. We highlight emerging models-the zebrafish Danio rerio and sea urchin Lytechinus pictus-that are poised to help dissect the fundamental mechanisms of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in the tolerance of commensal and pathogenic communities in the gut. We and others hypothesize that ABCB1 plays a direct role in exporting inflammatory bacterial products from host epithelia. Interdisciplinary work in this research area will lend novel insight to the transporter-mediated pathways that impact microbiome community structure and accelerate the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease when perturbed. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Stoeltje
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, Life Sciences North, Room 321, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jenna K. Luc
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, Life Sciences North, Room 321, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Timothaus Haddad
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, Life Sciences North, Room 321, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Catherine S. Schrankel
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, Life Sciences North, Room 321, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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6
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Sampilo NF, Song JL. microRNA-1 regulates sea urchin skeletogenesis by directly targeting skeletogenic genes and modulating components of signaling pathways. Dev Biol 2024; 508:123-137. [PMID: 38290645 PMCID: PMC10985635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
microRNAs are evolutionarily conserved non-coding RNAs that direct post-transcriptional regulation of target transcripts. In vertebrates, microRNA-1 (miR-1) is expressed in muscle and has been found to play critical regulatory roles in vertebrate angiogenesis, a process that has been proposed to be analogous to sea urchin skeletogenesis. Results indicate that both miR-1 inhibitor and miR-1 mimic-injected larvae have significantly less F-actin enriched circumpharyngeal muscle fibers and fewer gut contractions. In addition, miR-1 regulates the positioning of skeletogenic primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) and skeletogenesis of the sea urchin embryo. Interestingly, the gain-of-function of miR-1 leads to more severe PMC patterning and skeletal branching defects than its loss-of-function. The results suggest that miR-1 directly suppresses Ets1/2, Tbr, and VegfR7 of the skeletogenic gene regulatory network, and Nodal, and Wnt1 signaling components. This study identifies potential targets of miR-1 that impacts skeletogenesis and muscle formation and contributes to a deeper understanding of miR-1's function during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Faye Sampilo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jia L Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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7
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Perillo M, Sepe RM, Paganos P, Toscano A, Annunziata R. Sea cucumbers: an emerging system in evo-devo. EvoDevo 2024; 15:3. [PMID: 38368336 PMCID: PMC10874539 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-023-00220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A challenge for evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) biology is to expand the breadth of research organisms used to investigate how animal diversity has evolved through changes in embryonic development. New experimental systems should couple a relevant phylogenetic position with available molecular tools and genomic resources. As a phylum of the sister group to chordates, echinoderms extensively contributed to our knowledge of embryonic patterning, organ development and cell-type evolution. Echinoderms display a variety of larval forms with diverse shapes, making them a suitable group to compare the evolution of embryonic developmental strategies. However, because of the laboratory accessibility and the already available techniques, most studies focus on sea urchins and sea stars mainly. As a comparative approach, the field would benefit from including information on other members of this group, like the sea cucumbers (holothuroids), for which little is known on the molecular basis of their development. Here, we review the spawning and culture methods, the available morphological and molecular information, and the current state of genomic and transcriptomic resources on sea cucumbers. With the goal of making this system accessible to the broader community, we discuss how sea cucumber embryos and larvae can be a powerful system to address the open questions in evo-devo, including understanding the origins of bilaterian structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Perillo
- Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St., Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Maria Sepe
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Periklis Paganos
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Toscano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
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8
