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Mérida-Torres NM, Cruz-López L, Malo EA, Cruz-Esteban S. Attraction of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), to healthy and damaged strawberry plants mediated by volatile cues. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:413-427. [PMID: 37861891 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), the two-spotted spider mite, is a pest that limits strawberry production in Mexico. Little is known about the interactions that occur between T. urticae and healthy strawberry plants or strawberry plants infested by conspecific spider mites. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the attraction of T. urticae to healthy strawberry plants mediated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and to plants damaged by conspecifics mediated by herbivore-induce plant volatiles (HIPVs). First, we conducted dual-choice tests using a Y-tube olfactometer with plants and extracts obtained through dynamic aeration. The volatile composition of the extracts was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Once the compounds were identified, we also conducted dual-choice tests with selected synthetic compounds. Tetranychus urticae exhibited greater attraction to both healthy and damaged plants compared to the control (clean air). However, when healthy and damaged plants were offered simultaneously, there was no significant preference observed. Bioassays with extracts obtained by dynamic aeration yielded similar results. The identified compounds were terpenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. We found qualitative and quantitative changes between the VOCs emitted by the healthy plant and the HIPVs from mite-damaged plants. The individual compounds α-pinene (10 ng), pseudocumene (10 ng), and limonene (1 ng) and 10 ng of the blend made of α-pinene + pseudocumene + mesitylene + limonene (5:34:57:4) attracted more T. urticae than the control. However, the binary blend of pseudocumene + limonene (91:9) was more attractive than the other binary or three-compound blends evaluated. These results may contribute to developing strategies for the management of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neby M Mérida-Torres
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Cruz-López
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico.
| | - Edi A Malo
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Samuel Cruz-Esteban
- Instituto de Ecología, Centro Regional del Bajío, Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano. Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas 253, Pátzcuaro, A.C., Michoacán, 61600, Mexico.
- CONAHCYT, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, Ciudad de México, 03940, Mexico.
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Teodoro-Paulo J, Alba JM, Charlesworth S, Kant MR, Magalhães S, Duncan AB. Intraspecific variation for host immune activation by the spider mite Tetranychus evansi. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230525. [PMID: 37325599 PMCID: PMC10265008 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many parasites can interfere with their host's defences to maximize their fitness. Here, we investigated if there is heritable variation in the spider mite Tetranychus evansi for traits associated with how they interact with their host plant. We also determined if this variation correlates with mite fecundity. Tetranychus evansi can interfere with jasmonate (JA) defences which are the main determinant of anti-herbivore immunity in plants. We investigated (i) variation in fecundity in the presence and absence of JA defences, making use of a wild-type tomato cultivar and a JA-deficient mutant (defenseless-1), and (ii) variation in the induction of JA defences, in four T. evansi field populations and 59 inbred lines created from an outbred population originating from controlled crosses of the four field populations. We observed a strong positive genetic correlation between fecundity in the presence (on wild-type) and the absence of JA defences (on defenseless-1). However, fecundity did not correlate with the magnitude of induced JA defences in wild-type plants. Our results suggest that the performance of the specialist T. evansi is not related to their ability to manipulate plant defences, either because all lines can adequately reduce levels of defences, or because they are resistant to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Teodoro-Paulo
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Juan M. Alba
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Charlesworth
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alison B. Duncan
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Lemos F, Bajda S, Duarte MVA, Alba JM, Van Leeuwen T, Pallini A, Sabelis MW, Janssen A. Imperfect diet choice reduces the performance of a predatory mite. Oecologia 2023; 201:929-939. [PMID: 36947271 PMCID: PMC10113300 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Two mutually unexclusive hypotheses prevail in the theory of nutritional ecology: the balanced diet hypothesis states that consumers feed on different food items because they have complementary nutrient and energy compositions. The toxin-dilution hypothesis poses that consumers feed on different food items to dilute the toxins present in each. Both predict that consumers should not feed on low-quality food when ample high-quality food forming a complete diet is present. We investigated the diet choice of Phytoseiulus persimilis, a predatory mite of web-producing spider mites. It can develop and reproduce on single prey species, for example the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. A closely related prey, T. evansi, is of notorious bad quality for P. persimilis and other predator species. We show that juvenile predators feeding on this prey have low survival and do not develop into adults. Adults stop reproducing and have increased mortality when feeding on it. Feeding on a mixed diet of the two prey decreases predator performance, but short-term effects of feeding on the low-quality prey can be partially reversed by subsequently feeding on the high-quality prey. Yet, predators consume low-quality prey in the presence of high-quality prey, which is in disagreement with both hypotheses. We suggest that it is perhaps not the instantaneous reproduction on single prey or mixtures of prey that matters for the fitness of predators, but that it is the overall reproduction by a female and her offspring on an ephemeral prey patch, which may be increased by including inferior prey in their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lemos
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Acarology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36, Viçosa, MG, 570-000, Brazil
- Ecofit- Bioinsumos, Araxá, MG, Brazil
| | - Sabina Bajda
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcus V A Duarte
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Acarology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36, Viçosa, MG, 570-000, Brazil
- R&D Department, Biobest Group NV, Westerlo, Belgium
| | - Juan M Alba
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Angelo Pallini
- Laboratory of Acarology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36, Viçosa, MG, 570-000, Brazil
| | - Maurice W Sabelis
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Janssen
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Acarology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, 36, Viçosa, MG, 570-000, Brazil.
