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Wang K, Cheng Z, Qiao D, Xie F, Zhao S, Zhang B. Polysaccharide-dextrin thickened fluids for individuals with dysphagia: recent advances in flow behaviors and swallowing assessment methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38556920 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2330711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The global aging population has brought about a pressing health concern: dysphagia. To effectively address this issue, we must develop specialized diets, such as thickened fluids made with polysaccharide-dextrin (e.g., water, milk, juices, and soups), which are crucial for managing swallowing-related problems like aspiration and choking for people with dysphagia. Understanding the flow behaviors of these thickened fluids is paramount, and it enables us to establish methods for evaluating their suitability for individuals with dysphagia. This review focuses on the shear and extensional flow properties (e.g., viscosity, yield stress, and viscoelasticity) and tribology (e.g., coefficient of friction) of polysaccharide-dextrin-based thickened fluids and highlights how dextrin inclusion influences fluid flow behaviors considering molecular interactions and chain dynamics. The flow behaviors can be integrated into the development of diverse evaluation methods that assess aspects such as flow velocity, risk of aspiration, and remaining fluid volume. In this context, the key in-vivo (e.g., clinical examination and animal model), in-vitro (e.g., the Cambridge Throat), and in-silico (e.g., Hamiltonian moving particles semi-implicit) evaluation methods are summarized. In addition, we explore the potential for establishing realistic assessment methods to evaluate the swallowing performance of thickened fluids, offering promising prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zihang Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongling Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengwei Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Siming Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Binjia Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Ribes S, Talens P. Correlating instrumental measurements and sensory perceptions of foods with different textural properties for people with impaired oral and swallowing capabilities - A review. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113472. [PMID: 37803794 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The rising global life expectancy has underlined the necessity of designing novel and tasty food products, suitable for seniors and people with impaired oral and swallowing functions. For developing these products, texture should be optimised from rheological, colloidal, tribological, and masticatory points of view. The current review provides an overview of different studies based on shear rheological, tribological, and in vitro mastication properties of model or real food systems intended for the elderly and/or people with swallowing dysfunctions, with special emphasis on the relation between the instrumental measurements and sensory perceptions of foods. Several works demonstrated that instrumental data from shear rheological and tribological tests complement the sensory evaluations of foods, providing useful information when designing food commodities for specific populations. Conversely, only few works correlated the instrumental data obtained from artificial mouths and/or simulated masticators with the sensory attributes generated by trained assessors. Broaden knowledge of these topics will help in formulating and adapting foods with enhanced functionalities for people with impaired oral and swallowing capabilities. Shear rheology, soft oral tribology, and simulated mastication tests are crucial in designing safe- and easy-swallowing food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ribes
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos - Food UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pau Talens
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos - Food UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Yasuda T, Shimokasa K. Improved system for measuring rheological properties of thickened liquid using an inclined parallel plate and optical sensor. J Texture Stud 2023; 54:510-520. [PMID: 37144497 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve the method of using an inclined parallel plate (IPP) in directly estimating the yield stressτ iy and evaluating the properties of a thickened liquid. The flow curve of the relationship between the shear rate and shear stress of a liquid thickened with a xanthan gum agent was predicted using the Herschel-Bulkley fluid model ( τ = τ y + k γ ˙ n - 1 ). We supposed that the yield stressτ y and the result of a line spread test (LST) indicate the deformation state and the flow state of shear stress ( k γ ˙ n - 1 ), respectively.τ iy , the yield stressτ ry estimated adopting a rotational viscometer and LST, was investigated for three liquids thickened with xanthan gum at four concentrations (C) at intervals of 0.5 wt% within the range 0.5-2.0 wt%. Linear plots of the relations of C versusτ iy andτ ry and the LST show that with an increase in C , the resistance force (τ ry andτ iy ) increases until flow starts, after which viscosity increases. We suggest that yield stressτ iy estimated with the IPP method effectively indicates the rheological properties of thickened liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Yasuda
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tokyo National College of Technology, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimokasa
