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Mélotte E, Maudoux A, Panda R, Kaux JF, Lagier A, Herr R, Belorgeot M, Laureys S, Gosseries O. Links Between Swallowing and Consciousness: A Narrative Review. Dysphagia 2023; 38:42-64. [PMID: 35773497 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This literature review explores a wide range of themes addressing the links between swallowing and consciousness. Signs of consciousness are historically based on the principle of differentiating reflexive from volitional behaviors. We show that the sequencing of the components of swallowing falls on a continuum of voluntary to reflex behaviors and we describe several types of volitional and non-volitional swallowing tasks. The frequency, speed of initiation of the swallowing reflex, efficacy of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing and coordination between respiration and swallowing are influenced by the level of consciousness during non-pathological modifications of consciousness such as sleep and general anesthesia. In patients with severe brain injury, the level of consciousness is associated with several components related to swallowing, such as the possibility of extubation, risk of pneumonia, type of feeding or components directly related to swallowing such as oral or pharyngeal abnormalities. Based on our theoretical and empirical analysis, the efficacy of the oral phase and the ability to receive exclusive oral feeding seem to be the most robust signs of consciousness related to swallowing in patients with disorders of consciousness. Components of the pharyngeal phase (in terms of abilities of saliva management) and evoked cough may be influenced by consciousness, but further studies are necessary to determine if they constitute signs of consciousness as such or only cortically mediated behaviors. This review also highlights the critical lack of tools and techniques to assess and treat dysphagia in patients with disorders of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Mélotte
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Audrey Maudoux
- Sensation and Perception Research Group, GIGA, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Rajanikant Panda
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aude Lagier
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Roxanne Herr
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marion Belorgeot
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, University Hospital of Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivia Gosseries
- Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Centre du Cerveau², University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Nakato R, Manabe N, Hanayama K, Kusunoki H, Hata J, Haruma K. Diagnosis and treatments for oropharyngeal dysphagia: effects of capsaicin evaluated by newly developed ultrasonographic method. J Smooth Muscle Res 2020; 56:46-57. [PMID: 32581185 PMCID: PMC7324726 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.56.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a common symptom in the older people, and may
cause fatal complications such as aspiration pneumonia. However, there is no
established treatment for OD. The relationship between the transient receptor
potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and substance P released by activated TRPV1 was
recently demonstrated. Further, there are several reports showing that
capsaicin, a specific agonist of TRPV1, can improve OD. Currently, the
evaluation of swallowing is mainly performed by videofluoroscopic examination.
However, there are no reports on the clinical application of ultrasonography
using tissue Doppler imaging. In this review, we describe the pathophysiology
and treatments for OD, introduce our novel US method to evaluate cervical
esophageal motility, and then outline our clinical study examining the effects
of capsaicin, a specific TRPV1 agonist, in older patients with OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Nakato
- Division of Endoscopy and Ultrasonography, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Noriaki Manabe
- Division of Endoscopy and Ultrasonography, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kozo Hanayama
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kusunoki
- Department of General Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Jiro Hata
- Division of Endoscopy and Ultrasonography, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ken Haruma
- Department of General Internal Medicine 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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Hossain MZ, Ando H, Unno S, Kitagawa J. Targeting Chemosensory Ion Channels in Peripheral Swallowing-Related Regions for the Management of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6214. [PMID: 32867366 PMCID: PMC7503421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal dysphagia, or difficulty in swallowing, is a major health problem that can lead to serious complications, such as pulmonary aspiration, malnutrition, dehydration, and pneumonia. The current clinical management of oropharyngeal dysphagia mainly focuses on compensatory strategies and swallowing exercises/maneuvers; however, studies have suggested their limited effectiveness for recovering swallowing physiology and for promoting neuroplasticity in swallowing-related neuronal networks. Several new and innovative strategies based on neurostimulation in peripheral and cortical swallowing-related regions have been investigated, and appear promising for the management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. The