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Wojtkielewicz A, Baj A, Majewski AD, Wysocka J, Morzycki JW. Synthesis of 25-Hydroxy-provitamin D 3 by Direct Hydroxylation of Protected 7-Dehydrocholesterol. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1648-1656. [PMID: 38241473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
A new synthetic route to 25-hydroxy-provitamin D3 was elaborated. The synthesis consists of direct hydroxylation at C-25 of 7-dehydrocholesterol hetero Diels-Alder adducts. The adducts were prepared by [4 + 2] cycloaddition of azadienophiles to the steroidal diene. The hydroxylation reactions of adducts were carried out with different dioxiranes or with chromyl trifluoroacetate. The byproducts of these reactions were isolated and identified. The strengths and weaknesses of hydroxylation methods with different oxidizing agents were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Baj
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam D Majewski
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
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2
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Wohlgemuth R. Synthesis of Metabolites and Metabolite-like Compounds Using Biocatalytic Systems. Metabolites 2023; 13:1097. [PMID: 37887422 PMCID: PMC10608848 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Methodologies for the synthesis and purification of metabolites, which have been developed following their discovery, analysis, and structural identification, have been involved in numerous life science milestones. The renewed focus on the small molecule domain of biological cells has also created an increasing awareness of the rising gap between the metabolites identified and the metabolites which have been prepared as pure compounds. The design and engineering of resource-efficient and straightforward synthetic methodologies for the production of the diverse and numerous metabolites and metabolite-like compounds have attracted much interest. The variety of metabolic pathways in biological cells provides a wonderful blueprint for designing simplified and resource-efficient synthetic routes to desired metabolites. Therefore, biocatalytic systems have become key enabling tools for the synthesis of an increasing number of metabolites, which can then be utilized as standards, enzyme substrates, inhibitors, or other products, or for the discovery of novel biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- MITR, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
- Swiss Coordination Committee Biotechnology (SKB), 8021 Zurich, Switzerland
- European Society of Applied Biocatalysis (ESAB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Wang Z, Zeng Y, Jia H, Yang N, Liu M, Jiang M, Zheng Y. Bioconversion of vitamin D 3 to bioactive calcifediol and calcitriol as high-value compounds. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:109. [PMID: 36229827 PMCID: PMC9563128 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biological catalysis is an important approach for the production of high-value-added compounds, especially for products with complex structures. Limited by the complex steps of chemical synthesis and low yields, the bioconversion of vitamin D3 (VD3) to calcifediol and calcitriol, which are natural steroid products with high added value and significantly higher biological activity compared to VD3, is probably the most promising strategy for calcifediol and calcitriol production, and can be used as an alternative method for chemical synthesis. The conversion efficiency of VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol has continued to rise in the past few decades with the help of several different VD3 hydroxylases, mostly cytochrome P450s (CYPs), and newly isolated strains. The production of calcifediol and calcitriol can be systematically increased in different ways. Specific CYPs and steroid C25 dehydrogenase (S25DH), as VD3 hydroxylases, are capable of converting VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol. Some isolated actinomycetes have also been exploited for fermentative production of calcifediol and calcitriol, although the VD3 hydroxylases of these strains have not been elucidated. With the rapid development of synthetic biology and enzyme engineering, quite a lot of advances in bioproduction of calcifediol and calcitriol has been achieved in recent years. Therefore, here we review the successful strategies of promoting VD3 hydroxylation and provide some perspective on how to further improve the bioconversion of VD3 to calcifediol and calcitriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yan Zeng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hongmin Jia
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100095 China
| | - Niping Yang
- grid.256885.40000 0004 1791 4722School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Mengshuang Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
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4
