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Haworth M, Marino G, Materassi A, Raschi A, Scutt CP, Centritto M. The functional significance of the stomatal size to density relationship: Interaction with atmospheric [CO 2] and role in plant physiological behaviour. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160908. [PMID: 36535478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The limits for stomatal conductance are set by stomatal size (SS) and density (SD). An inverse relationship between SS and SD has been observed in fossil and living plants. This has led to hypotheses proposing that the ratio of SS to SD influences the diffusion pathway for CO2 and degree of physiological stomatal control. However, conclusive evidence supportive of a functional role of the SS-SD relationship is not evident, and patterns in SS-SD may simply reflect geometric constraints in stomatal spacing over a leaf surface. We examine published and new data to investigate the potential functional significance of the relationship between SS and SD to atmospheric [CO2] in multiple generation adaptive responses and short-term acclamatory adjustment of stomatal morphology. Consistent patterns in SS and SD were not evident in fossil and living plants adapted to high [CO2] over many generations. However, evolutionary adaptation to [CO2] strongly affected SS and SD responses to elevated [CO2], with plants adapted to the 'low' [CO2] of the past 10 million years (Myr) showing adjustment of SS-SD, while members of the same species adapted to 'high' [CO2] showed no response. This may suggest that SS and SD responses to future [CO2] will likely constrain the stimulatory effect of 'CO2-fertilisation' on photosynthesis. Angiosperms generally possessed higher densities of smaller stomata that corresponded to a greater degree of physiological stomatal control consistent with selective pressures induced by declining [CO2] over the past 90 Myr. Atmospheric [CO2] has likely shaped stomatal size and density relationships alongside the interaction with stomatal physiological behaviour. The rate and predicted extent of future increases in [CO2] will have profound impacts on the selective pressures shaping SS and SD. Understanding the trade-offs involved in SS-SD and the interaction with [CO2], will be central to the development of more productive climate resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Materassi
- The Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Raschi
- The Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Charles P Scutt
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, UMR5667, CNRS, INRA, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10 Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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Gattmann M, McAdam SAM, Birami B, Link R, Nadal-Sala D, Schuldt B, Yakir D, Ruehr NK. Anatomical adjustments of the tree hydraulic pathway decrease canopy conductance under long-term elevated CO2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:252-264. [PMID: 36250901 PMCID: PMC9806622 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cause of reduced leaf-level transpiration under elevated CO2 remains largely elusive. Here, we assessed stomatal, hydraulic, and morphological adjustments in a long-term experiment on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedlings germinated and grown for 22-40 months under elevated (eCO2; c. 860 ppm) or ambient (aCO2; c. 410 ppm) CO2. We assessed if eCO2-triggered reductions in canopy conductance (gc) alter the response to soil or atmospheric drought and are reversible or lasting due to anatomical adjustments by exposing eCO2 seedlings to decreasing [CO2]. To quantify underlying mechanisms, we analyzed leaf abscisic acid (ABA) level, stomatal and leaf morphology, xylem structure, hydraulic efficiency, and hydraulic safety. Effects of eCO2 manifested in a strong reduction in leaf-level gc (-55%) not caused by ABA and not reversible under low CO2 (c. 200 ppm). Stomatal development and size were unchanged, while stomatal density increased (+18%). An increased vein-to-epidermis distance (+65%) suggested a larger leaf resistance to water flow. This was supported by anatomical adjustments of branch xylem having smaller conduits (-8%) and lower conduit lumen fraction (-11%), which resulted in a lower specific conductivity (-19%) and leaf-specific conductivity (-34%). These adaptations to CO2 did not change stomatal sensitivity to soil or atmospheric drought, consistent with similar xylem safety thresholds. In summary, we found reductions of gc under elevated CO2 to be reflected in anatomical adjustments and decreases in hydraulic conductivity. As these water savings were largely annulled by increases in leaf biomass, we do not expect alleviation of drought stress in a high CO2 atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Gattmann
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Benjamin Birami
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Roman Link
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Daniel Nadal-Sala
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Dan Yakir
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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3