- Course of System Engineering, Division of Industrial Technology, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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Gamonpilas C, Kongjaroen A, Methacanon P. The importance of shear and extensional rheology and tribology as the design tools for developing food thickeners for dysphagia management. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Katherine Sofia TO, Sotelo-Díaz LI, Caez-Ramírez GR. Mechanical and rheological categorization of food patterns suitable for older adults with swallowing limitation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2140811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luz Indira Sotelo-Díaz
- Research group in food and process management and service, EICEA, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | - Gabriela R Caez-Ramírez
- Research Group in Procesos Agroindustriales, Engineering Faculty, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
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Shen Z, Hou Y, Huerman A, Ma A. Patients with dysphagia: How to supply nutrition through non-tube feeding. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1060630. [PMID: 36532550 PMCID: PMC9757495 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysphagia has become one of the important factors that cause malnutrition in the whole age group. At present, tube feeding is still the mainstream means to solve the problem of dysphagia. However, tube feeding has physical and mental harm to people, and the ways of non-tube feeding are relatively diversified. The significance of the thickening mechanism described in some articles to solve the problem of dysphagia is not clear. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS All patients with dysphagia worldwide, including oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) and non-oropharyngeal dysphagia. METHODS We searched the literature in Pubmed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library and initially browsed the titles and abstracts. We reviewed the full text of the articles that met our topic, and the language of the article was limited to English. RESULTS We found that food thickening to a certain degree (350-1,750 cP) can reduce the complications of choking, aspiration, reflux, and other complications in patients with dysphagia, and reduce the social disorder, anxiety, and other psychological problems caused by catheterization and surgery. Significantly, food science engineers should invite clinicians to intervene in the development of specialty foods from different perspectives such as clinical pathophysiology and fluid mechanics. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS It is necessary to develop special foods for patients with dysphagia, which requires scientists from different disciplines to work together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhean Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu, China
- Nutritional Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingze Hou
- Sanquan College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ayideng Huerman
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu, China
| | - Aiqin Ma
- Nutritional Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai, China
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Proposal for a Standard Protocol to Assess the Rheological Behavior of Thickening Products for Oropharyngeal Dysphagia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235028. [PMID: 36501058 PMCID: PMC9738203 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing shear viscosity (ShV) in thickening products (TP) is a valid therapeutic strategy for oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). However, salivary amylase in the oral phase and shear rate in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing can change the viscosity of TPs when swallowed. This study aims to design and validate a rheological protocol to reproduce the oral and pharyngeal factors that affect the therapeutic effect of TPs and report the viscosity measurements in a standardized scientific and precise manner. We measured (a) the variability of the ShV measurements across several laboratories; (b) the in vitro and ex vivo properties of TPs and (c) the impact of the X-ray contrast Omnipaque, temperature and resting time on the rheological properties of TPs. A common protocol was applied in four international laboratories to assess five ShV values (100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mPa·s) for the xanthan-gum TP Tsururinko Quickly (TQ). The protocol included the dose (g/100 mL water), stirring procedure and standing time before measurement. Each value was characterized at the shear rate of 50 and 300 s-1 pre- and post-oral incubation in eight volunteers. The effect of temperature, standing time and Omnipaque was assessed. The main results of the study were: (a) The mean intra-laboratory variability on the ShV at all levels was very low: 0.85%. The mean inter-laboratory variability was higher: 9.3%; (b) The shear thinning of TQ at 300 s-1 was 75-80%. Increasing the temperature or standing time did not affect the ShV, and oral amylase caused a small decrease; (c) Omnipaque slightly decreased the dose of TP and hardly affected the amylase resistance or shear thinning. This study showed that different laboratories can obtain very accurate and similar ShV measurements using this protocol which uses scientific, universal SI units (mPa·s). Our protocol accurately reproduces oral and pharyngeal factors affecting the therapeutic effect of TPs. The addition of X-ray contrast did not produce significant changes.
