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Glass TJ, Russell JA, Fisher EH, Ostadi M, Aori N, Yu YE, Connor NP. Altered tongue muscle contractile properties coincide with altered swallow function in the adult Ts65Dn mouse model of down syndrome. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1384572. [PMID: 38585362 PMCID: PMC10995394 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1384572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Down syndrome (DS) is a developmental disability associated with difficulties in deglutition. The adult Ts65Dn mouse model of DS has been previously shown to have differences in measures of swallowing compared with euploid controls. However, the putative mechanisms of these differences in swallowing function are unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that the Ts65Dn genotype is associated with atypical measures of tongue muscle contractile properties, coinciding with atypical swallow function. Methods Adult (5-month-old) Ts65Dn (n = 15 female, 14 male) and euploid sibling controls (n = 16 female, 14 male) were evaluated through videofluoroscopy swallow studies (VFSS) to quantify measures of swallowing performance including swallow rate and inter-swallow interval (ISI). After VFSS, retrusive tongue muscle contractile properties, including measures of muscle fatigue, were determined using bilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulation. Results The Ts65Dn group had significantly slower swallow rates, significantly greater ISI times, significantly slower rates of tongue force development, and significantly greater levels of tongue muscle fatigue, with lower retrusive tongue forces than controls in fatigue conditions. Conclusion Tongue muscle contractile properties are altered in adult Ts65Dn and coincide with altered swallow function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J. Glass
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - John A. Russell
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Erin H. Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marziyeh Ostadi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nanyumuzi Aori
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Y. Eugene Yu
- The Children’s Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nadine P. Connor
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Barikroo A, Zinser A. Impact of Varying Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Pulse Frequency on Swallow Timing Measures in Healthy Adults. Dysphagia 2024; 39:140-149. [PMID: 37436448 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-023-10601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The impaired swallow timing subsequent to dysphagia or aging can potentially endanger swallowing safety and efficiency. Preliminary evidence has suggested that transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) may have the potential to affect swallow timing. However, limited knowledge exists regarding which TES parameters can optimize swallow timing. Pulse frequency is one of the primary TES parameters that can affect the quality of muscle contraction. Yet, no clear information exists regarding how changing pulse frequency impacts the timing of swallowing events. This study aimed to investigate the varying effects of submental TES pulse frequency on swallowing events during and post-15-min TES administration. Twenty-six healthy individuals between the ages of 20 and 54 participated in this study and were assigned to high pulse frequency (HPF) (80 Hz) or low pulse frequency (LPF) (30 Hz) groups. Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was used to record swallowing. Three trials of 10 mL pureed mixed with barium sulfate were presented under three different conditions, including pre-TES, during TES, and post-TES, in which measures were taken following 15 min of TES delivery. The swallow timing events that were measured in each condition were time to maximum hyoid elevation, time to maximum laryngeal elevation, laryngeal vestibule closure reaction time (LVCrt), laryngeal vestibule closure duration (LVCd), time to maximum pharyngeal constriction, and pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) opening duration. No significant pulse frequency effect was found on any swallow timing measures during or after 15 min of TES. Both protocols decreased the duration of some swallowing events during TES including time to maximum hyoid elevation [p < 0.017, ηp2 = 0.185], LVCrt [p < 0.032, ηp2 = 0.158], and time to maximum pharyngeal constriction [p < 0.034, ηp2 = 0.155]. None of the significant TES effects were continued when TES ceased after 15 min. Overall, both protocols have comparable immediate effects on shortening the duration of some swallowing events during TES. Future clinical trials should examine whether these physiologic timing changes can lead to safer and more efficient swallows in patients with dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Barikroo
- Swallowing Physiology & Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Speech Pathology and Audiology Program, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA.
