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Scheifler M, Wilhelm L, Visser B. Lipid Metabolism in Parasitoids and Parasitized Hosts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38977639 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Parasitoids have an exceptional lifestyle where juvenile development is spent on or in a single host insect, but the adults are free-living. Unlike parasites, parasitoids kill the host. How parasitoids use such a limiting resource, particularly lipids, can affect chances to survive and reproduce. In part 1, we describe the parasitoid lifestyle, including typical developmental strategies. Lipid metabolism in parasitoids has been of interest to researchers since the 1960s and continues to fascinate ecologists, evolutionists, physiologists, and entomologists alike. One reason of this interest is that the majority of parasitoids do not accumulate triacylglycerols as adults. Early research revealed that some parasitoid larvae mimic the fatty acid composition of the host, which may result from a lack of de novo triacylglycerol synthesis. More recent work has focused on the evolution of lack of adult triacylglycerol accumulation and consequences for life history traits. In part 2 of this chapter, we discuss research efforts on lipid metabolism in parasitoids from the 1960s onwards. Parasitoids are also master manipulators of host physiology, including lipid metabolism, having evolved a range of mechanisms to affect the release, synthesis, transport, and take-up of lipids from the host. We lay out the effects of parasitism on host physiology in part 3 of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Scheifler
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Léonore Wilhelm
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.
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2
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van Baaren J, Boivin G, Visser B, Le Lann C. Bet-hedging in parasitoids: when optimization is not the best strategy to cope with climatic extremes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 5:100076. [PMID: 39027356 PMCID: PMC11256270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Bet-hedging occurs when unreliable environments select for genotypes exhibiting a lower variance in fitness at the cost of a lower mean fitness for each batch of progeny. This means that at the level of the genotype, the production of mostly non-optimal phenotypes may be favored when at least some phenotypes are successful. As extreme unreliable climatic events are increasing because of climate change, it is pertinent to investigate the potential of bet-hedging strategies that allow insects to cope with climate change. Evidence for bet-hedging is scarce in most insects, including parasitoids, but the unique lifestyle and biology of parasitoids leads to the expectation that bet-hedging may occur frequently. Here, we evaluate a range of parasitoid traits for which a bet-hedging strategy could be envisioned even if bet-hedging has not been identified as such yet. Under-identification of bet-hedging in nature could have resulted from a major focus of studies on parasitoid life history evolution and foraging behavior on optimality models, predicting how mean fitness can be maximized. Most environmental factors, however, vary unpredictably. Life history and behavioral adaptations are thus expected to be affected by environmental stochasticity. In this paper, we review different aspects of parasitoid behavior, physiology, and life histories and ask the question whether parasitoid traits could have evolved under selection by environmental stochasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan van Baaren
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, 430 Boul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada, J3B 3E6
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
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Enriquez T, Visser B. The importance of fat accumulation and reserves for insect overwintering. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 60:101118. [PMID: 37739063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Winter is a challenging season for ectothermic species such as insects. In addition to thermal stress imposed by cold temperatures, food scarcity during winter can lead to starvation and energy drain. In preparation for winter, most insects accumulate lipid (fat) reserves, which are the principal source of energetic fuel during overwintering. In this review, we highlight the most recent literature on lipid metabolism in response to cold. We first discuss how lipid metabolism is affected by biotic and abiotic environmental changes in preparation for winter. We then highlight how lipid dynamics are affected during winter, including physiological and (epi)genetic mechanisms. We end our review emphasizing the importance of remaining fat reserves in spring and how climate change can negatively impact lipid metabolism and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Enriquez
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
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Visser B, Le Lann C, Hahn DA, Lammers M, Nieberding CM, Alborn HT, Enriquez T, Scheifler M, Harvey JA, Ellers J. Many parasitoids lack adult fat accumulation, despite fatty acid synthesis: A discussion of concepts and considerations for future research. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:100055. [PMID: 37124650 PMCID: PMC10139962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2023.