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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immunology: the missing piece in airway and CNS defence. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:381-398. [PMID: 38097777 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa is a component of the nasal airway that mediates the sense of smell. Recent studies point to an important role for the olfactory mucosa as a barrier to both respiratory pathogens and to neuroinvasive pathogens that hijack the olfactory nerve and invade the CNS. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the olfactory mucosa is an integral part of a heterogeneous nasal mucosal barrier critical to upper airway immunity. However, our insufficient knowledge of olfactory mucosal immunity hinders attempts to protect this tissue from infection and other diseases. This Review summarizes the state of olfactory immunology by highlighting the unique immunologically relevant anatomy of the olfactory mucosa, describing what is known of olfactory immune cells, and considering the impact of common infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders at this site. We will offer our perspective on the future of the field and the many unresolved questions pertaining to olfactory immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Marin C, Alobid I, López-Chacón M, VanStrahlen CR, Mullol J. Type 2 and Non-type 2 Inflammation in the Upper Airways: Cellular and Molecular Alterations in Olfactory Neuroepithelium Cell Populations. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2024; 24:211-219. [PMID: 38492160 PMCID: PMC11008081 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-024-01137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neurogenesis occurring in the olfactory epithelium is critical to continuously replace olfactory neurons to maintain olfactory function, but is impaired during chronic type 2 and non-type 2 inflammation of the upper airways. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction and the olfactory alterations in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (type 2 inflammation) and post-viral acute rhinosinusitis (non-type 2 inflammation), highlighting the role of immune response attenuating olfactory neurogenesis as a possibly mechanism for the loss of smell in these diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have provided relevant insights into the role of basal stem cells as direct participants in the progression of chronic inflammation identifying a functional switch away from a neuro-regenerative phenotype to one contributing to immune defense, a process that induces a deficient replacement of olfactory neurons. The interaction between olfactory stem cells and immune system might critically underlie ongoing loss of smell in type 2 and non-type 2 inflammatory upper airway diseases. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction and the olfactory alterations in type 2 and non-type 2 inflammatory upper airway diseases, highlighting the role of immune response attenuating olfactory neurogenesis, as a possibly mechanism for the lack of loss of smell recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isam Alobid
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauricio López-Chacón
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Camilo R VanStrahlen
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Edwards T, Bouyoucos IA, Hasler CT, Fry M, Anderson WG. Understanding olfactory and behavioural responses to dietary cues in age-1 lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111560. [PMID: 38056556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection of environmental cues is essential for all vertebrates and is typically established by the olfactory epithelium and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In fishes, microvillous and ciliated OSNs are the principal types, typically detecting amino acids and bile salts, respectively. Activation of OSN receptors by specific ligands initiate downstream signal processing often leading to behavioural responses. In this study we used electrophysiological and behavioural techniques to evaluate olfactory detection and behaviour in juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in response to hatchery- and natural dietary cues. We hypothesized that electro-olfactogram (EOG) and behavioural responses would be dependent on diet type. We predicted that inhibition of the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (PLC/IP3) secondary transduction pathway would reduce EOG responses to dietary cues and, inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase/adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) pathway, would have no effect. Furthermore, we predicted a strong EOG response would be manifested in a change in behaviour. We observed that both the PLC/IP3 and cAMP pathways were significantly involved in the detection of dietary cues. However, EOG responses did not manifest to behavioural responses, although the foraging activity to the hatchery cue was significantly greater compared to the control. Our results support the notion that lake sturgeon raised in a hatchery and fed a commercial pelleted diet may become accustomed to it prior to release into the wild. Further, this study suggests that, in conservation aquaculture settings, lake sturgeon should be exposed to natural dietary cues prior to release as one strategy to promote food recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Edwards
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- The University of Winnipeg, Department of Biology, 515 Portage Ave Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Mark Fry
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - W Gary Anderson