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Iguchi R, Usui K, Nakayama S, Sasakura Y, Sekiguchi T, Ogasawara M. Multi-regional expression of pancreas-related digestive enzyme genes in the intestinal chamber of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis type A. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:423-430. [PMID: 37878073 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Bilateria share sequential steps in their digestive systems, and digestion occurs in a pre-absorption step within a chamber-like structure. Previous studies on the ascidian Ciona intestinalis type A, an evolutionary research model of vertebrate organs, revealed that Ciona homologs of pancreas-related exocrine digestive enzymes (XDEs) are exclusively expressed in the chamber-like bulging stomach. In the development of the gastrointestinal tract, genes for the pancreas-related transcription factors, namely Ptf1a, Nr5a2, and Pdx, are expressed near the stomach. Recent organ/tissue RNA-seq studies on two Ciona species reported that transcripts of the XDE homologs exist in the intestinal regions, as well as in the stomach. In the present study, we investigated the spatial gene expression of XDE homologs in the gastrointestinal region of the C. intestinalis type A. Whole-mount in situ hybridization using adult and juvenile specimens revealed apparent expression signals of XDE homologs in a small number of gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, two pancreas-related transcription factor genes, Nr5a2 and Pdx, exhibited multi-regional expression along the Ciona juvenile intestines. These results imply that ascidians may form multiple digestive regions corresponding to the vertebrate pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Iguchi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kanae Usui
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakayama
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sasakura
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- The Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Housu-gun, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Michio Ogasawara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
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9
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Hildebrand J, Chang WW, Hu MY, Stumpp M. Characterization of digestive proteases in the gut of a basal deuterostome. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245789. [PMID: 37470128 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Digestive systems are complex organs that allow organisms to absorb energy from their environment to fuel vital processes such as growth, development and the maintenance of homeostasis. A comprehensive understanding of digestive physiology is therefore essential to fully understand the energetics of an organism. The digestion of proteins is of particular importance because most heterotrophic organisms are not able to synthesize all essential amino acids. While Echinoderms are basal deuterostomes that share a large genetic similarity with vertebrates, their digestion physiology remains largely unexplored. Using a genetic approach, this work demonstrated that several protease genes including an enteropeptidase, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase and trypsin involved in mammalian digestive networks are also found in sea urchin larvae. Through characterization including perturbation experiments with different food treatments and pharmacological inhibition of proteases using specific inhibitors, as well as transcriptomic analysis, we conclude that the trypsin-2 gene codes for a crucial enzyme for protein digestion in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Measurements of in vivo digestion rates in the transparent sea urchin larva were not altered by pharmacological inhibition of trypsin (using soybean trypsin inhibitor) or serine proteases (aprotinin), suggesting that proteases are not critically involved in the initial step of microalgal breakdown. This work provides new insights into the digestive physiology of a basal deuterostome and allows comparisons from the molecular to the functional level in the digestive systems of vertebrates and mammals. This knowledge will contribute to a better understanding for conserved digestive mechanisms that evolved in close interaction with their biotic and abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Hildebrand
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - William W Chang
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marian Y Hu
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Meike Stumpp
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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10
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Zhang W, Jiang A, Yu H, Dong B. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Functionally Segmented Intestine in Tunicate Ascidian. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6270. [PMID: 37047242 PMCID: PMC10094616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate intestinal system consists of separate segments that remarkably differ in morphology and function. However, the origin of intestinal segmentation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the segmentation of the intestine in a tunicate ascidian species, Ciona savignyi, by performing RNA sequencing. The gene expression profiles showed that the whole intestine was separated into three segments. Digestion, ion transport and signal transduction, and immune-related pathway genes were enriched in the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the intestine, respectively, implying that digestion, absorption, and immune function appear to be regional specializations in the ascidian intestine. We further performed a multi-species comparison analysis and found that the Ciona intestine showed a similar gene expression pattern to vertebrates, indicating tunicates and vertebrates might share the conserved intestinal functions. Intriguingly, vertebrate pancreatic homologous genes were expressed in the digestive segment of the Ciona intestine, suggesting that the proximal intestine might play the part of pancreatic functions in C. savignyi. Our results demonstrate that the tunicate intestine can be functionally separated into three distinct segments, which are comparable to the corresponding regions of the vertebrate intestinal system, offering insights into the functional evolution of the digestive system in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - An Jiang
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Center, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laoshan Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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11