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fat reserves, specifically the accumulation of triacylglycerols, are a major energy source and play a key role for life histories. Fat accumulation is a conserved metabolic pattern across most insects, yet in most parasitoid species adults do not gain fat mass, even when nutrients are readily available and provided ad libitum. This extraordinary physiological phenotype has evolved repeatedly in phylogenetically dispersed parasitoid species. This poses a conundrum because it could lead to significant constraints on energy allocation toward key adult functions such as survival and reproduction. Recent work on the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms has spurred a debate on fat accumulation versus fat production, because of incongruent interpretation of results obtained using different methodologies. This debate is in part due to semantics, highlighting the need for a synthetic perspective on fat accumulation that reconciles previous debates and provides new insights and terminology. In this paper, we propose updated, unambiguous terminology for future research in the field, including "fatty acid synthesis" and "lack of adult fat accumulation", and describe the distinct metabolic pathways involved in the complex process of lipogenesis. We then discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the main methods available to measure fatty acid synthesis and adult fat accumulation. Most importantly, gravimetric/colorimetric and isotope tracking methods give complementary information, provided that they are applied with appropriate controls and interpreted correctly. We also compiled a comprehensive list of fat accumulation studies performed during the last 25 years. We present avenues for future research that combine chemistry, ecology, and evolution into an integrative approach, which we think is needed to understand the dynamics of fat accumulation in parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Corresponding author.
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR, Université de Rennes, 6553, France
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, The University of Florida, USA
| | - Mark Lammers
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | - Hans T. Alborn
- United States Department of Agriculture, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, USA
| | - Thomas Enriquez
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Scheifler
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Wu P, Head ML, Liu C, Haseeb M, Zhang R. The high invasion success of fall armyworm is related to life-history strategies across a range of stressful temperatures. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2398-2404. [PMID: 35277917 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects living in unfavorably high or low temperatures are predicted to display a fast or slow life-history strategy. Here, we examined life histories of fall armyworm (FAW), a globally important invasive species with a broad ecological niche, at five constant temperatures of 13, 19, 25, 31 and 37°C, to study life-history responses to different temperatures. RESULTS In our experiment, FAW had lower lifetime fecundity at unfavorable temperatures, a finding that is consistent with the idea that FAW can shift resources from reproduction to other functions under stressful conditions-such as heat or cold tolerance. Given the adverse effects of stressful temperatures, life-history strategies arise from individuals having limited remaining resources to allocate towards vital functions like survival or reproduction. Here we show plasticity in life-history strategies adopted at different temperatures. Rather than simply varying along a fast-slow continuum, FAW at unfavorably high temperatures exhibited lower daily fecundity and longer reproductive lifespans, and at unfavorably low temperatures showed a shorter peak in reproduction later in life, compared with FAW at 25°C. Such patterns, if adaptive, could suggest a strategy mitigating reproductive and mortality risk in unfavorable environments, however, this remains to be tested. CONCLUSION Our analysis suggests that the high invasion success of FAW may result from their ability to adjust life-history strategies, across a range of stressful temperatures, in a way that reduces not only mortality, but also fecundity loss. The adoption of such strategies may be instrumental for the global invasion success of FAW. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Megan L Head
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chang Liu
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Center for Biological Control, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Runzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Moore ME, Hill CA, Kingsolver JG. Developmental timing of extreme temperature events (heat waves) disrupts host-parasitoid interactions. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8618. [PMID: 35342573 PMCID: PMC8932226 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When thermal tolerances differ between interacting species, extreme temperature events (heat waves) will alter the ecological outcomes. The parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata suffers high mortality when reared throughout development at temperatures that are nonstressful for its host, Manduca sexta. However, the effects of short-term heat stress during parasitoid development are unknown in this host-parasitoid system.Here, we investigate how duration of exposure, daily maximum temperature, and the developmental timing of heat waves impact the performance of C. congregata and its host¸ M. sexta. We find that the developmental timing of short-term heat waves strongly determines parasitoid and host outcomes.Heat waves during parasitoid embryonic development resulted in complete wasp mortality and the production of giant, long-lived hosts. Heat waves during the 1st-instar had little effect on wasp success, whereas heat waves during the parasitoid's nutritionally and hormonally critical 2nd instar greatly reduced wasp emergence and eclosion. The temperature and duration of heat waves experienced early in development determined what proportion of hosts had complete parasitoid mortality and abnormal phenotypes.Our results suggest that the timing of extreme temperature events will be crucial to determining the ecological impacts on this host-parasitoid system. Discrepancies in thermal tolerance between interacting species and across development will have important ramifications on ecosystem responses to climate change.