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Silva DB, Jiménez A, Urbaneja A, Pérez-Hedo M, Bento JM. Changes in plant responses induced by an arthropod influence the colonization behavior of a subsequent herbivore. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4168-4180. [PMID: 33938117 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants in nature can be sequentially attacked by different arthropod herbivores. Feeding by one arthropod species may induce plant-defense responses that might affect the performance of a later-arriving herbivorous species. Understanding these interactions can help in developing pest-management strategies. In tomato, the sweet-potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae are key pests that frequently cohabit on the same plant. We studied whether colonization by one species can either facilitate or impede later colonization of tomato plants by conspecific or heterospecific individuals. RESULTS B. tabaci females showed a strong preference for and increased oviposition on plants previously colonized by conspecifics. In contrast, plants infested with T. urticae repelled B. tabaci females and reduced their oviposition rate by 86%. Although females of T. urticae showed no preference between conspecific-infested or uninfested plants, we observed a 50% reduction in the number of eggs laid on conspecific-infested plants. Both herbivorous arthropods up-regulated the expression of genes involving the jasmonic acid and abscisic acid pathways, increasing emissions of fatty-acid derivatives, but only B. tabaci increased the expression of genes related to the salicylic acid pathway and the total amount of phenylpropanoids released. Terpenoids were the most abundant compounds in the volatile blends; many terpenoids were emitted at different rates, which might have influenced the arthropods' host selection. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that B. tabaci infestation facilitated subsequent infestations by conspecifics and mites, while T. urticae infestation promoted herbivore-induced resistance. Based on both the molecular and behavioral findings, a novel sustainable pest-management strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luis de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luis de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Department of Entomology, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Meritxell Pérez-Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Ms Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luis de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Godinho DP, Janssen A, Li D, Cruz C, Magalhães S. The distribution of herbivores between leaves matches their performance only in the absence of competitors. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8405-8415. [PMID: 32788989 PMCID: PMC7417252 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have tested how plant quality and the presence of competitors interact in determining how herbivores choose between different leaves within a plant. We investigated this in two herbivorous spider mites sharing tomato plants: Tetranychus urticae, which generally induces plant defenses, and Tetranychus evansi, which suppresses them, creating asymmetrical effects on coinfesting competitors. On uninfested plants, both herbivore species preferred young leaves, coinciding with increased mite performance. On plants with heterospecifics, the mites did not prefer leaves on which they had a better performance. In particular, T. urticae avoided leaves infested with T. evansi, which is in agreement with T. urticae being outcompeted by T. evansi. In contrast, T. evansi did not avoid leaves with the other species, but distributed itself evenly over plants infested with heterospecifics. We hypothesize that this behavior of T. evansi may prevent further spread of T. urticae over the shared plant. Our results indicate that leaf age determines within-plant distribution of herbivores only in absence of competitors. Moreover, they show that this distribution depends on the order of arrival of competitors and on their effects on each other, with herbivores showing differences in behavior within the plant as a possible response to the outcome of those interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo P. Godinho
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental ChangesFaculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Arne Janssen
- Evolutionary and Population Biology (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of EntomologyFederal University of ViçosaViçosaBrazil
| | - Dan Li
- Evolutionary and Population Biology (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cristina Cruz
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental ChangesFaculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental ChangesFaculdade de CiênciasUniversidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
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Knegt B, Meijer TT, Kant MR, Kiers ET, Egas M. Tetranychus evansi spider mite populations suppress tomato defenses to varying degrees. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4375-4390. [PMID: 32489604 PMCID: PMC7246200 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant defense suppression is an offensive strategy of herbivores, in which they manipulate plant physiological processes to increase their performance. Paradoxically, defense suppression does not always benefit the defense-suppressing herbivores, because lowered plant defenses can also enhance the performance of competing herbivores and can expose herbivores to increased predation. Suppression of plant defense may therefore entail considerable ecological costs depending on the presence of competitors and natural enemies in a community. Hence, we hypothesize that the optimal magnitude of suppression differs among locations. To investigate this, we studied defense suppression across populations of Tetranychus evansi spider mites, a herbivore from South America that is an invasive pest of solanaceous