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Ozernyuk ND, Isaeva VV. Early Stages of Animal Mesoderm Evolution. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Satoh N, Hisata K, Foster S, Morita S, Nishitsuji K, Oulhen N, Tominaga H, Wessel G. A single-cell RNA-seq analysis of Brachyury-expressing cell clusters suggests a morphogenesis-associated signal center of oral ectoderm in sea urchin embryos. Dev Biol 2022; 483:128-142. [PMID: 35038441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brachyury is a T-box family transcription factor and plays pivotal roles in morphogenesis. In sea urchin embryos, Brachyury, is expressed in the invaginating endoderm, and in the oral ectoderm of the invaginating mouth opening. The oral ectoderm is hypothesized to serve as a signaling center for oral (ventral)-aboral (dorsal) axis formation and to function as a ventral organizer. Our previous results of a single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) atlas of early Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos categorized the constituent cells into 22 clusters, in which the endoderm consists of three clusters and the oral ectoderm four clusters (Foster et al., 2020). Here we examined which clusters of cells expressed Brachyury in relation to the morphogenesis and the identity of the ventral organizer. Our results showed that cells of all three endoderm clusters expressed Brachyury in blastulae. Based on expression profiles of genes involved in the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of sea urchin embryos, the three clusters are distinguishable, two likely derived from the Veg2 tier and one from the Veg1 tier. On the other hand, of the four oral-ectoderm clusters, cells of two clusters expressed Brachyury at the gastrula stage and genes that are responsible for the ventral organizer at the late blastula stage, but the other two clusters did not. At a single-cell level, most cells of the two oral-ectoderm clusters expressed organizer-related genes, nearly a half of which coincidently expressed Brachyury. This suggests that the ventral organizer contains Brachyury-positive cells which invaginate to form the stomodeum. This scRNA-seq study therefore highlights significant roles of Brachyury-expressing cells in body-plan formation of early sea urchin embryos, though cellular and molecular mechanisms for how Brachyury functions in these processes remain to be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Kanako Hisata
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Stephany Foster
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of BioMedicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Shumpei Morita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of BioMedicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Koki Nishitsuji
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Nathalie Oulhen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of BioMedicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Hitoshi Tominaga
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Gary Wessel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of BioMedicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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13
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Kim S, Lee J, Oh DB, Kwon O. Marine invertebrate sialyltransferase of the sea squirt Ciona savignyi sialylated core 1 O-linked glycans. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:366-376. [PMID: 34813786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An invertebrate sialyltransferase, cST3Gal-I, identified from the sea squirt Ciona savignyi, was functionally characterized in vitro using recombinant enzyme expressed in yeast strains. cST3Gal-I was localized to the Golgi membrane when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzymatic characterization for substrate specificity and kinetic property indicate that cST3Gal-I prefers O-glycans, rather than N-glycan, of asialoglycoproteins as substrates. Interestingly, C. savignyi sialyltransferase exhibited effectively Neu5Ac transfer to core 1 O-glycan, Gal β(1,3)GalNAc, compared to orthologous human glycosyltransferase. Further, it is shown that cST3Gal-I catalyzes the formation of α(2,3)-linkage, through lectin blot analysis with Maackia amurensis lectin and by linkage-specific sialidase treatments. The putative active sites of cST3Gal-I for putative acid/base catalysts and sialic acid acceptor/donor substrate bindings were also identical to the counterpart residues of a mammalian enzyme, porcine ST3Gal-I, as predicted through homologous structure modeling. These results could imply that an ancestral tunicate ST3Gal-I in C. savignyi would prefer O-glycan onto glycoproteins as its sialic acid acceptor than vertebrate enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 56212, South Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Doo-Byoung Oh
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Ohsuk Kwon
- SME Support Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
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14