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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Makhlouf M, Souza DG, Kurian S, Bellaver B, Ellis H, Kuboki A, Al-Naama A, Hasnah R, Venturin GT, Costa da Costa J, Venugopal N, Manoel D, Mennella J, Reisert J, Tordoff MG, Zimmer ER, Saraiva LR. Short-term consumption of highly processed diets varying in macronutrient content impair the sense of smell and brain metabolism in mice. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101837. [PMID: 37977411 PMCID: PMC10724696 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food processing greatly contributed to increased food safety, diversity, and accessibility. However, the prevalence of highly palatable and highly processed food in our modern diet has exacerbated obesity rates and contributed to a global health crisis. While accumulating evidence suggests that chronic consumption of such foods is detrimental to sensory and neural physiology, it is unclear whether its short-term intake has adverse effects. Here, we assessed how short-term consumption (<2 months) of three diets varying in composition and macronutrient content influence olfaction and brain metabolism in mice. METHODS The diets tested included a grain-based standard chow diet (CHOW; 54% carbohydrate, 32% protein, 14% fat; #8604 Teklad Rodent diet , Envigo Inc.), a highly processed control diet (hpCTR; 70% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 10% fat; #D12450B, Research Diets Inc.), and a highly processed high-fat diet (hpHFD; 20% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 60% fat; #D12492, Research Diets Inc.). We performed behavioral and metabolic phenotyping, electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings, brain glucose metabolism imaging, and mitochondrial respirometry in different brain regions. We also performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) in the nose and across several brain regions, and conducted differential expression analysis, gene ontology, and network analysis. RESULTS We show that short-term consumption of the two highly processed diets, but not the grain-based diet, regardless of macronutrient content, adversely affects odor-guided behaviors, physiological responses to odorants, transcriptional profiles in the olfactory mucosa and brain regions, and brain glucose metabolism and mitochondrial respiration. CONCLUSIONS Even short periods of highly processed food consumption are sufficient to cause early olfactory and brain abnormalities, which has the potential to alter food choices and influence the risk of developing metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Débora G Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Bellaver
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hillary Ellis
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Akihito Kuboki
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Reem Hasnah
- Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gianina Teribele Venturin
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julie Mennella
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Johannes Reisert
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael G Tordoff
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Luis R Saraiva
- Sidra Medicine, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar; Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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Song J, Wang M, Wang C, Zhang L. Olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: insights into the underlying mechanisms and treatments. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:993-1004. [PMID: 37432663 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2235891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a typical symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), which adversely affects the patient's quality of life and results in mood depression. Studies investigating the impairment of olfactory epithelium (OE) have indicated that inflammation-induced cell damage and dysfunction in OE plays a vital role in the development of OD. Consequently, glucocorticoids and biologics are beneficial in the management of OD in CRS patients. However, the mechanisms underlying OE impairment in CRS patients have not been fully elucidated. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced cell impairment in OE of CRS patients. Additionally, the methods used for detection of olfaction and both currently available and potentially new clinical treatments for OD are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Chronic inflammation in OE impairs not only olfactory sensory neurons but also non-neuronal cells that are responsible for regeneration and support for neurons. The current treatment for OD in CRS is mainly aimed at attenuating and preventing inflammation. Strategies for use of combinations of these therapies may achieve greater efficacy in restoration of the damaged OE and consequently better management of OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengshuo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
- Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Meunier N. [Olfaction and respiratory viruses… A relationship revealed by Covid-19]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:119-128. [PMID: 36799746 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell has been underestimated for a long time in humans. It has been brought to the fore by its sudden disappearance during the Covid-19 pandemic of which anosmia (complete loss of smell) is one of the major symptoms. However, respiratory viruses have long been associated with smell disorders, 25% of which are linked to a viral infection. Olfaction begins in the nose within the olfactory epithelium which has the particularity of containing neurons in direct contact with the environment. Several respiratory viruses are known for their replicative capacity within this epithelium. This is particularly the case for the flu virus (influenza) and bronchiolitis (respiratory syncytial virus) but their tropism for this tissue is much lower than SARS-CoV-2. The understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology in the nasal cavity makes it possible to reveal part of the links between viral infection and olfactory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Meunier
- Unité de virologie et immunologie moléculaires (UR892), INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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7
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Chen CW, Moseman EA. Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to Naegleria fowleri infection. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2023; 3. [PMID: 37065537 PMCID: PMC10104475 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.1082334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri, or the “brain-eating amoeba,” is responsible for a rare, but lethal, infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Confirmed PAM cases have seen both a rise in numbers, as well as expansion of geographic range over the past several decades. There is no effective therapy for PAM and the clinical prognosis remains grim with a mortality rate over 95%. The role of the immune response in disease prevention and disease severity remains unclear. In this review, we explore potential roles of inflammatory immune responses to N. fowleri in disease pathogenesis with a primary focus on pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα. We also discuss modulating proinflammatory cytokines as an additional immune therapy in PAM treatment.