plants including cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, in other parts of the world. We measured the level of expression of defense marker genes in tomato plants after infestation with mites from eleven different T. evansi populations. These populations were chosen across a range of native (South American) and non-native (other continents) environments and from different host plant species. We found significant variation at three out of four defense marker genes, demonstrating that T. evansi populations suppress jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-dependent plant signaling pathways to varying degrees. While we found no indication that this variation in defense suppression was explained by differences in host plant species, invasive populations tended to suppress plant defense to a smaller extent than native populations. This may reflect either the genetic lineage of T. evansi-as all invasive populations we studied belong to one linage and both native populations to another-or the absence of specialized natural enemies in invasive T. evansi populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Knegt
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tomas T. Meijer
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological ScienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Egas
- Department of Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Xiao L, Carrillo J, Siemann E, Ding J. Herbivore-specific induction of indirect and direct defensive responses in leaves and roots. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz003. [PMID: 30792834 PMCID: PMC6378760 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory can induce both general and specific responses in plants that modify direct and indirect defence against subsequent herbivory. The type of induction (local versus systemic induction, single versus multiple defence induction) likely depends both on herbivore identity and relationships among different responses. We examined the effects of two above-ground chewing herbivores (caterpillar, weevil) and one sucking herbivore (aphid) on indirect defence responses in leaves and direct defence responses in both leaves and roots of tallow tree, Triadica sebifera. We also included foliar applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA). We found that chewing herbivores and MeJA increased above-ground defence chemicals but SA only increased below-ground total flavonoids. Herbivory or MeJA increased above-ground indirect defence response (extrafloral nectar) but SA decreased it. Principal component analysis showed there was a trade-off between increasing total root phenolics and tannins (MeJA, chewing) versus latex and total root flavonoids (aphid, SA). For individual flavonoids, there was evidence for systemic induction (quercetin), trade-offs between compounds (quercetin versus kaempferitrin) and trade-offs between above-ground versus below-ground production (isoquercetin). Our results suggest that direct and indirect defence responses in leaves and roots depend on herbivore host range and specificity along with feeding mode. We detected relationships among some defence response types, while others were independent. Including multiple types of insects to examine defence inductions in leaves and roots may better elucidate the complexity and specificity of defence responses of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Evan Siemann
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianqing Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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de Oliveira EF, Pallini A, Janssen A. Herbivore performance and plant defense after sequential attacks by inducing and suppressing herbivores. INSECT SCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 28636085 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that herbivore-induced plant defenses alter host plant quality and can affect the behavior and performance of later arriving herbivores. Effects of sequential attacks by herbivores that either suppress or induce plant defenses are less well studied. We sequentially infested leaves of tomato plants with a strain of the phytophagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae that induces plant defenses and the closely related Tetranychus evansi, which suppresses plant defenses. Plant quality was quantified through oviposition of both spider mite species and by measuring proteinase inhibitor activity using plant material that had been sequentially attacked by both herbivore species. Spider-mite oviposition data show that T. evansi could suppress an earlier induction of plant defenses by T. urticae, and T. urticae could induce defenses in plants previously attacked by T. evansi in 1 day. Longer attacks by the second species did not result in further changes in oviposition. Proteinase inhibitor activity levels showed that T. evansi suppressed the high activity levels induced by T. urticae to constitutive levels in 1 day, and further suppressed activity to levels similar to those in plants attacked by T. evansi alone. Attacks by T. urticae induced proteinase inhibitor activity in plants previously attacked by T. evansi, eventually to similar levels as induced by T. urticae alone. Hence, plant quality and plant defenses were significantly affected by sequential attacks and the order of attack does not affect subsequent performance, but does affect proteinase inhibitor activity levels. Based on our results, we discuss the evolution of suppression of plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Faria de Oliveira
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Angelo Pallini
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Arne Janssen