peripheral chemical neurostimulation strategy is one of the innovative strategies, and targets chemosensory ion channels expressed in peripheral swallowing-related regions. A considerable number of animal and human studies, including randomized clinical trials in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, have reported improvements in the efficacy, safety, and physiology of swallowing using this strategy. There is also evidence that neuroplasticity is promoted in swallowing-related neuronal networks with this strategy. The targeting of chemosensory ion channels in peripheral swallowing-related regions may therefore be a promising pharmacological treatment strategy for the management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. In this review, we focus on this strategy, including its possible neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zakir Hossain
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Department of Biology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
| | - Shumpei Unno
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
| | - Junichi Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
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Hossain MZ, Ando H, Unno S, Nakamoto T, Kitagawa J. Functional involvement of acid-sensing ion channel 3 in the swallowing reflex in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13728. [PMID: 31565832 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulty swallowing represents a major health problem. Swallowing function is improved by incorporating weak acids in suspensions/food boluses, implicating acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in the swallowing reflex. However, the functional involvement of ASICs in the swallowing reflex has not been fully elucidated. METHODS We localized ASIC3s in swallowing-related regions innervated by the superior laryngeal nerves (SLNs) and those in the nodose-petrosal-jugular ganglionic complex (NPJc) and examined their functional involvement in evoking the swallowing reflex in rats. KEY RESULTS We localized ASIC3s on epithelial cells and nerve fibers in swallowing-related regions innervated by the SLNs. In the NPJc, around half of the SLN-afferent neurons expressed ASIC3. Two-thirds of ASIC3s were localized on unmyelinated neurons in the nodose and petrosal ganglia. In the jugular ganglia, they were equally distributed on unmyelinated and myelinated neurons. Topical application of a synthetic non-proton ASIC3 activator, 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline (GMQ), and its natural endogenous ligand agmatine (a metabolite of the amino acid arginine) in swallowing-related regions evoked a considerable number of swallowing reflexes. Increasing the concentration of GMQ and agmatine up to a certain concentration increased the number of evoked reflexes and shortened the interval between the evoked reflexes. Agmatine was less potent than GMQ in its ability to evoke swallowing reflexes. Prior topical application of an ASIC3 antagonist significantly attenuated the number of GMQ- and agmatine-evoked swallowing reflexes. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Acid-sensing ion channel 3s localized on nerves and epithelial cells in swallowing-related regions are functional in evoking the swallowing reflex and activation of these channels via a pharmacological agonist appears to improve swallowing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zakir Hossain
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Department of Biology, Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Shumpei Unno
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Nakamoto
- Division of Oral Pathogenesis and Disease Control, Department of Oral Implantology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Junichi Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
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Mousa M, Sommer JU, Maurer JT. Reflex swallowing elicited by electrical stimulation in obstructive sleep apnea patients: A preliminary study. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 274:103351. [PMID: 31751667 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study tested whether electrical stimulation of the pharyngeal mucosa is able to induce reliably the swallowing reflex in awake and asleep obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, and whether the induced reflexes affect the sleep variables. In addition, the latency, occurrence, and morphology of swallows were evaluated. Eight patients received an esophageal catheter that was used on three consecutive nights for electrical stimulation and manometric recordings. The electrical stimulation proved itself safe, but its efficiency in inducing swallows sank from 80.0 % in awake to 37.4 % in sleeping subjects and was lowest in the sleep stage N3. The swallowing reflex was triggered with a mean latency of 3.69 ± 0.70 s, was predominantly induced in the hyperventilation phase, and had no significant effect on the subject's sleep variables. These findings indicate that electrical stimulation can more effectively trigger the swallowing reflex while the subjects are awake than during sleep without showing remarkable clinical benefits in terms of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mousa
- Institute of Embedded Systems, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - J Ulrich Sommer
- University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Joachim T Maurer
- University Hospital Mannheim, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mannheim, Germany.