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Abaffy T, Lu HY, Matsunami H. Sex steroid hormone synthesis, metabolism, and the effects on the mammalian olfactory system. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:19-42. [PMID: 36401093 PMCID: PMC9676892 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones influence olfactory-mediated social behaviors, and it is generally hypothesized that these effects result from circulating hormones and/or neurosteroids synthesized in the brain. However, it is unclear whether sex steroid hormones are synthesized in the olfactory epithelium or the olfactory bulb, and if they can modulate the activity of the olfactory sensory neurons. Here, we review important discoveries related to the metabolism of sex steroids in the mouse olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb, along with potential areas of future research. We summarize current knowledge regarding the expression, neuroanatomical distribution, and biological activity of the steroidogenic enzymes, sex steroid receptors, and proteins that are important to the metabolism of these hormones and reflect on their potential to influence early olfactory processing. We also review evidence related to the effects of sex steroid hormones on the development and activity of olfactory sensory neurons. By better understanding how these hormones are metabolized and how they act both at the periphery and olfactory bulb level, we can better appreciate the complexity of the olfactory system and discover potential similarities and differences in early olfactory processing between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Abaffy
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Hsiu-Yi Lu
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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Casares N, Alfaro M, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, Lasarte-Cia A, Navarro F, Vivas I, Espelosin M, Cartas-Cejudo P, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E, García-Osta A, Lasarte JJ. Improvement of cognitive function in wild-type and Alzheimer´s disease mouse models by the immunomodulatory properties of menthol inhalation or by depletion of T regulatory cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130044. [PMID: 37187754 PMCID: PMC10175945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex network of interactions exists between the olfactory, immune and central nervous systems. In this work we intend to investigate this connection through the use of an immunostimulatory odorant like menthol, analyzing its impact on the immune system and the cognitive capacity in healthy and Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models. We first found that repeated short exposures to menthol odor enhanced the immune response against ovalbumin immunization. Menthol inhalation also improved the cognitive capacity of immunocompetent mice but not in immunodeficient NSG mice, which exhibited very poor fear-conditioning. This improvement was associated with a downregulation of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in the brain´s prefrontal cortex, and it was impaired by anosmia induction with methimazole. Exposure to menthol for 6 months (1 week per month) prevented the cognitive impairment observed in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer. Besides, this improvement was also observed by the depletion or inhibition of T regulatory cells. Treg depletion also improved the cognitive capacity of the APPNL-G-F/NL-G-F Alzheimer´s mouse model. In all cases, the improvement in learning capacity was associated with a downregulation of IL-1β mRNA. Blockade of the IL-1 receptor with anakinra resulted in a significant increase in cognitive capacity in healthy mice as well as in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer´s disease. These data suggest an association between the immunomodulatory capacity of smells and their impact on the cognitive functions of the animals, highlighting the potential of odors and immune modulators as therapeutic agents for CNS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Casares
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan José Lasarte, ; Noelia Casares,
| | - María Alfaro
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Gene Therapy for Neurological Disease Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aritz Lasarte-Cia
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Flor Navarro
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Isabel Vivas
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Espelosin
- Gene Therapy for Neurological Disease Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paz Cartas-Cejudo
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Osta
- Gene Therapy for Neurological Disease Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan José Lasarte, ; Noelia Casares,
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Intranasal delivery of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is sufficient to cause olfactory damage, inflammation and olfactory dysfunction in zebrafish. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:341-359. [PMID: 35307504 PMCID: PMC8929544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anosmia, loss of smell, is a prevalent symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anosmia may be explained by several mechanisms driven by infection of non-neuronal cells and damage in the nasal epithelium rather than direct infection of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Previously, we showed that viral proteins are sufficient to cause neuroimmune responses in the teleost olfactory organ (OO). We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is sufficient to cause olfactory damage and olfactory dysfunction. Using an adult zebrafish model, we report that intranasally delivered SARS-CoV-2 S RBD mostly binds to the non-sensory epithelium of the olfactory organ and causes severe olfactory histopathology characterized by loss of cilia, hemorrhages and edema. Electrophysiological recordings reveal impaired olfactory function to both food and bile odorants in animals treated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 S RBD. However, no loss of behavioral preference for food was detected in SARS-CoV-2 S RBD treated fish. Single cell RNA-Seq of the adult zebrafish olfactory organ indicated widespread loss of olfactory receptor expression and inflammatory responses in sustentacular, endothelial, and myeloid cell clusters along with reduced numbers of Tregs. Combined, our results demonstrate that intranasal SARS-CoV-2 S RBD is sufficient to cause structural and functional damage to the zebrafish olfactory system. These findings may have implications for intranasally delivered vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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11