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Sun Y, Zhang HJ, Chen R, Lee WH, Zhao HB. 16S rDNA analysis of osteoporotic rats treated with osteoking. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35737512 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by microstructural degeneration of bone tissue, low bone mass, bone fragility and even brittle fracture (osteoporotic fracture, OPF). OP and OPF are common and there are many disadvantages to the current medications for OP/OPF. Osteoking is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) originating from the Yi nationality (Yunnan, China) that has been used to treat bone diseases for decades.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. This study will reveal the changes in the intestinal microbiota of OP rats after 70 days of osteoking treatment.Method. With duplication of sham and OP rats, eight groups were established, with six rats in each group. The intestinal microbiotas were analysed by 16S rDNA sequencing.Results. The results showed that osteoking changed the intestinal microbiota of sham rats and OP rats. The mechanism by which osteoking improves OP is related to the functions of the intestinal microbiota. After 70 days of treatment with osteoking, the contents of Pseudonocardia, Pedomicrobium, Variovorax, Niastella and Actinosynnema were decreased in OP rats. The functions of the above intestinal microbiota related to iron metabolism affected calcifediol and 25(OH)D, and measuring these bone metabolic indicators is required for further study.Conclusion. Osteoking changes the intestinal microbiota to improve OP, and further study which reveals these intestinal microbiota and mechanism is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-active Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, PR China.,Pharmaceutical College & Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products of Yunnan Province, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Hui-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-active Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, PR China
| | - Ran Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, PR China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Bio-active Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, PR China
| | - Hong-Bin Zhao
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China
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5
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Enhancing the production of physiologically active vitamin D 3 by engineering the hydroxylase CYP105A1 and the electron transport chain. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 38:14. [PMID: 34877634 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the conversion of vitamin D3 (VD3) to its two active forms 25(OH)VD3 and 1α, 25(OH)2VD3 was carried out by engineering the hydroxylase CYP105A1 and its redox partners Fdx and Fdr. CYP105A1 and Fdx-Fdr were respectively expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) and purified. The electron transport chain Fdx-Fdr had higher selectivity for the coenzyme NADH than NADPH. HPLC analysis showed that CYP105A1 could hydroxylate the C25 and C1α sites of VD3 and convert VD3 to its active forms. Finally, a one-bacterium-multi-enzyme system was constructed and used in whole-cell catalytic experiments. The results indicated that 2.491 mg/L of 25(OH)VD3 and 0.698 mg/L of 1α, 25(OH)2VD3 were successfully produced under the condition of 1.0% co-solvent DMSO, 1 mM coenzyme NADH and 35 g/L biocatalyst loading. This study contributes to a basis for the industrial production of active VD3 in future.
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6
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Riahi HS, Heidarieh P, Fatahi-Bafghi M. Genus Pseudonocardia: What we know about its biological properties, abilities and current application in biotechnology. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:890-906. [PMID: 34469043 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pseudonocardia belongs to a group of Actinomycetes, and is a member of the family Pseudonocardiacea. The members of this genus are aerobic, Gram-positive, non-motile bacteria that are commonly found in soil, plant and environment. Although this genus has a low clinical significance; however, it has an important role in biotechnology due to the production of secondary metabolites, some of which have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-tumour effects. The use of phenotypic tests, such as gelatinase activity, starch hydrolysis, catalase and oxidase tests, as well as molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, are necessary for Pseudonocardia identification at the genus and species levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Sadat Riahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Parvin Heidarieh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fatahi-Bafghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Schmitz LM, Kinner A, Althoff K, Rosenthal K, Lütz S. Investigation of Vitamin D 2 and Vitamin D 3 Hydroxylation by Kutzneria albida. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2266-2274. [PMID: 33647186 PMCID: PMC8359954 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The active vitamin D metabolites 25-OH-D and 1α,25-(OH)2 -D play an essential role in controlling several cellular processes in the human body and are potentially effective in the treatment of several diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The microbial synthesis of vitamin D2 (VD2 ) and vitamin D3 (VD3 ) metabolites has emerged as a suitable alternative to established complex chemical syntheses. In this study, a novel strain, Kutzneria albida, with the ability to form 25-OH-D2 and 25-OH-D3 was identified. To further improve the conversion of the poorly soluble substrates, several solubilizers were tested. 100-fold higher product concentrations of 25-OH-D3 and tenfold higher concentrations of 25-OH-D2 after addition of 5 % (w/v) 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) were reached. Besides the single-hydroxylation products, the human double-hydroxylation products 1,25-(OH)2 -D2 and 1,25-(OH)2 -D3 and various other potential single- and double-hydroxylation products were detected. Thus, K. albida represents a promising strain for the biotechnological production of VD2 and VD3 metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Schmitz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Kirsten Althoff
