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Lee BW, Oeller LC, Crowder DW. Integrating Community Ecology into Models of Vector-Borne Virus Transmission. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2335. [PMID: 37375959 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne plant viruses are a diverse and dynamic threat to agriculture with hundreds of economically damaging viruses and insect vector species. Mathematical models have greatly increased our understanding of how alterations of vector life history and host-vector-pathogen interactions can affect virus transmission. However, insect vectors also interact with species such as predators and competitors in food webs, and these interactions affect vector population size and behaviors in ways that mediate virus transmission. Studies assessing how species' interactions affect vector-borne pathogen transmission are limited in both number and scale, hampering the development of models that appropriately capture community-level effects on virus prevalence. Here, we review vector traits and community factors that affect virus transmission, explore the existing models of vector-borne virus transmission and areas where the principles of community ecology could improve the models and management, and finally evaluate virus transmission in agricultural systems. We conclude that models have expanded our understanding of disease dynamics through simulations of transmission but are limited in their ability to reflect the complexity of ecological interactions in real systems. We also document a need for experiments in agroecosystems, where the high availability of historical and remote-sensing data could serve to validate and improve vector-borne virus transmission models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Lee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Liesl C Oeller
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
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2
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Lee BW, Clark RE, Basu S, Crowder DW. Predators affect a plant virus through density and trait-mediated indirect effects on vectors. FOOD WEBS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Lee BW, Basu S, Bera S, Casteel CL, Crowder DW. Responses to predation risk cues and alarm pheromones affect plant virus transmission by an aphid vector. Oecologia 2021; 196:1005-1015. [PMID: 34264386 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Herbivores assess predation risk in their environment by identifying visual, chemical, and tactile predator cues. Detection of predator cues can induce risk-avoidance behaviors in herbivores that affect feeding, dispersal, and host selection in ways that minimize mortality and reproductive costs. For herbivores that transmit plant pathogens, including many aphids, changes in herbivore behavior in response to predator cues may also affect pathogen spread. However, few studies have assessed how aphid behavioral responses to different types of predator cues affect pathogen transmission. Here, we conducted greenhouse experiments to assess whether responses of pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) to predation risk and alarm pheromone (E-β-Farnesene), an aphid alarm signal released in response to predation risk, affected transmission of Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV). We exposed A. pisum individuals to risk cues, and quantified viral titer in aphids and pea (Pisum sativum) host plants across several time periods. We also assessed how A. pisum responses to risk cues affected aphid nutrition, reproduction, and host selection. We show that exposure to predator cues and alarm pheromone significantly reduced PEMV acquisition and inoculation. Although vectors avoided hosts with predator cues, predator cues did not alter vector reproduction or reduce nutrient acquisition. Overall, these results suggest that non-consumptive effects of predators may indirectly decrease the spread of plant pathogens by altering vector behavior in ways that reduce vector competence and pathogen transmission efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Lee
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Sayanta Bera
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant-Microbe Biology and Plant Pathology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Clare L Casteel
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant-Microbe Biology and Plant Pathology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 166 FSHN Building, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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4
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Culshaw‐Maurer M, Sih A, Rosenheim JA. Bugs scaring bugs: enemy-risk effects in biological control systems. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1693-1714. [PMID: 32902103 PMCID: PMC7692946 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Enemy-risk effects, often referred to as non-consumptive effects (NCEs), are an important feature of predator-prey ecology, but their significance has had little impact on the conceptual underpinning or practice of biological control. We provide an overview of enemy-risk effects in predator-prey interactions, discuss ways in which risk effects may impact biocontrol programs and suggest avenues for further integration of natural enemy ecology and integrated pest management. Enemy-risk effects can have important influences on different stages of biological control programs, including natural enemy selection, efficacy testing and quantification of non-target impacts. Enemy-risk effects can also shape the interactions of biological control with other pest management practices. Biocontrol systems also provide community ecologists with some of the richest examples of behaviourally mediated trophic cascades and demonstrations of how enemy-risk effects play out among species with no shared evolutionary history, important topics for invasion biology and conservation. We conclude that the longstanding use of ecological theory by biocontrol practitioners should be expanded to incorporate enemy-risk effects, and that community ecologists will find many opportunities to study enemy-risk effects in biocontrol settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Culshaw‐Maurer