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Rivera BK, Sáez PL, Cavieres LA, Capó-Bauçà S, Iñiguez C, Sanfuentes von Stowasser E, Fuentes F, Ramírez CF, Vallejos V, Galmés J. Anatomical and biochemical evolutionary ancient traits of Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch and their effects on carbon assimilation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1957-1974. [PMID: 35604362 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of ancient species provides valuable information concerning the evolution of specific adaptations to past and current environmental conditions. Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch belongs to one of the oldest families of conifers in the world, but despite this, there are few studies focused on its physiology and responses to changes in environmental conditions. We used an integrated approach aimed at comprehensively characterizing the ecophysiology of this poorly known species, focusing in its stomatal, mesophyll and biochemical traits, hypothesizing that these traits govern the carbon assimilation of A. araucana under past and present levels of atmospheric CO2. Results indicated that A. araucana presents the typical traits of an ancient species, such as large stomata and low stomatal density, which trigger low stomatal conductance and slow stomatal responsiveness to changing environmental conditions. Interestingly, the quantitative analysis showed that photosynthetic rates were equally limited by both diffusive and biochemical components. The Rubisco catalytic properties proved to have a low Rubisco affinity for CO2 and O2, similar to other ancient species. This affinity for CO2, together with the low carboxylation turnover rate, are responsible for the low Rubisco catalytic efficiency of carboxylation. These traits could be the result of the diverse environmental selective pressures that A. araucana was exposed during its diversification. The increase in measured temperatures induced an increase in stomatal and biochemical limitations, which together with a lower Rubisco affinity for CO2 could explain the low photosynthetic capacity of A. araucana in warmer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy K Rivera
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Patricia L Sáez
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Lohengrin A Cavieres
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago 8320000, Chile
- ECOBIOSIS, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Sebastià Capó-Bauçà
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, INAGEA-Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands 07122, Spain
| | - Concepción Iñiguez
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, INAGEA-Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands 07122, Spain
| | - Eugenio Sanfuentes von Stowasser
- Laboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Francisca Fuentes
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Constanza F Ramírez
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Valentina Vallejos
- Laboratorio Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, INAGEA-Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands 07122, Spain
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Haworth M, Marino G, Loreto F, Centritto M. Integrating stomatal physiology and morphology: evolution of stomatal control and development of future crops. Oecologia 2021; 197:867-883. [PMID: 33515295 PMCID: PMC8591009 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are central players in the hydrological and carbon cycles, regulating the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis and transpirative loss of water (H2O) between plants and the atmosphere. The necessity to balance water-loss and CO2-uptake has played a key role in the evolution of plants, and is increasingly important in a hotter and drier world. The conductance of CO2 and water vapour across the leaf surface is determined by epidermal and stomatal morphology (the number, size, and spacing of stomatal pores) and stomatal physiology (the regulation of stomatal pore aperture in response to environmental conditions). The proportion of the epidermis allocated to stomata and the evolution of amphistomaty are linked to the physiological function of stomata. Moreover, the relationship between stomatal density and [CO2] is mediated by physiological stomatal behaviour; species with less responsive stomata to light and [CO2] are most likely to adjust stomatal initiation. These differences in the sensitivity of the stomatal density—[CO2] relationship between species influence the efficacy of the ‘stomatal method’ that is widely used to infer the palaeo-atmospheric [CO2] in which fossil leaves developed. Many studies have investigated stomatal physiology or morphology in isolation, which may result in the loss of the ‘overall picture’ as these traits operate in a coordinated manner to produce distinct mechanisms for stomatal control. Consideration of the interaction between stomatal morphology and physiology is critical to our understanding of plant evolutionary history, plant responses to on-going climate change and the production of more efficient and climate-resilient food and bio-fuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DiSBA), National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- ENI-CNR Water Research Center "Hypatia of Alexandria", Research Center Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto, Italy