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Ramos Aguila LC, Atlihan R, Ashraf HJ, Keppanan R, Lei L, Bamisile BS, Cerda H, Wang L. Temperature-Dependent Biological Control Effectiveness of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidea) Under Laboratory Conditions. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2009-2017. [PMID: 34297068 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The parasitism rate and host-feeding rate of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an ectoparasitoid of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), were evaluated at 20, 27.5, 30, and 35°C, at 70 ± 5% RH, and 14 h of photoperiod. The biological control efficacy of T. radiata was evaluated by linking the age-stage predation rate with the two-sex life table. The net host-feeding rate (C0) by T. radiata was 32.05, 54.40, 17.25, and 1.92 nymphs per female parasitoid at 20, 27.5, 30, and 35°C, respectively. The total net nymphs killing rate (Z0) was 103.02, 223.82, 72.95, and 6.60 nymphs per female parasitoid at 20, 27.5, 30, and 35°C, respectively. Noneffective parasitism rate was observed at 35°C because of high mortality at this temperature. Our results indicated that temperature had meaningful effects on parasitism and host-feeding rate parameters in the laboratory, and may affect biological control efficiency of the parasitoid in the field. The highest host-feeding rate and total biological control efficiency of T. radiata were recorded at 27.5°C. Most importantly, we found that host-feeding activity of the parasitoid is temperature-dependent, and changed across temperature regimes: the host-feeding rate increased as the temperature increased up to 30°C, started to decrease after this temperature and declined to its minimum level at 35°C. This information is valuable for developing biological control and integrated pest management techniques for Asian citrus psyllid management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Ramos Aguila
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Remzi Atlihan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Hafiza Javaria Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ravindran Keppanan
- Department of Entomology and the Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Lijin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hugo Cerda
- Department of Entomology, College of Agroecology, Universidad Nacional Experimental Simon Rodriguez (UNESR) 5130, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Liande Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Jerbi-Elayed M, Foray V, Tougeron K, Grissa-Lebdi K, Hance T. Developmental Temperature Affects Life-History Traits and Heat Tolerance in the Aphid Parasitoid Aphidius colemani. INSECTS 2021; 12:852. [PMID: 34680621 PMCID: PMC8541483 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developmental temperature plays important roles in the expression of insect traits through thermal developmental plasticity. We exposed the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani to different temperature regimes (10, 20, or 28 °C) throughout larval development and studied the expression of morphological and physiological traits indicator of fitness and heat tolerance in the adult. We showed that the mass decreased and the surface to volume ratio of parasitoids increased with the development temperature. Water content was not affected by rearing temperature, but parasitoids accumulated more lipids when reared at 20 °C. Egg content was not affected by developmental temperature, but adult survival was better for parasitoids reared at 20 °C. Finally, parasitoids developed at 20 °C showed the highest heat stupor threshold, whereas parasitoids developed at 28 °C showed the highest heat coma threshold (better heat tolerance CTmax1 and CTmax2, respectively), therefore only partly supporting the beneficial acclimation hypothesis. From a fundamental point of view, our study highlights the role of thermal plasticity (adaptive or not) on the expression of different life history traits in insects and the possible correlations that exist between these traits. From an applied perspective, these results are important in the context of biological control through mass release techniques of parasitoids in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mey Jerbi-Elayed
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (K.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Vincent Foray
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (K.T.); (T.H.)
- EDYSAN, UMR CNRS 7058 (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80090 Amiens, France
| | - Kaouthar Grissa-Lebdi
- Department of Plant Protection, Institut Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Carthage 28327, Tunisia;
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (K.T.); (T.H.)