- Section Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Fagundes M, Xavier RCF, Faria ML, Lopes LGO, Cuevas‐Reyes P, Reis‐Junior R. Plant phenological asynchrony and community structure of gall-inducing insects associated with a tropical tree species. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10687-10697. [PMID: 30519398 PMCID: PMC6262721 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of occurrence of target organs in plant populations produces windows of opportunity that directly and indirectly affect the structure of herbivore communities. However, mechanisms that drive herbivore specialization between resource patches are still poorly known. In this study, we tested three hypotheses related to variation in host plant phenology and community structure (i.e., composition, richness, and abundance) of gall-forming species: (a) plants with early leaf-flushing in the season will have greater vegetative growth and high contents of secondary chemical compounds; (b) gall-inducing insect community structure changes among temporary resource patches of the host; and (c) interspecific competition is a probable mechanism that drives gall-inducing insect community structure on Copaifera langsdorffii. We monitored daily a total of 102 individuals of the super-host C. langsdorffii from August 2012 to May 2013, to characterize the leaf flushing time of each host plant. The leaf flushing time had a positive relationship with the number of folioles per branch and a negative relationship with branch growth. We sampled a total of 4,906 galls belonging to 24 gall-inducing insect species from 102 individuals of C. langsdorffii. In spite of some gall-inducing species presented high abundance on early leaf-flushing plants, direct and indirect effects of plant phenology on galling insect abundance was species dependent. At the community level, our study revealed that the quality and quantity of plant resources did not affect the richness and abundance of gall-inducing insects associated with C. langsdorffii. However, the richness and composition of gall-inducing species varied according to the variation in leaf flushing time of the host plant. The results of null model analysis showed that galls co-occurrence on C. langsdorffii trees differ more than expected by chance and that interspecific competition can be one potential mechanism structuring this gall-inducing insect community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Fagundes
- Departamento de Biologia GeralCCBSPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos NaturaisUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosMontes ClarosMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Renata Cristiane Ferreira Xavier
- Departamento de Biologia GeralCCBSPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos NaturaisUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosMontes ClarosMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Maurício Lopes Faria
- Departamento de Biologia GeralCCBSPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos NaturaisUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosMontes ClarosMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Laura Giovanna Oliveira Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia GeralCCBSPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos NaturaisUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosMontes ClarosMinas GeraisBrazil
| | - Pablo Cuevas‐Reyes
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Interacciones BióticasFacultad de BiologíaUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMoreliaMichoacánMéxico
| | - Ronaldo Reis‐Junior
- Departamento de Biologia GeralCCBSPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso dos Recursos NaturaisUniversidade Estadual de Montes ClarosMontes ClarosMinas GeraisBrazil
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Ximénez-Embún MG, González-Guzmán M, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Ortego F, Castañera P. Plant-Mediated Effects of Water Deficit on the Performance of Tetranychus evansi on Tomato Drought-Adapted Accessions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1490. [PMID: 30386357 PMCID: PMC6199365 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase drought periods and the performance and dispersal of some invasive species such as Tetranychus evansi, which has been reported to take advantage of the nutritional changes induced by water-shortage on the tomato cultivar Moneymaker (MM). We have examined the implications for mite's biology of four accessions of the drought-adapted tomatoes, "Tomàtiga de Ramellet" (TR), under moderate drought stress. Mite performance was enhanced by drought in two accessions (TR61 and TR154), but not in the other two accessions (TR58 and TR126). We selected one accession of each outcome (i.e., TR154 and TR126) to further analyze plant nutritional parameters. We found that free sugars and most essential amino acids for mites were induced by drought and/or mite infestation on MM and TR154 plants, whereas sugars were not altered and a reduced number of essential amino acids were induced by drought in TR126. Remarkably, mite performance was enhanced by leaf infiltration of free sugars, essential amino acids mixture, and L-proline on well-watered MM and by free sugars on drought-stressed TR126 plants. These results indicate a positive link between the induction of soluble carbohydrates and amino acids used by the plant for osmotic adjustment and mite performance. The effects of drought and/or mite infestation on the defense response of plants was analyzed at three levels: phytohormone accumulation, the transcript levels of marker genes linked to jasmonates (JAs), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways, and the activity of defense proteins. The ability of T. evansi to downregulate the accumulation of defense-related phytohormones was noted on MM and the two TR accessions analyzed (TR126 and TR154), though differences in the induction of protein defense genes and activities by drought and/or mite infestation were observed among them. These results emphasize the importance of studying plant biotic and abiotic stress factors in combination and provides an experimental framework for screening drought-tolerant tomato accessions that will be also resistant to herbivore mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G. Ximénez-Embún