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Randall KC, Brennan F, Clipson N, Creamer RE, Griffiths BS, Storey S, Doyle E. An Assessment of Climate Induced Increase in Soil Water Availability for Soil Bacterial Communities Exposed to Long-Term Differential Phosphorus Fertilization. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:682. [PMID: 32477279 PMCID: PMC7242630 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of future food productivity depends primarily upon the health of soil used for cultivation. For Atlantic Europe, increased precipitation is predicted during both winter and summer months. Interactions between climate change and the fertilization of land used for agriculture are therefore vital to understand. This is particularly relevant for inorganic phosphorus (P) fertilization, which already suffers from resource and sustainability issues. The soil microbiota are a key indicator of soil health and their functioning is critical to plant productivity, playing an important role in nutrient acquisition, particularly when plant available nutrients are limited. A multifactorial, mesocosm study was established to assess the effects of increased soil water availability and inorganic P fertilization, on spring wheat biomass, soil enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase and acid phosphomonoesterase) and soil bacterial community assemblages. Our results highlight the significance of the spring wheat rhizosphere in shaping soil bacterial community assemblages and specific taxa under a moderate soil water content (60%), which was diminished under a higher level of soil water availability (80%). In addition, an interaction between soil water availability and plant presence overrode a long-term bacterial sensitivity to inorganic P fertilization. Together this may have implications for developing sustainable P mobilization through the use of the soil microbiota in future. Spring wheat biomass grown under the higher soil water regime (80%) was reduced compared to the constant water regime (60%) and a reduction in yield could be exacerbated in the future when grown in cultivated soil that have been fertilized with inorganic P. The potential feedback mechanisms for this need now need exploration to understand how future management of crop productivity may be impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate C Randall
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Brennan
- Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Clipson
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel E Creamer
- Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland.,Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bryan S Griffiths
- Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland.,SRUC, Crop & Soil Systems Research Group, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Storey
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evelyn Doyle
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Reichgelt T, D'Andrea WJ. Plant carbon assimilation rates in atmospheric CO 2 reconstructions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1844-1855. [PMID: 31081929 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fossil plant gas-exchange-based CO2 reconstructions use carbon (C) assimilation rates of extant plant species as substitutes for assimilation rates of fossil plants. However, assumptions in model species adoption can lead to systematic error propagation. We used a dataset of c. 2500 extant species to investigate the role of phylogenetic relatedness and ecology in determining C assimilation, an essential variable in gas-exchange-based CO2 models. We evaluated the effect on random and systematic error propagation in atmospheric CO2 caused by adopting different model species. Phylogenetic relatedness, growth form, and solar exposure are important predictors of C assimilation rate. CO2 reconstructions that apply C assimilation rates from modern species based solely on phylogenetic relatedness to fossil species can result in CO2 estimates that are systematically biased by a factor of > 2. C assimilation rates used in CO2 reconstructions should be determined by averaging assimilation rates of modern plant species that are (1) in the same family and (2) have a similar habit and habitat as the fossil plant. In addition, systematic bias potential and random error propagation are greatly reduced when CO2 is reconstructed from multiple fossil plant species with different modern relatives at the same site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammo Reichgelt
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - William J D'Andrea
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
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7
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Hu JJ, Xing YW, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhou ZK. Stomatal frequency of Quercus glauca from three material sources shows the same inverse response to atmospheric pCO2. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1147-1158. [PMID: 30861064 PMCID: PMC6612940 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The inverse correlation between atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and stomatal frequency in many plants has been widely used to estimate palaeo-CO2 levels. However, apparent discrepancies exist among the obtained estimates. This study attempts to find a potential proxy for palaeo-CO2 concentrations by analysing the stomatal frequency of Quercus glauca (section Cyclobalanopsis, Fagaceae), a dominant species in East Asian sub-tropical forests with abundant fossil relatives. METHODS Stomatal frequencies of Q. glauca from three material sources were analysed: seedlings grown in four climatic chambers with elevated CO2 ranging from 400 to 1300 ppm; extant samples collected from 14 field sites at altitudes ranging from 142 to 1555 m; and 18 herbarium specimens collected between 1930 and 2011. Stomatal frequency-pCO2 correlations were determined using samples from these three sources. KEY RESULTS An inverse correlation between stomatal frequency and pCO2 was found for Q. glauca through cross-validation of the three material sources. The combined calibration curves integrating data of extant altitudinal samples and historical herbarium specimens improved the reliability and accuracy of the curves. However, materials in the climatic chambers exhibited a weak response and relatively high stomatal frequency possibly due to insufficient treatment time. CONCLUSIONS A new inverse stomatal frequency-pCO2 correlation for Q. glauca was determined using samples from three sources. These three material types show the same response, indicating that Q. glauca is sensitive to atmospheric pCO2 and is an ideal proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels. Quercus glauca is a nearest living relative (NLR) of section Cyclobalanopsis fossils, which are widely distributed in the strata of East Asia ranging from the Eocene to Pliocene, thereby providing excellent materials to reconstruct the atmospheric CO2 concentration history of the Cenozoic. Quercus glauca will add to the variety of proxies that can be widely used in addition to Ginkgo and Metasequoia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao-Wu Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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8
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Yan W, Zhong Y, Shangguan Z. Contrasting responses of leaf stomatal characteristics to climate change: a considerable challenge to predict carbon and water cycles. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:3781-3793. [PMID: 28181733 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control the cycling of water and carbon between plants and the atmosphere; however, no consistent conclusions have been drawn regarding the response of stomatal frequency to climate change. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 1854 globally obtained data series to determine the response of stomatal frequency to climate change, which including four plant life forms (over 900 species), at altitudes ranging from 0 to 4500 m and over a time span of more than one hundred thousand years. Stomatal frequency decreased with increasing CO2 concentration and increased with elevated temperature and drought stress; it was also dependent on the species and experimental conditions. The response of stomatal frequency to climate change showed a trade-off between stomatal control strategies and environmental factors, such as the CO2 concentration, temperature, and soil water availability. Moreover, threshold effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on stomatal frequency were detected, indicating that the response of stomatal density to increasing CO2 concentration will decrease over the next few years. The results also suggested that the stomatal index may be more reliable than stomatal density for determination of the historic CO2 concentration. Our findings indicate that the contrasting responses of stomata to climate change bring a considerable challenge in predicting future water and carbon cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yangquanwei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhouping Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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9
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Does plant size affect growth responses to water availability at glacial, modern and future CO2 concentrations? Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Lewis JD, Phillips NG, Logan BA, Smith RA, Aranjuelo I, Clarke S, Offord CA, Frith A, Barbour M, Huxman T, Tissue DT. Rising temperature may negate the stimulatory effect of rising CO 2 on growth and physiology of Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:836-850. [PMID: 32480726 DOI: 10.1071/fp14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric [CO2] is associated with increased air temperature, and this warming may drive many rare plant species to extinction. However, to date, studies on the interactive effects of rising [CO2] and warming have focussed on just a few widely distributed plant species. Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis W.G.Jones, K.D.Hill, & J.M.Allen), formerly widespread in Australia, was reduced to a remnant population of fewer than 100 genetically indistinguishable individuals. Here, we examined the interactive effects of three [CO2] (290, 400 and 650ppm) and two temperature (ambient, ambient+4°C) treatments on clonally-propagated Wollemi pine grown for 17 months in glasshouses under well-watered and fertilised conditions. In general, the effects of rising [CO2] and temperature on growth and physiology were not interactive. Rising [CO2] increased shoot growth, light-saturated net photosynthetic rates (Asat) and net carbon gain. Higher net carbon gain was due to increased maximum apparent quantum yield and reduced non-photorespiratory respiration in the light, which also reduced the light compensation point. In contrast, increasing temperature reduced stem growth and Asat. Compensatory changes in mesophyll conductance and stomatal regulation suggest a narrow functional range of optimal water and CO2 flux co-regulation. These results suggest Asat and growth of the surviving genotype of Wollemi pine may continue to increase with rising [CO2], but increasing temperatures may offset these effects, and challenges to physiological and morphological controls over water and carbon trade-offs may push the remnant wild population of Wollemi pine towards extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Lewis
- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Nathan G Phillips
- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Barry A Logan
- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Renee A Smith
- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Steve Clarke
- University of Western Sydney, Capital Works and Facilities, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Catherine A Offord
- The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, The Australian PlantBank, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Allison Frith
- The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, The Australian PlantBank, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Margaret Barbour
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Travis Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David T Tissue
- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
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11
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Hu JJ, Xing YW, Turkington R, Jacques FMB, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhou ZK. A new positive relationship between pCO2 and stomatal frequency in Quercus guyavifolia (Fagaceae): a potential proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:777-88. [PMID: 25681824 PMCID: PMC4373289 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The inverse relationship between atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and stomatal frequency in many species of plants has been widely used to estimate palaeoatmospheric CO2 (palaeo-CO2) levels; however, the results obtained have been quite variable. This study attempts to find a potential new proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels by analysing stomatal frequency in Quercus guyavifolia (Q. guajavifolia, Fagaceae), an extant dominant species of sclerophyllous forests in the Himalayas with abundant fossil relatives. METHODS Stomatal frequency was analysed for extant samples of Q. guyavifolia collected from17 field sites at altitudes ranging between 2493 and 4497 m. Herbarium specimens collected between 1926 and 2011 were also examined. Correlations of pCO2-stomatal frequency were determined using samples from both sources, and these were then applied to Q. preguyavaefolia fossils in order to estimate palaeo-CO2 concentrations for two late-Pliocene floras in south-western China. KEY RESULTS In contrast to the negative correlations detected for most other species that have been studied, a positive correlation between pCO2 and stomatal frequency was determined in Q. guyavifolia sampled from both extant field collections and historical herbarium specimens. Palaeo-CO2 concentrations were estimated to be approx. 180-240 ppm in the late Pliocene, which is consistent with most other previous estimates. CONCLUSIONS A new positive relationship between pCO2 and stomatal frequency in Q. guyavifolia is presented, which can be applied to the fossils closely related to this species that are widely distributed in the late-Cenozoic strata in order to estimate palaeo-CO2 concentrations. The results show that it is valid to use a positive relationship to estimate palaeo-CO2 concentrations, and the study adds to the variety of stomatal density/index relationships that available for estimating pCO2. The physiological mechanisms underlying this positive response are unclear, however, and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Hu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao-Wu Xing
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Roy Turkington
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Frédéric M B Jacques
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Su
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China, Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland, Department of Botany, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wang R, Yu G, He N, Wang Q, Xia F, Zhao N, Xu Z, Ge J. Elevation-related variation in leaf stomatal traits as a function of plant functional type: evidence from Changbai Mountain, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115395. [PMID: 25517967 PMCID: PMC4269444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the variation in stomatal characteristics in relation to climatic gradients can reveal the adaptation strategies of plants, and help us to predict their responses to future climate changes. In this study, we investigated stomatal density (SD) and stomatal length (SL) in 150 plant species along an elevation gradient (540-2357 m) in Changbai Mountain, China, and explored the patterns and drivers of stomatal characteristics across species and plant functional types (PFTs: trees, shrubs, and herbs). The average values of SD and SL for all species combined were 156 mm(-2) and 35 µm, respectively. SD was higher in trees (224 mm(-2)) than in shrubs (156 mm(-2)) or herbs (124 