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Hossain MZ, Ando H, Unno S, Masuda Y, Kitagawa J. Activation of TRPV1 and TRPM8 Channels in the Larynx and Associated Laryngopharyngeal Regions Facilitates the Swallowing Reflex. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4113. [PMID: 30567389 PMCID: PMC6321618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The larynx and associated laryngopharyngeal regions are innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) and are highly reflexogenic. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have recently been detected in SLN innervated regions; however, their involvement in the swallowing reflex has not been fully elucidated. Here, we explore the contribution of two TRP channels, TRPV1 and TRPM8, located in SLN-innervated regions to the swallowing reflex. Immunohistochemistry identified TRPV1 and TRPM8 on cell bodies of SLN afferents located in the nodose-petrosal-jugular ganglionic complex. The majority of TRPV1 and TRPM8 immunoreactivity was located on unmyelinated neurons. Topical application of different concentrations of TRPV1 and TRPM8 agonists modulated SLN activity. Application of the agonists evoked a significantly greater number of swallowing reflexes compared with the number evoked by distilled water. The interval between the reflexes evoked by the agonists was shorter than that produced by distilled water. Prior topical application of respective TRPV1 or TRPM8 antagonists significantly reduced the number of agonist-evoked reflexes. The findings suggest that the activation of TRPV1 and TRPM8 channels present in the swallowing-related regions can facilitate the evoking of swallowing reflex. Targeting the TRP channels could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zakir Hossain
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Department of Biology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Shumpei Unno
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Yuji Masuda
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
| | - Junichi Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
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Yamamura K, Kurose M, Okamoto K. Guide to Enhancing Swallowing Initiation: Insights from Findings in Healthy Subjects and Dysphagic Patients. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2018; 6:178-185. [PMID: 30147997 PMCID: PMC6096907 DOI: 10.1007/s40141-018-0192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Difficulty in initiating swallowing is one of the main symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Therefore, enhancing swallowing initiation is an important approach for the treatment of oropharyngeal dysphagia. This review aims to introduce recent approaches to enhancing swallowing and to discuss their therapeutic potential. RECENT FINDINGS Both central interventions such as non-invasive brain stimulation and peripheral interventions such as electrical stimulation to peripheral tissues are conducted to enhance swallowing. Recent studies have paid more attention to generating neuroplasticity to produce long-lasting facilitative effect on swallowing. SUMMARY Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PES), transcutaneous electrical stimulation, and somatic and chemical stimulation were introduced. Considerable evidence supports the therapeutic potential of TMS and PES. Other approaches need further studies to verify their efficacy (e.g., duration of the effect and a limit of effectiveness) and/or possible risk of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Yamamura
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514 Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurose
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514 Japan
| | - Keiichiro Okamoto
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514 Japan
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Takeishi R, Magara J, Watanabe M, Tsujimura T, Hayashi H, Hori K, Inoue M. Effects of pharyngeal electrical stimulation on swallowing performance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190608. [PMID: 29293640 PMCID: PMC5749827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharyngeal electrical stimulation (PEStim) has been found to facilitate voluntary swallowing. This study investigated how PEStim contributed to modulation of swallowing function in 15 healthy humans. In the involuntary swallowing test, water was injected onto the pharynx at 0.05 ml/s and the onset latency of the first swallow was measured. In the voluntary swallowing test, subjects swallowed their own saliva as quickly as possible for 30 s and the number of swallows was counted. Voluntary and involuntary swallowing was evaluated before (baseline), immediately after, and every 10 min after 10-min PEStim for 60 min. A voluntary swallowing test with simultaneous 30-s PEStim was also conducted before and 60 min after 10-min PEStim. The number of voluntary swallows with simultaneous PEStim significantly increased over 60 min after 10-min PEStim compared with the baseline. The onset latency of the first swallow in the involuntary swallowing test was not affected by 10-min PEStim. The results suggest that PEStim may have a long-term facilitatory effect on the initiation of voluntary swallowing in healthy humans, but not on peripherally-evoked swallowing. The physiological implications of this modulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Takeishi
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2–5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jin Magara
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2–5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2–5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takanori Tsujimura
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2–5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hayashi
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2–5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hori
- Division of Comprehensive Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2–5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2–5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Otake M, Kurose M, Uchida Y, Hasegawa M, Yamada Y, Saito I, Yamamura K. The interactions between different tastes on initiation of reflex swallow elicited by electrical stimulation in humans. Odontology 2015; 104:282-90. [PMID: 26702624 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-015-0226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The act of eating is a source of pleasure for people and is a major factor in maintaining a good quality of life. Several types of products for dysphagia patients are available to decrease aspiration of food that often accompanies daily food intake. The final goal of these products is to improve the ease of forming a food bolus and/or the safety of the swallowing process; however, tastes of products are not a major concern with initiation of swallowing. In the present study, we investigated the effect of bitter taste stimuli (quinine) and the combination of quinine and umami (monosodium glutamate: MSG) applied to the oropharynx on reflex swallows evoked by electrical stimulation to the oropharyngeal mucosa. Each of the distilled water (DW), quinine and quinine-MSG mixture solution (volume of each solutions, 100 µl) was applied 1 s prior to electrical stimulation. No swallow was evoked when each of the solutions was applied without electrical stimulation. The application of DW and lower concentration of quinine (<100 µM) did not affect the latency of reflex swallow, but 100 µM quinine application increased the latency of the reflex swallow. In addition, application of quinine-MSG mixture solution counteracted the increase in latency induced by quinine application alone. These findings suggest that MSG enhances the initiation of swallowing along with its well-known increase in appetite stimulation. Adding MSG might be effective when creating food to promote swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Otake
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.,Division of Orthodontics, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurose
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan.