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Jay A. Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
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5
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Su Q, Yang F, Yao Q, Peng Z, Tong H, Wang S, Xie W, Wu Q, Zhang Y. A non‐vector herbivore indirectly increases the transmission of a vector‐borne virus by reducing plant chemical defences. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management College of Agriculture Yangtze University JingzhouHubei China
| | - Fengbo Yang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management College of Agriculture Yangtze University JingzhouHubei China
| | - Qixi Yao
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management College of Agriculture Yangtze University JingzhouHubei China
| | - Zhengke Peng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hong Tong
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management College of Agriculture Yangtze University JingzhouHubei China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
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6
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Wu X, Ye J. Manipulation of Jasmonate Signaling by Plant Viruses and Their Insect Vectors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020148. [PMID: 32012772 PMCID: PMC7077190 DOI: 10.3390/v12020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses pose serious threats to stable crop yield. The majority of them are transmitted by insects, which cause secondary damage to the plant host from the herbivore-vector's infestation. What is worse, a successful plant virus evolves multiple strategies to manipulate host defenses to promote the population of the insect vector and thereby furthers the disease pandemic. Jasmonate (JA) and its derivatives (JAs) are lipid-based phytohormones with similar structures to animal prostaglandins, conferring plant defenses against various biotic and abiotic challenges, especially pathogens and herbivores. For survival, plant viruses and herbivores have evolved strategies to convergently target JA signaling. Here, we review the roles of JA signaling in the tripartite interactions among plant, virus, and insect vectors, with a focus on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that drive vector-borne plant viral diseases. This knowledge is essential for the further design and development of effective strategies to protect viral damages, thereby increasing crop yield and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Agricultural Emergencies: Factors and Impacts in the Spread of Transboundary Diseases in, and Adjacent to, Agriculture. ADVANCED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR SECURITY APPLICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Clark RE, Basu S, Lee BW, Crowder DW. Tri-trophic interactions mediate the spread of a vector-borne plant pathogen. Ecology 2019; 100:e02879. [PMID: 31482568 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many insect herbivores are vectors that transmit plant pathogens as they forage. Within food webs, vectors interact with a range of host plants, other herbivores, and predators. Yet, few studies have examined how tri-trophic interactions involving vectors affect the spread of pathogens. Here we assessed effects of food web structure on aphid vectors and the prevalence of an aphid-borne persistent pathogen (Pea enation mosaic virus, PEMV) in pea plants. We experimentally manipulated ladybird predators, alternative host plants, and non-vector herbivores and assessed responses of pea aphids and PEMV using structural equation models. We show that variation in bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal interactions mediated PEMV prevalence. Predators reduced PEMV prevalence by consuming aphids, but an alternative host plant (vetch) had the opposite effect by promoting aphid movement and abundance. Non-vector herbivores (pea leaf weevil) increased PEMV susceptibility in peas. In turn, weevils offset the positive effects of predators on PEMV, but increased the negative effects of vetch. Our results show that tri-trophic interactions within insect and plant food webs can mediate vector biology with synergistic and opposing effects on pathogens. Continuing to assess how community-wide interactions affect vectors will aid in our understanding of vector-borne pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Clark
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Benjamin W Lee
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
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9
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Kjeldgaard MK, Takano OM, Bockoven AA, Teel PD, Light JE, Hamer SA, Hamer GL, Eubanks MD. Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) aggression influences the behavior of three hard tick species. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:87-97. [PMID: 31552562 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have documented the indirect effects of predators on tick behavior. We conducted behavioral assays in the laboratory to quantify the effects of a highly abundant predator, the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), on three species of ticks endemic to the southern USA: the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), the Gulf Coast tick (A. maculatum), and the Cayenne tick (A. mixtum). We documented ant aggression toward ticks (biting, carrying, and stinging) and determined the effects of ants on tick activity. Ticks were significantly less active in the presence of fire ants, and tick activity was negatively associated with ant aggression, but in many cases the effects of fire ants on ticks varied by tick species, stage, and engorgement status. For example, fire ants took half as long (~ 62 s) to become aggressive toward unfed A. americanum adults compared with unfed A. maculatum, and only ~ 8 s to become aggressive toward engorged A. maculatum nymphs. Correspondingly, the activity of unfed A. americanum adults and engorged A. maculatum nymphs was reduced by 67 and 93%, respectively, in the presence of fire ants. This reduction in tick activity translated to less questing by unfed ticks and less time spent walking by engorged nymphs. Our results suggest that fire ants may have important non-consumptive effects on ticks and demonstrate the importance of measuring the indirect effects of predators on tick behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacKenzie K Kjeldgaard