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Thierry M, Pardikes NA, Lue CH, Lewis OT, Hrček J. Experimental warming influences species abundances in a Drosophila host community through direct effects on species performance rather than altered competition and parasitism. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245029. [PMID: 33571220 PMCID: PMC7877627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming is expected to have direct effects on species through their sensitivity to temperature, and also via their biotic interactions, with cascading indirect effects on species, communities, and entire ecosystems. To predict the community-level consequences of global climate change we need to understand the relative roles of both the direct and indirect effects of warming. We used a laboratory experiment to investigate how warming affects a tropical community of three species of Drosophila hosts interacting with two species of parasitoids over a single generation. Our experimental design allowed us to distinguish between the direct effects of temperature on host species performance, and indirect effects through altered biotic interactions (competition among hosts and parasitism by parasitoid wasps). Although experimental warming significantly decreased parasitism for all host-parasitoid pairs, the effects of parasitism and competition on host abundances and host frequencies did not vary across temperatures. Instead, effects on host relative abundances were species-specific, with one host species dominating the community at warmer temperatures, irrespective of parasitism and competition treatments. Our results show that temperature shaped a Drosophila host community directly through differences in species’ thermal performance, and not via its influences on biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Thierry
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicholas A. Pardikes
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Chia-Hua Lue
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Owen T. Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hrček
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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10
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Wolf S, Barmettler E, Eisenring M, Romeis J, Collatz J. Host searching and host preference of resident pupal parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii in the invaded regions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:243-252. [PMID: 32687647 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In its invaded regions, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a novel host for the community of resident parasitoids of Drosophila. To attain a high parasitization rate on the novel host, the parasitoids have to locate it and accept it in the presence of other Drosophila hosts. We conducted a laboratory choice experiment and a semifield trial to investigate host searching and host preference of the three pupal parasitoid species Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins), Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) and Spalangia erythromera Förster. RESULTS All three parasitoid species preferred D. suzukii over two common native hosts in the choice experiment. In field cages, most parasitoid offspring emerged from D. suzukii hosts. While P. vindemmiae mainly parasitized hosts in the foliage, most T. drosophilae offspring emerged from pupae presented on the ground. CONCLUSIONS Both P. vindemmiae and T. drosophilae have the potential to find and parasitize D. suzukii in the field. If released early in the season, possible nontarget effects on native Drosophila should be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wolf
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elias Barmettler
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Eisenring
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Collatz
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Biale H, Geden CJ, Chiel E. Heat Adaptation of the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and Its Associated Parasitoids in Israel. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:113-121. [PMID: 31576406 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insects are ectothermic organisms; hence, all aspects of their biology are strongly influenced by ambient temperatures. Different insect species respond differently with phenotypic plasticity and/or genetic adaptation to changing temperatures. Here, we tested the thermal adaptation of the house fly and three of its parasitoids species by comparing life-history parameters in populations from a hot climate region (Jordan Valley) and from a moderate-climate region (Galilee). No significant differences were found between the two house fly populations, both under hot and moderate experimental conditions. Life-history parameters of the parasitoids (Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, Spalangia endius Walker, and Spalangia cameroni Perkins [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]) varied markedly between origins, species, sexes, and experimental conditions. Of the three species tested, only M. raptor collected in the Jordan Valley proved better adapted to experimental heat conditions, compared to its counterpart population that was collected in the Galilee. Additionally, we tested the effect of elevating temperatures on a house fly lab population for 17 consecutive generations and found no evidence for heat adaptation. We discuss our results in the context of house fly control and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Biale
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Christopher J Geden
- USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL
| | - Elad Chiel
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa-Oranim, Israel
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12
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Chen C, Donner SH, Biere A, Gols R, Harvey JA. Simulated heatwave conditions associated with global warming affect development and competition between hyperparasitoids. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Dept of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - S. Helena Donner