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Kongjaroen A, Methacanon P, Seetapan N, Fuongfuchat A, Gamonpilas C, Nishinari K. Effects of dispersing media on the shear and extensional rheology of xanthan gum and guar gum-based thickeners used for dysphagia management. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Baixauli R, Bolivar-Prados M, Ismael-Mohammed K, Clavé P, Tárrega A, Laguna L. Characterization of Dysphagia Thickeners Using Texture Analysis-What Information Can Be Useful? Gels 2022; 8:gels8070430. [PMID: 35877515 PMCID: PMC9323126 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides shear viscosity, other texture parameters (adhesiveness or cohesiveness) might be relevant for safe swallowing in people suffering from oropharyngeal dysphagia. Shear viscosity is assessed through protocols developed using a viscometer or a rheometer. In contrast, protocols and instruments (capillary break-up rheometer) to assess adhesiveness and cohesiveness are less common and much less developed. Other equipment such as texture analyzers can provide useful information on food properties. Here, we aimed to explore different texture analyzer settings (type of test, probe, and protocol) to characterize four commercial dysphagia thickeners at the shear viscosity levels recommended by manufacturers. Among the tests used (extrusion or penetration) with the different probes (disc, cone and shape holder, sphere, or cylinder), cone extrusion provided information about adhesivity, disc extrusion about sample cohesiveness, and sphere about penetration and sample elasticity. The test speeds used influenced the results, but only one speed is needed as the different speeds provided the same fluid information; for easiness, it is proposed to use 1 mm/s. Comparing the texture analyzer results with viscosity values obtained at different shears, the texture analyzer parameters reflected information that differ from shear viscosity. This information could be relevant for the therapeutic effect of thickening products and food characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Baixauli
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (R.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Mireia Bolivar-Prados
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain; (M.B.-P.); (K.I.-M.); (P.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 08304 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kovan Ismael-Mohammed
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain; (M.B.-P.); (K.I.-M.); (P.C.)
| | - Pere Clavé
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain; (M.B.-P.); (K.I.-M.); (P.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 08304 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Tárrega
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (R.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Laura Laguna
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain; (R.B.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Ibañez FC, Merino G, Marín-Arroyo MR, Beriain MJ. Instrumental and sensory techniques to characterize the texture of foods suitable for dysphagic people: A systematic review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2738-2771. [PMID: 35481665 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interest to characterize texture-modified foods (TMFs) intended for people with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) has grown significantly since 2011. Several instrumental and sensory techniques have been applied in the analysis of these foods. The objective of the present systematic review was to identify the most appropriate techniques, especially for the food industry and clinical setting. The search was carried out in three online databases according to the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA). Across the multiple trials reviewed, Texture Profile Analysis and the Uniaxial Compression Test were most used as the instrumental technique for solid foods, and the Back Extrusion Test for fluid and semisolid foods. All trials used descriptive analysis as the sensory technique. However, the experimental conditions of the trials lacked standardization. Consequently, the results of the trials were not comparable. To properly characterize the texture of TMFs intended for OD by each technique, an international consensus is needed to establish standardized experimental conditions. Methods based on these techniques should also be validated by collaborative studies to verify repeatability, replicability, and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Ibañez
- Institute for Sustainability and Food Chain Innovation, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gorka Merino
- Institute for Sustainability and Food Chain Innovation, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - María José Beriain
- Institute for Sustainability and Food Chain Innovation, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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On the assessment of shear and extensional rheology of thickened liquids from commercial gum-based thickeners used in dysphagia management. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wong LY, Ng ML, Tong ETS. How Accurate Are the Consistency Labels Used in Hong Kong? An Objective Study of the Consistency of Thickened Liquids Using International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative and Consistometric Measurements. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2021; 74:167-175. [PMID: 34348310 DOI: 10.1159/000518480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study objectively examined the consistency (thickness) of labels that are used in Hong Kong for the population with dysphagia using an International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) flow test and Bostwick consistometric measurements. METHODS Liquids were prepared by thickening water to achieve 4 consistency labels (slightly thick, mildly thick, medium thick, and extra thick) according to manufacturer's instructions, employing 2 types of thickening products that are used in Hong Kong, i.e., starch based and gum based. For each consistency label prepared using each thickening product, the IDDSI flow test and consistometric measurements were obtained and compared. RESULTS The results showed that the actual thickness of liquids was highly dependent on the type of thickener (starch based vs. gum based) used. Thickened liquids prepared using the starch-based thickener were generally thinner than the actual value at a lower concentration. CONCLUSION Though prepared strictly following the manufacturer's instructions, the thickened liquids fail to faithfully correlate with the standardized norms established according to the IDDSI framework and the objective consistometric measurement using a Bostwick consistometer. Therefore, caution must be exercised when administering a thickened diet following the manufacturer's instructions for patients with dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yat Wong