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Oona M Takano
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, 2258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Alison A Bockoven
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Pete D Teel
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jessica E Light
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, 2258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gabriel L Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Micky D Eubanks
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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10
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Crowder DW, Li J, Borer ET, Finke DL, Sharon R, Pattemore DE, Medlock J. Species interactions affect the spread of vector-borne plant pathogens independent of transmission mode. Ecology 2019; 100:e02782. [PMID: 31170312 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Within food webs, vectors of plant pathogens interact with individuals of other species across multiple trophic levels, including predators, competitors, and mutualists. These interactions may in turn affect vector-borne pathogens by altering vector fitness and behavior. Predators, for example, consume vectors and reduce their abundance, but often spur movement of vectors as they seek to avoid predation. However, a general framework to predict how species interactions affect vectors of plant pathogens, and the resulting spread of vector-borne pathogens, is lacking. Here we developed a mathematical model to assess whether interactions such as predation, competition, and mutualism affected the spread of vector-borne plant pathogens with nonpersistent or persistent transmission modes. We considered transmission mode because interactions affecting vector-host encounter rates were expected to most strongly affect nonpersistent pathogens that are transmitted with short feeding bouts; interactions that affect vector feeding duration were expected to most strongly affect persistent pathogens that require long feeding bouts for transmission. Our results show that interactions that affected vector behavior (feeding duration, vector-host encounter rates) substantially altered rates of spread for vector-borne plant pathogens, whereas those affecting vector fitness (births, deaths) had relatively small effects. These effects of species interactions were largely independent of transmission mode, except when interactions affected vector-host encounter rates, where effects were strongest for nonpersistent pathogens. Our results suggest that a better understanding of how vectors interact with other species within food webs could enhance our understanding of disease ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Mathematics, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California, 91330, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Deborah L Finke
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, USA
| | - Rakefet Sharon
- MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Northern Research & Development, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
| | - David E Pattemore
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Hamilton, 3214, New Zealand
| | - Jan Medlock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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11
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Cheng S, Lin R, Zhang N, Yuan S, Zhou X, Huang J, Ren X, Wang S, Jiang H, Yu C. Toxicity of six insecticides to predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in- and off-field. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:715-720. [PMID: 29940512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) is a beneficial non-target arthropod (NTA) and a key predator of tetranychid mites in integrated pest management (IPM) programs across China. Evaluating the toxic effects of insecticides on such predatory mites is essential for the success and development of IPM. We tested six insecticides to determine the risk of neonicotinoid insecticide toxicity to predatory mites, using the 'open glass plate method' and adult female A. cucumeris in a "worst case laboratory exposure" scenario. A 48-h toxicity test was performed using the hazard quotient (HQ) approach to evaluate the risk of each insecticide. The LR50 values (application rate that caused 50% mortality) of acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and dinotefuran were 76.4, 104.5, 84.9, and 224.6 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha-1, respectively, with in-field HQ values of 0.40, 1.28, 0.49, and 0.82, respectively. The HQ values were lower than the trigger value of 2, and were consistent with off-field values. The risks of the four neonicotinoid insecticides to adult female A. cucumeris were acceptable in two exposure scenarios in field and off field. The 48-h LR50 values for bifenthrin and malathion were 0.008 and 0.062 g. a.i. ha-1, respectively, which were much lower than the recommended field application rates. The HQ values were much higher than the trigger values for both in- and off-field, indicating that the risks of these two insecticides were unacceptable. Bifenthrin and malathion posed an extremely high risk to the test species, and their use should be restricted to reduce risks to the field with augmentative releases of A. cucumeris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhang Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Lin
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Shankui Yuan
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Shoushan Wang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, 100125 Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 100083 Beijing, China.