- Dept of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Dept of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Dept of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Visser B, Hance T, Noël C, Pels C, Kimura MT, Stökl J, Geuverink E, Nieberding CM. Variation in lipid synthesis, but genetic homogeneity, among Leptopilina parasitic wasp populations. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7355-7364. [PMID: 30151155 PMCID: PMC6106180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid synthesis can have a major effect on survival and reproduction, yet most insect parasitoids fail to synthesize lipids. For parasitic wasps in the genus Leptopilina, however, studies have suggested that there is intraspecific variation in the ability for lipid synthesis. These studies were performed on only few populations, and a large-scale investigation of both lipogenic ability and population genetic structure is now needed. Here, we first examined lipogenic ability of nine Leptopilina heterotoma populations collected in 2013 and found that five of nine populations synthesized lipids. The 2013 populations could not be used to determine genetic structure; hence, we obtained another 20 populations in 2016 that were tested for lipogenic ability. Thirteen of 20 populations (all Leptopilina heterotoma) were then used to determine the level of genetic differentiation (i.e., haplotype and nucleotide diversity) by sequencing neutral mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS2) markers. None of the 2016 populations synthesized lipids, and no genetic differentiation was found. Our results did reveal a nearly twofold increase in mean wasp lipid content at emergence in populations obtained in 2016 compared to 2013. We propose that our results can be explained by plasticity in lipid synthesis, where lipogenic ability is determined by environmental factors, such as developmental temperature and/or the amount of lipids carried over from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertanne Visser
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Christine Noël
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Christophe Pels
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | | | - Johannes Stökl
- Institute of Insect BiotechnologyJustus‐Liebig‐University GießenGießenGermany
| | - Elzemiek Geuverink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Caroline M. Nieberding
- Biodiversity Research Centre (ELIB)Earth and Life Institute (ELI)Université catholique de LouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
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14
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Ellers J, Berg MP, Dias ATC, Fontana S, Ooms A, Moretti M. Diversity in form and function: Vertical distribution of soil fauna mediates multidimensional trait variation. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:933-944. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Science; Animal Ecology Group; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Matty P. Berg
- Department of Ecological Science; Animal Ecology Group; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Science; Community and Conservation Ecology Group; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - André T. C. Dias
- Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Simone Fontana
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Astra Ooms
- Department of Ecological Science; Animal Ecology Group; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marco Moretti
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; Birmensdorf Switzerland
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15
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Kronfeld-Schor N, Visser ME, Salis L, van Gils JA. Chronobiology of interspecific interactions in a changing world. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0248. [PMID: 28993492 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals should time activities, such as foraging, migration and reproduction, as well as seasonal physiological adaptation, in a way that maximizes fitness. The fitness outcome of such activities depends largely on their interspecific interactions; the temporal overlap with other species determines when they should be active in order to maximize their encounters with food and to minimize their encounters with predators, competitors and parasites. To cope with the constantly changing, but predictable structure of the environment, organisms have evolved internal biological clocks, which are synchronized mainly by light, the most predictable and reliable environmental cue (but which can be masked by other variables), which enable them to anticipate and prepare for predicted changes in the timing of the species they interact with, on top of responding to them directly. Here, we review examples where the internal timing system is used to predict interspecific interactions, and how these interactions affect the internal timing system and activity patterns. We then ask how plastic these mechanisms are, how this plasticity differs between and within species and how this variability in plasticity affects interspecific interactions in a changing world, in which light, the major synchronizer of the biological clock, is no longer a reliable cue owing to the rapidly changing climate, the use of artificial light and urbanization.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO 50, Wageningen 6700 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Salis
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO 50, Wageningen 6700 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A van Gils
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, The Netherlands
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16