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Lakshmanan HG, Miller E, White-Canale A, McCluskey LP. Immune responses in the injured olfactory and gustatory systems: a role in olfactory receptor neuron and taste bud regeneration? Chem Senses 2022; 47:bjac024. [PMID: 36152297 PMCID: PMC9508897 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory cells that specialize in transducing olfactory and gustatory stimuli are renewed throughout life and can regenerate after injury unlike their counterparts in the mammalian retina and auditory epithelium. This uncommon capacity for regeneration offers an opportunity to understand mechanisms that promote the recovery of sensory function after taste and smell loss. Immune responses appear to influence degeneration and later regeneration of olfactory sensory neurons and taste receptor cells. Here we review surgical, chemical, and inflammatory injury models and evidence that immune responses promote or deter chemosensory cell regeneration. Macrophage and neutrophil responses to chemosensory receptor injury have been the most widely studied without consensus on their net effects on regeneration. We discuss possible technical and biological reasons for the discrepancy, such as the difference between peripheral and central structures, and suggest directions for progress in understanding immune regulation of chemosensory regeneration. Our mechanistic understanding of immune-chemosensory cell interactions must be expanded before therapies can be developed for recovering the sensation of taste and smell after head injury from traumatic nerve damage and infection. Chemosensory loss leads to decreased quality of life, depression, nutritional challenges, and exposure to environmental dangers highlighting the need for further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari G Lakshmanan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Elayna Miller
- Department of Medical Illustration, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - AnnElizabeth White-Canale
- Department of Medical Illustration, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lynnette P McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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12
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Dong J, Shang Y, Tian L, Tu J. Uniqueness of inspiratory airflow patterns in a realistic rat nasal cavity. Comput Biol Med 2021; 141:105129. [PMID: 34915333 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a detailed flow analysis using an anatomically accurate rat nasal cavity model, in which the anatomy and physiology of the nasal airway was thoroughly examined. Special efforts were given to the swirling flow structures in the nasal vestibule (anterior section of the nose, lined by squamous epithelium), fractional flow patterns in the olfactory (posterior superior section of the rat nose, lined by olfactory epithelium), and a designated method to precisely quantify flow apportionment in the olfactory region was developed. Results revealed distinct inspiratory flow patterns in the anterior vestibule region, where the accelerated airflow undergoes two sharp turns as traveling through the tortuous airway, making a route in a shape of 8. Besides this, exceptionally large flow apportionment was observed at the interface of the olfactory recess, which can be as much as 15 times greater than that in the human nose. The thorough understanding of the airflow dynamics in the rat nasal cavity is necessary to avoid potential misinterpretation of rat-derived inhalation toxicity results. Research findings are expected to play a fundamental role in developing unbiased rat to human interspecies data extrapolation schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Dong
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yidan Shang
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin Tian
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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Stopková R, Otčenášková T, Matějková T, Kuntová B, Stopka P. Biological Roles of Lipocalins in Chemical Communication, Reproduction, and Regulation of Microbiota. Front Physiol 2021; 12:740006. [PMID: 34594242 PMCID: PMC8476925 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.740006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Major evolutionary transitions were always accompanied by genetic remodelling of phenotypic traits. For example, the vertebrate transition from water to land was accompanied by rapid evolution of olfactory receptors and by the expansion of genes encoding lipocalins, which - due to their transporting functions - represent an important interface between the external and internal organic world of an individual and also within an individual. Similarly, some lipocalin genes were lost along other genes when this transition went in the opposite direction leading, for example, to cetaceans. In terrestrial vertebrates, lipocalins are involved in the transport of lipophilic substances, chemical signalling, odour reception, antimicrobial defence and background odour clearance during ventilation. Many ancestral lipocalins have clear physiological functions across the vertebrate taxa while many other have - due to pleiotropic effects of their genes - multiple or complementary functions within the body homeostasis and development. The aim of this review is to deconstruct the physiological functions of lipocalins in light of current OMICs techniques. We concentrated on major findings in the house mouse in comparison to other model taxa (e.g., voles, humans, and birds) in which all or most coding genes within their genomes were repeatedly sequenced and their annotations are sufficiently informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stopková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Otčenášková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Matějková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Kuntová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
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