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12
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Tholt G, Kis A, Medzihradszky A, Szita É, Tóth Z, Havelda Z, Samu F. Could vectors' fear of predators reduce the spread of plant diseases? Sci Rep 2018; 8:8705. [PMID: 29880845 PMCID: PMC5992157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators influence the behaviour of prey and by doing so they potentially reduce pathogen transmission by a vector. Arthropod predators have been shown to reduce the consumption of plant biomass by pest herbivores, but their cascading non-consumptive effect on vector insects' feeding behaviour and subsequent pathogen transmission has not been investigated experimentally before. Here we experimentally examined predator-mediated pathogen transmission mechanisms using the plant pathogen Wheat Dwarf Virus that is transmitted by the leafhopper, Psammotettix alienus. We applied in situ hybridization to localize which leaf tissues were infected with transmitted virus DNA in barley host plants, proving that virus occurrence is restricted to phloem tissues. In the presence of the spider predator, Tibellus oblongus, we recorded the within leaf feeding behaviour of the herbivore using electrical penetration graph. The leafhopper altered its feeding behaviour in response to predation risk. Phloem ingestion, the feeding phase when virus acquisition occurs, was delayed and was less frequent. The phase when pathogen inoculation takes place, via the secretion of virus infected vector saliva, was shorter when predator was present. Our study thus provides experimental evidence that predators can potentially limit the spread of plant pathogens solely through influencing the feeding behaviour of vector organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tholt
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary.,Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1/C Pázmány Péter Sétány, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - A Kis
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. út 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - A Medzihradszky
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. út 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - É Szita
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
| | - Z Tóth
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
| | - Z Havelda
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi A. út 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - F Samu
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary.
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13
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Multi-species suppression of herbivores through consumptive and non-consumptive effects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197230. [PMID: 29791456 PMCID: PMC5965886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies investigating the importance of non-consumptive interactions for herbivore suppression focus on pairwise interactions between one predator and one prey, ignoring any community context. Further, the potential for non-consumptive interactions to arise between herbivores and non-enemy organisms is commonly overlooked. We investigated the relative contributions of consumptive and non-consumptive effects to aphid suppression by a wasp assemblage containing both enemies and non-enemies. We examined the suppression of two aphid species with different defensive strategies, pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), which drop from their host plant to the ground, and green peach aphids (Myzus persicae), which remain on the plant and merely walk away. The expectation was that riskier defensive behaviors, like abandoning the plant, would result in larger non-consumptive effects. We found that the outcome of multi-species interactions differed depending on the mechanism of suppression, with interference among wasps in their consumptive effects and additivity in their non-consumptive effects. We also found that, despite differences in defensive strategies, the non-consumptive effects of wasps on aphid abundance were significant for both aphid species. Furthermore, when part of a multi-species assemblage, non-enemies enhanced aphid suppression via complementary non-consumptive effects with lethal enemies, but this increase in suppression was offset by disruption in the consumptive suppression of aphids by lethal enemies. We conclude that non-consumptive effects arise from interactions with both enemy and non-enemy species and that both can contribute to herbivore suppression when part of a broader community. We predict that encouraging the presence of non-enemy organisms may provide insurance against fluctuations in the size of consumptive enemy populations and buffer against herbivore outbreaks.