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Moiroux J, van Baaren J, Poyet M, Couty A, Eslin P, Prévost G, Séguin J, Le Roux V. Response of life-history traits to artificial and natural selection for virulence and nonvirulence in a Drosophila parastitoid, Asobara tabida. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:317-327. [PMID: 27943577 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-evolution of host-parasitoid interactions is determined by the costs of host resistance, which received empirical evidence, and the costs of parasitoid virulence, which have been mostly hypothesized. Asobara tabida is a parasitoid, which mainly parasitizes Drosophila melanogaster and D. subobscura, the first species being able to resist to the parasitoid development while the second species is not. To parasitize resistant hosts, including D. melanogaster, A. tabida develops sticky eggs, which prevent encapsulation, but this virulence mechanism may be costly. Interindividual and interpopulation variation in the proportion of sticky eggs respectively allowed us to (i) artificially select and compare life-history traits of a virulent and a nonvirulent laboratory strain, and (ii) compare a virulent and a nonvirulent field strain, to investigate the hypothetical costs of virulence. We observed strong differences between the 2 laboratory strains. The nonvirulent strain invested fewer resources in reproduction and walked less than the virulent one but lived longer. Concerning the field strains, we observed that the nonvirulent strain had larger wings while the virulent one walked more and faster. All together, our results suggest that virulence may not always be costly, but rather that different life histories associated with different levels of virulence may coexist at both intra- and interpopulation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Moiroux
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS-Université Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, Cedex, France
- UMR 7263 IMBE, AMU - CNRS - IRD - UAPV, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, 84916, Avignon Cedex 09, France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS-Université Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes, Cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Poyet
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Aude Couty
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Eslin
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Geneviève Prévost
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Jérémy Séguin
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Le Roux
- FRE 3498 EDYSAN, CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, Cedex, France
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Holmstrup M, Ehlers BK, Slotsbo S, Ilieva‐Makulec K, Sigurdsson BD, Leblans NIW, Ellers J, Berg MP. Functional diversity of Collembola is reduced in soils subjected to short‐term, but not long‐term, geothermal warming. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holmstrup
- Department of BioscienceAarhus University Silkeborg Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced StudiesAarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of BioscienceAarhus University Silkeborg Denmark
| | | | | | - Niki I. W. Leblans
- Agricultural University of Iceland Borgarnes Iceland
- University of AntwerpDepartment of Biology Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological ScienceAnimal Ecology GroupVrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Matty P. Berg
- Department of Ecological ScienceAnimal Ecology GroupVrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life ScienceCommunity and Conservation Ecology GroupUniversity of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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18
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Tee HS, Lee CY. Influences of Temperature and Ootheca Age on the Life History of the Cockroach Ootheca Parasitoid Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:213-220. [PMID: 28028170 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The influences of ootheca age and temperature on the life history of Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious ootheca parasitoid of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae), were evaluated. Oothecae were incubated at 20, 25, and 30 °C to produce oothecae aged 1-60, 1-40, and 1-30 d old, respectively. Fitness traits (development time, percentage emergence, number of progeny, percentage female progeny, and female body size) of A. hagenowii developing in these different-aged oothecae were determined. For oothecae incubated at 20, 25, and 30 °C, parasitoids successfully developed in oothecae aged up to 50, 30, and 20 d old, which represent 72.9%, 65.9%, and 61.9% of the total embryonic development time of P. americana, respectively, without any changes in their fitness traits. When A. hagenowii from oothecae kept at constant temperatures (20, 25, 30, 32, and 35 °C) were compared, the immature development time (71.0-34.0 d) and adult life span decreased with increasing temperature. No parasitoid emerged at 35 °C. The lower, upper, and optimal temperature-dependent developmental thresholds were 9.5, 34.2, and 31.1 °C, respectively. Thermal constant for total immature development was 666.7 degree-days. Temperature did not affect lifetime realized fecundity and number of oothecae parasitized by females but did influence parasitism activities over time. Sugar-fed females sustained longer periods of high parasitism rates (≥70%) at 20-30 °C (15-30 d) than at 32-35 °C (1-5 d). These results are useful for determining the ootheca age and temperature range optimal for parasitoid rearing and for estimating the effectiveness of biological control by the wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Siang Tee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Water Quality Management and Modeling Division, Catchment and Waterways Department, Public Utilities Board, Singapore
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Corresponding author
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20
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Moiroux J, Boivin G, Brodeur J. Temperature influences host instar selection in an aphid parasitoid: support for the relative fitness rule. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Moiroux
- Département de Sciences Biologiques; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Université de Montréal; 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture; Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada; 430 boul. Gouin Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu QC J3B 3E6 Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture; Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada; 430 boul. Gouin Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu QC J3B 3E6 Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de Sciences Biologiques; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Université de Montréal; 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
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