| | | | - Mana Hasegawa
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | | | - Isao Saito
- Division of Orthodontics, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Division of Oral Physiology, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
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Aida S, Takeishi R, Magara J, Watanabe M, Ito K, Nakamura Y, Tsujimura T, Hayashi H, Inoue M. Peripheral and central control of swallowing initiation in healthy humans. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:404-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tsuji K, Tsujimura T, Magara J, Sakai S, Nakamura Y, Inoue M. Changes in the frequency of swallowing during electrical stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve in rats. Brain Res Bull 2014; 111:53-61. [PMID: 25542096 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the adaptation of the swallowing reflex in terms of reduced swallowing reflex initiation following continuous superior laryngeal nerve stimulation. Forty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with urethane. To identify swallowing, electromyographic activity of the left mylohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles was recorded. To evoke the swallowing response, the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), recurrent laryngeal nerve, or cortical swallowing area was electrically stimulated. Repetitive swallowing evoked by continuous SLN stimulation was gradually reduced, and this reduction was dependent on the resting time duration between stimulations. Prior SLN stimulation also suppressed subsequent swallowing initiation. The reduction in evoked swallows induced by recurrent laryngeal nerve or cortical swallowing area stimulation was less than that following superior laryngeal nerve stimulation. Decerebration had no effect on the reduction in evoked swallows. Prior subthreshold stimulation reduced subsequent initiation of swallowing, suggesting that there was no relationship between swallowing movement evoked by prior stimulation and the subsequent reduction in swallowing initiation. Overall, these data suggest that reduced sensory afferent nerve firing and/or trans-synaptic responses, as well as part of the brainstem central pattern generator, are involved in adaptation of the swallowing reflex following continuous stimulation of swallow-inducing peripheral nerves and cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojun Tsuji
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Takanori Tsujimura
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Jin Magara
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Shogo Sakai
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
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Abe K, Weisz SEM, Dunn RL, DiGioacchino MC, Nyentap JA, Stanbouly S, Theurer JA, Bureau Y, Affoo RH, Martin RE. Occurrences of yawn and swallow are temporally related. Dysphagia 2014; 30:57-66. [PMID: 25240300 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-014-9573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Yawning is a stereotyped motor behavior characterized by deep inhalation and associated dilation of the respiratory tract, pronounced jaw opening, and facial grimacing. The frequency of spontaneous yawning varies over the diurnal cycle, peaking after waking and before sleep. Yawning can also be elicited by seeing or hearing another yawn, or by thinking about yawning, a phenomenon known as "contagious yawning". Yawning is mediated by a distributed network of brainstem and supratentorial brain regions, the components of which are shared with other airway behaviors including respiration, swallowing, and mastication. Nevertheless, the possibility of behavioral coordination between yawning and other brainstem-mediated functions has not been examined. Here we show, with a double-blind methodology, a greater-than-fivefold increase in rest (saliva) swallowing rate during the 10-s period immediately following contagious yawning elicited in 14 adult humans through the viewing of videotaped yawn stimuli. Sixty-five percent of yawns were followed by a swallow within 10 s and swallows accounted for 26 % of all behaviors produced during this post-yawn period. This novel finding of a tight temporal coupling between yawning and swallowing provides preliminary evidence that yawning and swallowing are physiologically related, thus extending current models of upper airway physiology and neurophysiology. Moreover, our finding suggests the possibility that yawning plays a role in eliciting rest swallowing, a view not considered in previous theories of yawning. As such, the present demonstration of a temporal association between yawning and swallowing motivates a re-examination of the longstanding question, "Why do we yawn?".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Abe
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada,