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14
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Jeger MJ, Madden LV, van den Bosch F. Plant Virus Epidemiology: Applications and Prospects for Mathematical Modeling and Analysis to Improve Understanding and Disease Control. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:837-854. [PMID: 30673389 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-17-0612-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mathematical modeling has increasingly been used to complement experimental and observational studies of biological phenomena across different levels of organization. In this article, we consider the contribution of mathematical models developed using a wide range of techniques and uses to the study of plant virus disease epidemics. Our emphasis is on the extent to which models have contributed to answering biological questions and indeed raised questions related to the epidemiology and ecology of plant viruses and the diseases caused. In some cases, models have led to direct applications in disease control, but arguably their impact is better judged through their influence in guiding research direction and improving understanding across the characteristic spatiotemporal scales of plant virus epidemics. We restrict this article to plant virus diseases for reasons of length and to maintain focus even though we recognize that modeling has played a major and perhaps greater part in the epidemiology of other plant pathogen taxa, including vector-borne bacteria and phytoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Jeger
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - L V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - F van den Bosch
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
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15
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Fu Z, Epstein B, Kelley JL, Zheng Q, Bergland AO, Castillo Carrillo CI, Jensen AS, Dahan J, Karasev AV, Snyder WE. Using NextRAD sequencing to infer movement of herbivores among host plants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177742. [PMID: 28505182 PMCID: PMC5432177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivores often move among spatially interspersed host plants, tracking high-quality resources through space and time. This dispersal is of particular interest for vectors of plant pathogens. Existing molecular tools to track such movement have yielded important insights, but often provide insufficient genetic resolution to infer spread at finer spatiotemporal scales. Here, we explore the use of Nextera-tagmented reductively-amplified DNA (NextRAD) sequencing to infer movement of a highly-mobile winged insect, the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli), among host plants. The psyllid vectors the pathogen that causes zebra chip disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum), but understanding and managing the spread of this pathogen is limited by uncertainty about the insect's host plant(s) outside of the growing season. We identified 1,978 polymorphic loci among psyllids separated spatiotemporally on potato or in patches of bittersweet nightshade (S. dulcumara), a weedy plant proposed to be the source of potato-colonizing psyllids. A subset of the psyllids on potato exhibited genetic similarity to insects on nightshade, consistent with regular movement between these two host plants. However, a second subset of potato-collected psyllids was genetically distinct from those collected on bittersweet nightshade; this suggests that a currently unrecognized source, i.e., other nightshade patches or a third host-plant species, could be contributing to psyllid populations in potato. Oftentimes, dispersal of vectors of pathogens must be tracked at a fine scale in order to understand, predict, and manage disease spread. We demonstrate that emerging sequencing technologies that detect genome-wide SNPs of a vector can be used to infer such localized movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brendan Epstein
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joanna L. Kelley
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Alan O. Bergland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew S. Jensen
- Northwest Potato Research Consortium, Lakeview, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Dahan
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Alexander V. Karasev
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - William E. Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Castillo Carrillo CI, Fu Z, Jensen AS, Snyder WE. Arthropod Pests and Predators Associated With Bittersweet Nightshade, a Noncrop Host of the Potato Psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:873-882. [PMID: 27357162 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.) is a key noncrop host of the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Šulc), proposed to be a source of the psyllids that colonize potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fields in the northwestern United States. Here, we describe the broader community of arthropod potato pests, and also predatory arthropods, found in bittersweet nightshade patches. Over 2 yr, we sampled arthropods in patches of this weed spanning the potato-growing region of eastern Washington State. The potato psyllid was the most abundant potato pest that we found, with reproduction of these herbivores recorded throughout much of the growing season where this was measured. Aphid, beetle, and thrips pests of potato also were collected on bittersweet nightshade. In addition to these herbivores, we found a diverse community of >40 predatory arthropod taxa. Spiders, primarily in the Families Dictynidae and Philodromidae, made up 70% of all generalist predator individuals collected. Other generalist predators included multiple species of predatory mites, bugs, and beetles. The coccinellid beetle Stethorus punctillum (Weise) was observed eating psyllid eggs, while the parasitoid wasp Tamarixia triozae (Burks) was observed parasitizing potato psyllid nymphs. Overall, our survey verified the role of bittersweet nightshade as a potato psyllid host, while suggesting that other potato pests also use these plants. At the same time, we found that bittersweet nightshade patches were associated with species-rich communities of natural enemies. Additional work is needed to directly demonstrate movement of pests, and perhaps also predators, from bittersweet nightshade to potato fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Z Fu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 (; ; )
| | - A S Jensen
- Northwest Potato Research Consortium, 95873 E Goldmohr LN, Lakeview, OR 97630 , and
| | - W E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 (; ; ),
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