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Paganos P, Voronov D, Musser JM, Arendt D, Arnone MI. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus larva reveals the blueprint of major cell types and nervous system of a non-chordate deuterostome. eLife 2021; 10:70416. [PMID: 34821556 PMCID: PMC8683087 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the molecular fingerprint of organismal cell types is key for understanding their function and evolution. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to survey the cell types of the sea urchin early pluteus larva, representing an important developmental transition from non-feeding to feeding larva. We identify 21 distinct cell clusters, representing cells of the digestive, skeletal, immune, and nervous systems. Further subclustering of these reveal a highly detailed portrait of cell diversity across the larva, including the identification of neuronal cell types. We then validate important gene regulatory networks driving sea urchin development and reveal new domains of activity within the larval body. Focusing on neurons that co-express Pdx-1 and Brn1/2/4, we identify an unprecedented number of genes shared by this population of neurons in sea urchin and vertebrate endocrine pancreatic cells. Using differential expression results from Pdx-1 knockdown experiments, we show that Pdx1 is necessary for the acquisition of the neuronal identity of these cells. We hypothesize that a network similar to the one orchestrated by Pdx1 in the sea urchin neurons was active in an ancestral cell type and then inherited by neuronal and pancreatic developmental lineages in sea urchins and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis Paganos
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Danila Voronov
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Jacob M Musser
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Ina Arnone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
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15
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Beatman TR, Buckley KM, Cary GA, Hinman VF, Ettensohn CA. A nomenclature for echinoderm genes. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2021; 2021:6350312. [PMID: 34386815 PMCID: PMC8361234 DOI: 10.1093/database/baab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Echinoderm embryos and larvae are prominent experimental model systems for studying developmental mechanisms. High-quality, assembled, annotated genome sequences are now available for several echinoderm species, including representatives from most classes. The increased availability of these data necessitates the development of a nomenclature that assigns universally interpretable gene symbols to echinoderm genes to facilitate cross-species comparisons of gene functions, both within echinoderms and across other phyla. This paper describes the implementation of an improved set of echinoderm gene nomenclature guidelines that both communicates meaningful orthology information in protein-coding gene symbols and names and establishes continuity with nomenclatures developed for major vertebrate model organisms, including humans. Differences between the echinoderm gene nomenclature guidelines and vertebrate guidelines are examined and explained. This nomenclature incorporates novel solutions to allow for several types of orthologous relationships, including the single echinoderm genes with multiple vertebrate co-orthologs that result from whole-genome-duplication events. The current version of the Echinoderm Gene Nomenclature Guidelines can be found at https://www.echinobase.org/gene/static/geneNomenclature.jsp Database URL https://www.echinobase.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Beatman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Echinobase, #646 Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Katherine M Buckley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Gregory A Cary
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Veronica F Hinman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Echinobase, #646 Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Charles A Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Echinobase, #646 Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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16
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Fleming TJ, Schrankel CS, Vyas H, Rosenblatt HD, Hamdoun A. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis reveals a role for ABCB1 in gut immune responses to Vibrio diazotrophicus in sea urchin larvae. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb232272. [PMID: 33653719 PMCID: PMC8077557 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ABC transporter ABCB1 plays an important role in the disposition of xenobiotics. Embryos of most species express high levels of this transporter in early development as a protective mechanism, but its native substrates are not known. Here, we used larvae of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to characterize the early life expression and role of Sp-ABCB1a, a homolog of ABCB1. The results indicate that while Sp-ABCB1a is initially expressed ubiquitously, it becomes enriched in the developing gut. Using optimized CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing methods to achieve high editing efficiency in the F0 generation, we generated ABCB1a crispant embryos with significantly reduced transporter efflux activity. When infected with the opportunistic pathogen Vibrio diazotrophicus, Sp-ABCB1a crispant larvae demonstrated significantly stronger gut inflammation, immunocyte migration and cytokine Sp-IL-17 induction, as compared with infected control larvae. The results suggest an ancestral function of ABCB1 in host-microbial interactions, with implications for the survival of invertebrate larvae in the marine microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. Fleming
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine S. Schrankel
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Himanshu Vyas
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hannah D. Rosenblatt
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amro Hamdoun
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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17
