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Su Q, Qi L, Zhang W, Yun Y, Zhao Y, Peng Y. Biodiversity Survey of Flower-Visiting Spiders Based on Literature Review and Field Study. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:673-682. [PMID: 32281625 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many arthropods exhibit flower-visiting behavior, including a variety of spider species. However, as spiders are assumed to be strictly predatory, flower-visiting spiders are an often neglected group. We conducted a systematic biodiversity study of flower-visiting spiders based on published papers and field surveys. Most previous studies have focused on the herbivorous behavior of flower-visiting spiders (nectivory or pollinivory) and their effects on host flowers (tritrophic interactions with flower-visiting insects). In our field survey, we utilized standard transect walks (active sampling) and colored pan traps (passive sampling) to investigate species occurrence, diurnal and seasonal variation, and flower color preference of flower-visiting spiders. From the transect walks, crab spider species were found to be the dominant flower-visiting spiders and, based on all spider species, juvenile visitors were significantly more common than adults. Furthermore, in terms of spider number and species richness, tulips were the preferred flower to visit. For the pan traps, wolf spiders were found to be the dominant spider species. No significant differences were observed in the number of spiders caught in different colored pans, suggesting that color may not be an important flower trait in regard to spider preference. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to propose the term 'flower-visiting spiders' and conduct a systematic investigation of their diversity. However, this is preliminary research and further studies are required, especially as biodiversity is often closely linked to survey sites and ecotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueli Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of China, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Antiqueira PAP, de Omena PM, Gonçalves-Souza T, Vieira C, Migliorini GH, Kersch-Becker MF, Bernabé TN, Recalde FC, Gordillo SB, Romero GQ. Precipitation and predation risk alter the diversity and behavior of pollinators and reduce plant fitness. Oecologia 2020; 192:745-753. [PMID: 32016526 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic factors may individually or interactively disrupt plant-pollinator interactions, influencing plant fitness. Although variations in temperature and precipitation are expected to modify the overall impact of predators on plant-pollinator interactions, few empirical studies have assessed if these weather conditions influence anti-predator behaviors and how this context-dependent response may cascade down to plant fitness. To answer this question, we manipulated predation risk (using artificial spiders) in different years to investigate how natural variation in temperature and precipitation may affect diversity (richness and composition) and behavioral (visitation) responses of flower-visiting insects to predation risk, and how these effects influence plant fitness. Our findings indicate that predation risk and an increase in precipitation independently reduced plant fitness (i.e., seed set) by decreasing flower visitation. Predation risk reduced pollinator visitation and richness, and altered species composition of pollinators. Additionally, an increase in precipitation was associated with lower flower visitation and pollinator richness but did not alter pollinator species composition. However, maximum daily temperature did not affect any component of the pollinator assemblage or plant fitness. Our results indicate that biotic and abiotic drivers have different impacts on pollinator behavior and diversity with consequences for plant fitness components. Even small variation in precipitation conditions promotes complex and substantial cascading effects on plants by affecting both pollinator communities and the outcome of plant-pollinator interactions. Tropical communities are expected to be highly susceptible to climatic changes, and these changes may have drastic consequences for biotic interactions in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A P Antiqueira
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Paula M de Omena
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gonçalves-Souza
- Laboratório de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Camila Vieira
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Migliorini
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago N Bernabé
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fátima C Recalde
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Benavides- Gordillo
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Q Romero
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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Gavini SS, Quintero C, Tadey M. Intraspecific variation in body size of bumblebee workers influences anti-predator behaviour. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:658-669. [PMID: 31667824 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Flower-dwelling predators make flowers dangerous foraging sites for pollinators, potentially affecting their anti-predator behaviour. Moreover, predation vulnerability often varies among pollinators' body sizes with interspecific comparisons showing that smaller species are more vulnerable than larger ones. However, how intraspecific body size variation influences pollinator behaviour under predation risk is still unknown, especially under natural conditions. We hypothesized that bumblebee workers of different sizes will exhibit different foraging strategies under predation risk. We predict that (a) small workers should more often exhibit anti-predator behaviours than larger workers. We also hypothesized that the anti-predator behaviour should be influenced by predator size and reward availability; therefore, we expect (b) higher avoidance behaviour towards larger predator sizes and (c) more and longer visits to inflorescences with high nectar availability. Finally, we expect that (d) nectar availability should overcome the anti-predator behaviour in less vulnerable, large, workers. We recorded flower visitation, time spent and rejection behaviours of different sizes of Bombus terrestris (Apidae) workers (large, medium and small) to inflorescences of Alstroemeria aurea (Alstroemeriaceae) with different treatments of artificial spiders (small and large) and nectar availability (with, without). Anti-predator and foraging behaviour of bumblebees was affected by the size of the worker, the presence of artificial spiders and nectar availability. Large and medium size bumblebees strongly reduced flower visitation and time spent in the presence of artificial spiders, consistently avoiding flowers with spiders, regardless of spider size or nectar availability. Instead, small bumblebees seldom modified their behaviour when facing artificial spiders, only increasing their avoidance or decreasing their foraging time in nectarless flowers hosting large artificial spiders. This pattern of larger workers being more sensitive to predation risk than smaller ones at the intraspecific level in B. terrestris is contrary to the expected and acknowledged trend based on previous interspecific comparisons, but partially consistent with predictions of models of optimal foraging theory. Intraspecific behavioural variability was uncovered only when nectar was available, whereas artificial predator size rarely modified bumblebee anti-predator and foraging behaviour. Therefore, our findings suggest that the trade-off between maximizing resource intake and minimizing predation risk strongly varies across bumblebee worker body sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Gavini
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, UNComahue-CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Carolina Quintero
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, UNComahue-CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Mariana Tadey
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, UNComahue-CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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