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess EngineeringDepartment of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Straße 6644227DortmundGermany
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8
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Tang D, Liu W, Huang L, Cheng L, Xu Z. Efficient biotransformation of vitamin D 3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 by a newly isolated Bacillus cereus strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:765-774. [PMID: 31776608 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has attracted considerable attention due to its great medical value and huge market demand in animal husbandry. Microbial production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been recognized as an alternative superior to traditional chemical synthesis. In this study, a Gram-positive bacteria zju 4-2 (CCTCC M 2019385) was isolated from the soil using vitamin D3 as the sole carbon source and was identified as Bacillus cereus according to its physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA analysis, which also showed a relatively high capacity for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 production. Through systematic optimization of different catalytic conditions, the optimal solvent system of vitamin D3, vitamin D3 addition time and concentration, temperature, and pH were shown to be propylene glycol/ethanol (v/v = 9:1), early stationary phase, 2 g/L, 37 °C, and pH 7.2, respectively. With these optimal conditions, 796 mg/L of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was achieved after 48 h bioconversion with zju 4-2 at the shake flask level. Finally, up to 830 mg/L 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with a yield of 41.5% was obtained in a 5 L fermentation tank. Our developed biotransformation process with this newly isolated strain provides a platform to produce 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 efficiently at industrialization scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Leming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Tieves F, Erenburg IN, Mahmoud O, Urlacher VB. Synthesis of chiral 2-alkanols fromn-alkanes by aP. putidawhole-cell biocatalyst. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1845-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tieves
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Isabelle N. Erenburg
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Osama Mahmoud
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry; Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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10
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Warnke M, Jung T, Dermer J, Hipp K, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Ferlaino S, Fries A, Müller M, Boll M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Synthesis by Enzymatic Steroid Side-Chain Hydroxylation with Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1881-4. [PMID: 26695374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (VD3, cholecalciferol) side chains to give 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHVD3) is a crucial reaction in the formation of the circulating and biologically active forms of VD3 . It is usually catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases that depend on complex electron donor systems. Cell-free extracts and a purified Mo enzyme from a bacterium anaerobically grown with cholesterol were employed for the regioselective, ferricyanide-dependent hydroxylation of VD3 and proVD3 (7-dehydrocholesterol) into the corresponding tertiary alcohols with greater than 99 % yield. Hydroxylation of VD3 strictly depends on a cyclodextrin-assisted isomerization of VD3 into preVD3 , the actual enzymatic substrate. This facile and robust method developed for 25OHVD3 synthesis is a novel example for the concept of substrate-engineered catalysis and offers an attractive alternative to chemical or O2 /electron-donor-dependent enzymatic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Warnke
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juri Dermer
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karin Hipp
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Sciences, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Sciences, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sascha Ferlaino
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Fries
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Boll
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Warnke M, Jung T, Dermer J, Hipp K, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Ferlaino S, Fries A, Müller M, Boll M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3
Synthesis by Enzymatic Steroid Side-Chain Hydroxylation with Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Warnke
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Juri Dermer
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Karin Hipp
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Sciences; Permoserstr. 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Sciences; Permoserstr. 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Sascha Ferlaino
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Alexander Fries
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Albertstrasse 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Matthias Boll
- Faculty of Biology - Microbiology; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
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