- Speech Science Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Manwa L Ng
- Speech Science Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric T S Tong
- Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Welfare Council, Hong Kong, China
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Thickened liquids: do they still have a place in the dysphagia toolkit? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 28:145-154. [PMID: 32332203 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of commercially or naturally thickened liquids is a well-established treatment for patients with dysphagia to fluids, the aim of which is to improve swallow safety by minimizing risk of aspiration. Although the most recent systematic reviews conclude that this treatment lacks evidential support and leads to patient-reported worsening health and quality of life, thickened liquids continue to be used with patients with dysphagia across clinical settings. This review briefly summarizes the evidence and considers potential reasons for the apparent mismatch between the evidence and clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Continuing practice with thickened liquids is influenced by a range of factors, including gaps in clinical knowledge, inadequate patient involvement, a culture of common practice and a reliance on invalid surrogate studies or research lacking a credible association between thickened liquids and clinically meaningful endpoints. SUMMARY While awaiting further research, clinical decision-making about thickened liquids can be improved by considering the evidence of clinically meaningful endpoints, promoting shared decision-making with patients and underpinning practice with knowledge about the complex relationship between dysphagia, aspiration and pneumonia.
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Hadde EK, Chen J. Texture and texture assessment of thickened fluids and texture-modified food for dysphagia management. J Texture Stud 2020; 52:4-15. [PMID: 33155674 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thickened fluids and texture-modified foods are commonly used in the medical management of individuals who suffer from swallowing difficulty (known as dysphagia). However, how to reliably assess texture properties of such food systems is still a big challenge both to industry and to academic researchers. This article aims to identify key physical parameters that are important for objective assessment of such properties by reviewing the significance of rheological or textural properties of thickened fluids and texture-modified foods for swallowing. Literature reviews have identified that dominating textural properties in relation to swallowing could be very different for thickened fluids and for texture-modified foods. Important parameters of thickened fluids are generally related with the flow of the bolus in the pharyngeal stage, while important parameters of texture-modified foods are generally related with the bolus preparation in the oral stage as well as the bolus flow in the pharyngeal stage. This review helps to identify key textural parameters of thickened fluids and texture-modified foods in relation to eating and swallowing and to develop objective measuring techniques for quality control of thickened fluids and texture-modified foods for dysphagia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico K Hadde
- Lab of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianshe Chen
- Lab of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Hadde EK, Cichero JAY, Zhao S, Chen W, Chen J. The Importance of Extensional Rheology in Bolus Control during Swallowing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16106. [PMID: 31695062 PMCID: PMC6834566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thickened fluids are commonly used in the medical management of individuals who suffer swallowing difficulty (known as dysphagia). Previous studies have shown that the rheological properties of a liquid affect the flow behavior of the bolus in swallowing, such as pharyngeal transit time. While there is no doubt that shear rheology is a highly important factor for bolus flow, it is suspected that extensional properties of a liquid bolus also plays an important role in swallowing, due to elongation of the bolus as it flows through the oropharynx. Our aim in this work was to observe the effect of extensional viscosity on pharyngeal transit time and elongation of the bolus during swallowing. Eight samples of thickened liquid barium that were shear-controlled, but varied in extensional viscosity and two samples that were extensional-controlled, but varied in shear viscosity were swallowed by eight healthy individuals. Data were collected under lateral view of videofluoroscopy swallow study (VFSS); measures of pharyngeal transit time and the ratio of the length to the width of the bolus on the frame of Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES) opening were taken from the VFSS recordings. It was observed that the pharyngeal transit time generally increases when the fluids are thickened to higher IDDSI consistency. Additionally, higher extensional viscosity fluids reduced the elongation of the bolus during swallowing, thus potentially reducing the risk of post-swallow residue due to bolus breakage. This study confirmed the relevance of the extensional viscosity of the bolus in swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Karsten Hadde
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | | | - Shaofeng Zhao
- The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- The Eight Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianshe Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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