mm(-2)), and SL was largest in herbs (37 µm). SD was negatively correlated with SL in all species and PFTs (P < 0.01). The relationship between stomatal characteristics and elevation differed among PFTs. In trees, SD decreased and SL increased with elevation; in shrubs and herbs, SD initially increased and then decreased. Elevation-related differences in SL were not significant. PFT explained 7.20-17.6% of the total variation in SD and SL; the contributions of CO2 partial pressure (P CO2), precipitation, and soil water content (SWC) were weak (0.02-2.28%). Our findings suggest that elevation-related patterns of stomatal characteristics in leaves are primarily a function of PFT, and highlight the importance of differences among PFTs in modeling gas exchange in terrestrial ecosystems under global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (NH)
| | - Nianpeng He
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (NH)
| | - Qiufeng Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fucai Xia
- Forestry College of Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Rico C, Pittermann J, Polley HW, Aspinwall MJ, Fay PA. The effect of subambient to elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration on vascular function in Helianthus annuus: implications for plant response to climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:956-965. [PMID: 23731256 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant gas exchange is regulated by stomata, which coordinate leaf-level water loss with xylem transport. Stomatal opening responds to internal concentrations of CO₂ in the leaf, but changing CO₂ can also lead to changes in stomatal density that influence transpiration. Given that stomatal conductance increases under subambient concentrations of CO₂ and, conversely, that plants lose less water at elevated concentrations, can downstream effects of atmospheric CO₂ be observed in xylem tissue? We approached this problem by evaluating leaf stomatal density, xylem transport, xylem anatomy and resistance to cavitation in Helianthus annuus plants grown under three CO₂ regimes ranging from pre-industrial to elevated concentrations. Xylem transport, conduit size and stomatal density all increased at 290 ppm relative to ambient and elevated CO₂ concentrations. The shoots of the 290-ppm-grown plants were most vulnerable to cavitation, whereas xylem cavitation resistance did not differ in 390- and 480-ppm-grown plants. Our data indicate that, even as an indirect driver of water loss, CO₂ can affect xylem structure and water transport by coupling stomatal and xylem hydraulic functions during plant development. This plastic response has implications for plant water use under variable concentrations of CO₂, as well as the evolution of efficient xylem transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Rico
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - H Wayne Polley
- United States Department of Agriculture, Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, 808 E. Blackland Rd, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Phillip A Fay
- United States Department of Agriculture, Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, 808 E. Blackland Rd, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
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Haworth M, Elliott-Kingston C, McElwain JC. Co-ordination of physiological and morphological responses of stomata to elevated [CO2] in vascular plants. Oecologia 2012; 171:71-82. [PMID: 22810089 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant stomata display a wide range of short-term behavioural and long-term morphological responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]). The diversity of responses suggests that plants may have different strategies for controlling gas exchange, yet it is not known whether these strategies are co-ordinated in some way. Here, we test the hypothesis that there is co-ordination of physiological (via aperture change) and morphological (via stomatal density change) control of gas exchange by plants. We examined the response of stomatal conductance (G(s)) to instantaneous changes in external [CO(2)] (C(a)) in an evolutionary cross-section of vascular plants grown in atmospheres of elevated [CO(2)] (1,500 ppm) and sub-ambient [O(2)] (13.0 %) compared to control conditions (380 ppm CO(2), 20.9 % O(2)). We found that active control of stomatal aperture to [CO(2)] above current ambient levels was not restricted to angiosperms, occurring in the gymnosperms Lepidozamia peroffskyana and Nageia nagi. The angiosperm species analysed appeared to possess a greater respiratory demand for stomatal movement than gymnosperm species displaying active stomatal control. Those species with little or no control of stomatal aperture (termed passive) to C(a) were more likely to exhibit a reduction in stomatal density than species with active stomatal control when grown in atmospheres of elevated [CO(2)]. The relationship between the degree of stomatal aperture control to C(a) above ambient and the extent of any reduction in stomatal density may suggest the co-ordination of physiological and morphological responses of stomata to [CO(2)] in the optimisation of water use efficiency. This trade-off between stomatal control strategies may have developed due to selective pressures exerted by the costs associated with passive and active stomatal control.
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