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Miller S, Kühn D, Jungheim M, Schwemmle C, Ptok M. [Neuromuscular electric stimulation therapy in otorhinolaryngology]. HNO 2014; 62:131-8; quiz 139-40. [PMID: 24549514 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-013-2810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal experiments have shown that after specific nerve traumatization, neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) can promote nerve regeneration and reduce synkinesia without negatively interfering with normal regeneration processes. NMES is used routinely in physical rehabilitation medicine. METHODS This systematic literature search in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the DAHTA database, the Health Technology Assessment Database and MEDLINE or PubMed considered studies on the use of NMES in otorhinolaryngology that have been published in German or English. RESULTS The search identified 180 studies. These were evaluated and relevant studies were included in the further evaluation. DISCUSSION In the fields of otorhinolaryngology and phoniatry/paediatric audiology, clinical studies investigating the effects of NMES on facial and laryngeal paresis, as well as dysphonia and dysphagia have been carried out. The evidence collected to date is encouraging; particularly for the treatment of certain forms of dysphagia and laryngeal paresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miller
- Klinik für Phoniatrie und Pädaudiologie, MHH. OE 6510, 30623, Hannover, Deutschland
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Takahashi K, Shingai T, Saito I, Yamamura K, Yamada Y, Kitagawa J. Facilitation of the swallowing reflex with bilateral afferent input from the superior laryngeal nerve. Neurosci Lett 2014; 562:50-3. [PMID: 24462841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To determine the cooperative effect of laryngeal afferent signals on the swallowing reflex, we examined whether afferent signals originating from the left and right superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) modulates elicitation of the swallowing reflex in urethane-anesthetized rats. Mylohyoid electromyographic activity was recorded to quantify the swallowing reflex. The onset latency of the swallowing reflex and the time intervals between successive swallows were used to quantify and compare the effects of unilateral and bilateral electrical stimulations of the SLN. The mean latency of the first swallow and the mean time interval between swallows evoked with low frequency stimulation were both significantly different between unilateral and bilateral stimulations of the SLN. These findings suggest that facilitatory effect of afferent signals originating from the SLN bilaterally increase the motoneuronal activity in the medullary swallowing center and enhance the swallowing reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Tomio Shingai
- Niigata University of Rehabilitation, 2-16, Kaminoyama, Murakami, Niigata 958-0053, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamada
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Junichi Kitagawa
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
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Imtiaz U, Yamamura K, Kong W, Sessa S, Lin Z, Bartolomeo L, Ishii H, Zecca M, Yamada Y, Takanishi A. Application of wireless inertial measurement units and EMG sensors for studying deglutition - Preliminary results. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2014; 2014:5381-5384. [PMID: 25571210 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6944842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Different types of sensors are being used to study deglutition and mastication. These often suffer from problems related to portability, cost, reliability, comfort etc. that make it difficult to use for long term studies. An inertial measurement based sensor seems a good fit in this application; however its use has not been explored much for the specific application of deglutition research. In this paper, we present a system comprised of an IMU and EMG sensor that are integrated together as a single system. With a preliminary experiment, we determine that the system can be used for measuring the head-neck posture during swallowing in addition to other parameters during the swallowing phase. The EMG sensor may not always be a reliable source of physiological data especially for small clustered muscles like the ones responsible for swallowing. In this case, we explore the possibility of using gyroscopic data for the recognition of deglutition events.
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Miller S, Jungheim M, Kühn D, Ptok M. Electrical stimulation in treatment of pharyngolaryngeal dysfunctions. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2013; 65:154-68. [PMID: 24356211 DOI: 10.1159/000355562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been proposed in the treatment of laryngopharyngeal dysfunctions (dysphonia, dyspnoea, dysphagia) for more than 40 years. Several studies have investigated possible therapeutic effects. Some researchers described favourable results, whereas others did not find relevant benefits. This article aims to review available studies to give an overview regarding the current state of knowledge. METHODS We conducted a selective literature search using PubMed. RESULTS In total, 356 papers were identified: 6 case reports, 11 reviews, 43 prospective clinical trials and 3 retrospective trials were found. CONCLUSION Due to different stimulation protocols, electrode positioning and various underlying pathological conditions, summarizing the present studies appears to be difficult. However, there is evidence that NMES is a valuable adjunct in patients with dysphagia and in patients with vocal fold paresis. Nevertheless, more empirical data is needed to fully understand the benefits provided by NMES. Further research suggestions are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Miller
- Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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