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta-Insecto, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta-Insecto, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Ecofisiologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Ecofisiologia i Biotecnologia, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta-Insecto, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta-Insecto, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Blaazer CJH, Villacis-Perez EA, Chafi R, Van Leeuwen T, Kant MR, Schimmel BCJ. Why Do Herbivorous Mites Suppress Plant Defenses? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1057. [PMID: 30105039 PMCID: PMC6077234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved numerous defensive traits that enable them to resist herbivores. In turn, this resistance has selected for herbivores that can cope with defenses by either avoiding, resisting or suppressing them. Several species of herbivorous mites, such as the spider mites Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus evansi, were found to maximize their performance by suppressing inducible plant defenses. At first glimpse it seems obvious why such a trait will be favored by natural selection. However, defense suppression appeared to readily backfire since mites that do so also make their host plant more suitable for competitors and their offspring more attractive for natural enemies. This, together with the fact that spider mites are infamous for their ability to resist (plant) toxins directly, justifies the question as to why traits that allow mites to suppress defenses nonetheless seem to be relatively common? We argue that this trait may facilitate generalist herbivores, like T. urticae, to colonize new host species. While specific detoxification mechanisms may, on average, be suitable only on a narrow range of similar hosts, defense suppression may be more broadly effective, provided it operates by targeting conserved plant signaling components. If so, resistance and suppression may be under frequency-dependent selection and be maintained as a polymorphism in generalist mite populations. In that case, the defense suppression trait may be under rapid positive selection in subpopulations that have recently colonized a new host but may erode in relatively isolated populations in which host-specific detoxification mechanisms emerge. Although there is empirical evidence to support these scenarios, it contradicts the observation that several of the mite species found to suppress plant defenses actually are relatively specialized. We argue that in these cases buffering traits may enable such mites to mitigate the negative side effects of suppression in natural communities and thus shield this trait from natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Joséphine H. Blaazer
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ernesto A. Villacis-Perez
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rachid Chafi
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernardus C. J. Schimmel
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Paulo JT, Godinho DP, Silva A, Branquinho C, Magalhães S. Suppression of Plant Defenses by Herbivorous Mites Is Not Associated with Adaptation to Host Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1783. [PMID: 29914126 PMCID: PMC6032058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some herbivores suppress plant defenses, which may be viewed as a result of the coevolutionary arms race between plants and herbivores. However, this ability is usually studied in a one-herbivore-one-plant system, which hampers comparative studies that could corroborate this hypothesis. Here, we extend this paradigm and ask whether the herbivorous spider-mite Tetranychus evansi, which suppresses the jasmonic-acid pathway in tomato plants, is also able to suppress defenses in other host plants at different phylogenetic distances from tomatoes. We test this using different plants from the Solanales order, namely tomato, jimsonweed, tobacco, and morning glory (three Solanaceae and one Convolvulaceae), and bean plants (Fabales). First, we compare the performance of T. evansi to that of the other two most-commonly found species of the same genus, T. urticae and T. ludeni, on several plants. We found that the performance of T. evansi is higher than that of the other species only on tomato plants. We then showed, by measuring trypsin inhibitor activity and life history traits of conspecific mites on either clean or pre-infested plants, that T. evansi can suppress plant defenses on all plants except tobacco. This study suggests that the suppression of plant defenses may occur on host plants other than those to which herbivores are adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica T Paulo
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diogo P Godinho
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Anabela Silva
- BioISI, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Blasi ÉAR, Buffon G, Rativa AGS, Lopes MCB, Berger M, Santi L, Lavallée-Adam M, Yates JR, Schwambach J, Beys-da-Silva WO, Sperotto RA. High infestation levels of Schizotetranychus oryzae severely affects rice metabolism. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 219:100-111. [PMID: 29096082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High levels of Schizotetranychus oryzae phytophagous mite infestation on rice leaves can severely affect productivity. Physiological characterization showed that S. oryzae promotes a decrease in chlorophyll concentration and the establishment of a senescence process in rice leaves. Late-infested leaves also present high levels of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, along with high levels of membrane integrity loss, which is indicative of cell death. To better understand the rice molecular responses to high levels of mite infestation, we employed the Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) approach to identify differentially expressed proteins. We identified 83 and 88 proteins uniquely present in control and late-infested leaves, respectively, along with 11 and one proteins more abundant in control and late-infested leaves, respectively. S. oryzae infestation induces a decreased abundance of proteins related to translation, protease inhibition, and photosynthesis. On the other hand, infestation caused increased abundance of proteins involved in protein modification and degradation. Our results also suggest that S. oryzae infestation interferes with intracellular transport, DNA structure maintenance, and amino acid and lipid metabolism in rice leaves. Proteomic data were positively correlated with enzymatic assays and RT-qPCR analysis. Our findings describe the protein expression patterns of late-infested rice leaves and suggest several targets which could be tested in future biotechnological approaches aiming to avoid the population increase of phytophagous mite in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Édina A R Blasi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), University of Taquari Valley - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Giseli Buffon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), University of Taquari Valley - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Angie G S Rativa
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), University of Taquari Valley - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Mara C B Lopes
- Setor de Melhoramento Genético, Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz (IRGA), Cachoeirinha, RS, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (CPE - HCPA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (CPE - HCPA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Lavallée-Adam
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joséli Schwambach
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (CPE - HCPA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raul A Sperotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), University of Taquari Valley - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), University of Taquari Valley - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Schimmel BCJ, Ataide LMS, Kant MR. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tomato induced defense responses affects spider mite performance and behavior. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1370526. [PMID: 28857667 PMCID: PMC5647976 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1370526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
When feeding from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the generalist spider mite Tetranychus urticae induces jasmonate (JA)- and salicylate (SA)-regulated defense responses that hamper its performance. The related T. evansi, a Solanaceae-specialist, suppresses these defenses, thereby upholding a high performance. On a shared leaf, T. urticae can be facilitated by T. evansi, likely via suppression of defenses by the latter. Yet, when infesting the same plant, T. evansi outcompetes T. urticae. Recently, we found that T. evansi intensifies suppression of defenses locally, i.e., at its feeding site, after T. urticae mites were introduced onto adjacent leaf tissue. This hyper-suppression is paralleled by an increased oviposition rate of T. evansi, probably promoting its competitive population growth. Here we present additional data that not only provide insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of defense induction and suppression by mites, but that also suggest T. evansi to manipulate more than JA and SA defenses alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardus C. J. Schimmel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Livia M. S. Ataide
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- CONTACT Merijn R. Kant Postbus 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Nematode Root Herbivory in Tomato Increases Leaf Defenses and Reduces Leaf Miner Oviposition and Performance. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:120-128. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Godinho DP, Janssen A, Dias T, Cruz C, Magalhães S. Down-regulation of plant defence in a resident spider mite species and its effect upon con- and heterospecifics. Oecologia 2015; 180:161-7. [PMID: 26369779 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous spider mites occurring on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cope with plant defences in various manners: the invasive Tetranychus evansi reduces defences below constitutive levels, whereas several strains of T. urticae induce such defences and others suppress them. In the Mediterranean region, these two species co-occur on tomato plants with T. ludeni, another closely related spider mite species. Unravelling how this third mite species affects plant defences is thus fundamental to understanding the outcome of herbivore interactions in this system. To test the effect of T. ludeni on tomato plant defences, we measured (1) the activity of proteinase inhibitors, indicating the induction of plant defences, in those plants, and (2) mite performance on plants previously infested with each mite species. We show that the performance of T. evansi and T. ludeni on plants previously infested with T. ludeni or T. evansi was better than on clean plants, indicating that these two mite species down-regulate plant defences. We also show that plants attacked by these mite species had lower activity of proteinase inhibitors than clean plants, whereas herbivory by T. urticae increased the activity of these proteins and resulted in reduced spider mite performance. This study thus shows that the property of down-regulation of plant defences below constitutive levels also occurs in T. ludeni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo P Godinho
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Arne Janssen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teresa Dias
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cruz
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
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