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Arroyo Portilla C, Tomas J, Gorvel JP, Lelouard H. From Species to Regional and Local Specialization of Intestinal Macrophages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:624213. [PMID: 33681185 PMCID: PMC7930007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.624213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially intended for nutrient uptake, phagocytosis represents a central mechanism of debris removal and host defense against invading pathogens through the entire animal kingdom. In vertebrates and also many invertebrates, macrophages (MFs) and MF-like cells (e.g., coelomocytes and hemocytes) are professional phagocytic cells that seed tissues to maintain homeostasis through pathogen killing, efferocytosis and tissue shaping, repair, and remodeling. Some MF functions are common to all species and tissues, whereas others are specific to their homing tissue. Indeed, shaped by their microenvironment, MFs become adapted to perform particular functions, highlighting their great plasticity and giving rise to high population diversity. Interestingly, the gut displays several anatomic and functional compartments with large pools of strikingly diversified MF populations. This review focuses on recent advances on intestinal MFs in several species, which have allowed to infer their specificity and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Arroyo Portilla
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Julie Tomas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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18
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Schrankel CS, Hamdoun A. Early patterning of ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG transporters establishes unique territories of small molecule transport in embryonic mesoderm and endoderm. Dev Biol 2021; 472:115-124. [PMID: 33460641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Directed intercellular movement of diverse small molecules, including metabolites, signal molecules and xenobiotics, is a key feature of multicellularity. Networks of small molecule transporters (SMTs), including several ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters, are central to this process. While small molecule transporters are well described in differentiated organs, little is known about their patterns of expression in early embryogenesis. Here we report the pattern of ABC-type SMT expression and activity during the early development of sea urchins. Of the six major ABCs in this embryo (ABCB1, -B4, -C1, -C4, -C5 and -G2), three expression patterns were observed: 1) ABCB1 and ABCC1 are first expressed ubiquitously, and then become enriched in endoderm and ectoderm-derived structures. 2) ABCC4 and ABCC5 are restricted to a ring of mesoderm in the blastula and ABCC4 is later expressed in the coelomic pouches, the embryonic niche of the primordial germ cells. 3) ABCB4 and ABCG2 are expressed exclusively in endoderm-fated cells. Assays with fluorescent substrates and inhibitors of transporters revealed a ring of ABCC4 efflux activity emanating from ABCC4+ mesodermal cells. Similarly, ABCB1 and ABCB4 efflux activity was observed in the developing gut, prior to the onset of feeding. This study reveals the early establishment of unique territories of small molecule transport during embryogenesis. A pattern of ABCC4/C5 expression is consistent with signaling functions during gut invagination and germ line development, while a later pattern of ABCB1/B4 and ABCG2 is consistent with roles in the embryonic gut. This work provides a conceptual framework with which to examine the function and evolution of SMT networks and to define the specific developmental pathways that drive the expression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Schrankel
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0202, USA
| | - Amro Hamdoun
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego. 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0202, USA.
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19
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Lavergne A, Tarifeño-Saldivia E, Pirson J, Reuter AS, Flasse L, Manfroid I, Voz ML, Peers B. Pancreatic and intestinal endocrine cells in zebrafish share common transcriptomic signatures and regulatory programmes. BMC Biol 2020; 18:109. [PMID: 32867764 PMCID: PMC7457809 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine cells of the zebrafish digestive system play an important role in regulating metabolism and include pancreatic endocrine cells (PECs) clustered in the islets of Langerhans and the enteroendocrine cells (EECs) scattered in the intestinal epithelium. Despite EECs and PECs are being located in distinct organs, their differentiation involves shared molecular mechanisms and transcription factors. However, their degree of relatedness remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated comprehensively the similarity of EECs and PECs by defining their transcriptomic landscape and comparing the regulatory programmes controlled by Pax6b, a key player in both EEC and PEC differentiations. RESULTS RNA sequencing was performed on EECs and PECs isolated from wild-type and pax6b mutant zebrafish. Data mining of wild-type zebrafish EEC data confirmed the expression of orthologues for most known mammalian EEC hormones, but also revealed the expression of three additional neuropeptide hormones (Proenkephalin-a, Calcitonin-a and Adcyap1a) not previously reported to be expressed by EECs in any species. Comparison of transcriptomes from EECs, PECs and other zebrafish tissues highlights a very close similarity between EECs and PECs, with more than 70% of genes being expressed in both endocrine cell types. Comparison of Pax6b-regulated genes in EECs and PECs revealed a significant overlap. pax6b loss-of-function does not affect the total number of EECs and PECs but instead disrupts the balance between endocrine cell subtypes, leading to an increase of ghrelin- and motilin-like-expressing cells in both the intestine and pancreas at the expense of other endocrine cells such as beta and delta cells in the pancreas and pyyb-expressing cells in the intestine. Finally, we show that the homeodomain of Pax6b is dispensable for its action in both EECs and PECs. CONCLUSION We have analysed the transcriptomic landscape of wild-type and pax6b mutant zebrafish EECs and PECs. Our study highlights the close relatedness of EECs and PECs at the transcriptomic and regulatory levels, supporting the hypothesis of a common phylogenetic origin and underscoring the potential implication of EECs in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lavergne
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Estefania Tarifeño-Saldivia
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Present Address: Gene Expression and Regulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Justine Pirson
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Reuter
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lydie Flasse
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Manfroid
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne L. Voz
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Peers
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B34, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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20
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Runnels LW, Komiya Y. TRPM6 and TRPM7: Novel players in cell intercalation during vertebrate embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:912-923. [PMID: 32315468 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A common theme in organogenesis is how the final structure of organs emerge from epithelial tube structures, with the formation of the neural tube being one of the best examples. Two types of cell movements co-occur during neural tube closure involving the migration of cells toward the midline of the embryo (mediolateral intercalation or convergent extension) as well as the deep movement of cells from inside the embryo to the outside of the lateral side of the neural plate (radial intercalation). Failure of either type of cell movement will prevent neural tube closure, which can produce a range of neural tube defects (NTDs), a common congenital disease in humans. Numerous studies have identified signaling pathways that regulate mediolateral intercalation during neural tube closure. Less understood are the pathways that govern radial intercalation. Using the Xenopus laevis system, our group reported the identification of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, TRPM6 and TRPM7, and the Mg2+ ion they conduct, as novel and key factors regulating both mediolateral and radial intercalation during neural tube closure. Here we broadly discuss tubulogenesis and cell intercalation from the perspective of neural tube closure and the respective roles of TRPM7 and TRPM6 in this critical embryonic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren W Runnels
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yuko Komiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamakoshi-gun, Hokkaido, Japan
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21
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Kipryushina YO, Yakovlev KV. Maternal control of early patterning in sea urchin embryos. Differentiation 2020; 113:28-37. [PMID: 32371341 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchin development has been studied extensively for more than a century and considered regulative since the first experimental evidence. Further investigations have repeatedly supported this standpoint by revealing the presence of inductive mechanisms that alter cell fate decisions at early cleavage stages and flexibility of development in response to environmental conditions. Some features indicate that sea urchin development is not completely regulative, but actually includes determinative events. In 16-cell embryos, mesomeres and macromeres represent multipotency, while the cell fate of most vegetal micromeres is restricted. It is known that the mature sea urchin eggs are polarized by the asymmetrical distribution of some maternal mRNAs and proteins. Spatially-distributed maternal factors are necessary for the orientation of the primary animal-vegetal axis, which is established by both maternal and zygotic mechanisms later in development. The secondary dorsal-ventral axis is conditionally specified later in development. Dorsal-ventral polarity is very liable during the early cleavages, though more recent data argue that its direction may be oriented by maternal asymmetry. In this review, we focus on the role of maternal factors in initial embryonic patterning during the first cleavages of sea urchin embryos before activation of the embryonic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia O Kipryushina
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky St. 17, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Yakovlev
- Laboratory of Cytotechnology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky St. 17, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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22
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Ettensohn CA. The gene regulatory control of sea urchin gastrulation. Mech Dev 2020; 162:103599. [PMID: 32119908 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cell behaviors associated with gastrulation in sea urchins have been well described. More recently, considerable progress has been made in elucidating gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that underlie the specification of early embryonic territories in this experimental model. This review integrates information from these two avenues of work. I discuss the principal cell movements that take place during sea urchin gastrulation, with an emphasis on molecular effectors of the movements, and summarize our current understanding of the gene regulatory circuitry upstream of those effectors. A case is made that GRN biology can provide a causal explanation of gastrulation, although additional analysis is needed at several levels of biological organization in order to provide a deeper understanding of this complex morphogenetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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