| | - Alyssa Zinser
- Swallowing Physiology & Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Speech Pathology and Audiology Program, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA
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Szynkiewicz SH, Drulia T, Griffin L, Mulheren R, Murray KL, Lee T, Kamarunas E. Flexibility for Intensity Dosing in Lingual Resistance Exercises: A Large Randomized Clinical Trial in Typically Aging Adults as Proof of Principle. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2023; 32:3021-3035. [PMID: 37850842 DOI: 10.1044/2023_ajslp-23-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of intensity dosing during tongue exercise on tongue pressure generation, adherence, and perceived effort. DESIGN This was a five-site, prospective, randomized clinical trial. Outcome measures were obtained across multiple baselines, biweekly during exercise, and 4-weeks post-intervention. SETTING The general community at each study site. PARTICIPANTS Typically aging adults between 55-82 years of age with no history of neurological or swallowing disorders. Eighty-four volunteers completed the study. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to one of four exercise groups: (a) maximum intensity/no biofeedback, (b) progressive intensity/no biofeedback, (c) maximum intensity/biofeedback, and (d) progressive intensity/biofeedback. Half of the participants completed a maintenance exercise program. OUTCOME MEASURES Maximum isometric pressure (MIP), regular effort saliva swallow pressure, adherence, and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale. RESULTS All exercise protocols were efficacious for gains in MIP (large effect sizes; Cohen's d). Group 3 made gains in regular effort saliva swallow pressure (medium effect size). There was a significant change in perceived exertion for regular effort saliva swallow pressure at 8 weeks. Tongue pressure gains were maintained at 1 month, regardless of maintenance group status. Mean adherence across groups was high. CONCLUSIONS All groups improved pressure generation. Intensity dosing differences did not affect strength gains, adherence, or detraining. Regular effort saliva swallow pressure may be most responsive to maximum intensity with biofeedback. The findings suggest flexibility in approach to tongue exercise protocols. Tongue muscles may differ from limb muscles in terms of dose response and neuroplasticity principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Szynkiewicz
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Samford University, Birmingham, AL
| | - Teresa Drulia
- Davies School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth
| | - Lindsay Griffin
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Emerson College, Boston, MA
| | - Rachel Mulheren
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kelsey L Murray
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA
| | - Theresa Lee
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Erin Kamarunas
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA
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Barikroo A, Im I, Crary M, Carnaby G. Effects of Age and Lingual-Palatal Pressure Levels on Submental Surface Electromyography Measures. Dysphagia 2023; 38:1277-1285. [PMID: 36656382 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-023-10553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Submental surface electromyography (sEMG) may provide information about the lingual-palatal pressure (LPP) during swallowing. However, the extent to which changes in age and LPP levels are reflected in different sEMG measures is unclear. This study aimed to understand the effects of age and different levels of submaximal LPPs on submental sEMG peak, average, and integrated values in healthy adults. Ninety community-dwelling healthy participants were categorized into three age groups (young: 20-39 years, middle age: 40-59 years, older: 60 ≥ years). sEMG and LPP measurements were collected concurrently. After placing the sEMG electrodes, the maximal isometric LPP was established using the Iowa oral performance instrument (IOPI) on the anterior tongue. sEMG recordings were conducted for three submaximal LPP levels, including 40%, 60%, and 80% of the maximum LPP. Two-way repeated measure ANOVAs were conducted to find the effects of age and varying LPP levels on mean sEMG peak, average, and integrated measures. A significant age by LPP level interaction was identified for sEMG peak [F (4, 172) = 4.116, p < 0.007, ηp2 = 0.087], sEMG average [F (4, 170) = 5.049, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.106], and sEMG integrated values [F (4, 170) = 4.179, p < 0.003, ηp2 = 0.090]. Post hoc testing demonstrated that, in general, sEMG values significantly increased with rising LPP levels, primarily for younger and middle-aged adults. Furthermore, at 80% of maximum LPP, older adults generated less sEMG average and integrated values than middle age (only significant for sEMG integrated value) and younger adults. Likewise, max LPP was lower in older adults compared with young and middle-aged groups. Submental sEMG has the potential to be incorporated into a skill-based lingual exercise paradigm to improve tongue function during swallowing. Moreover, submental sEMG can characterize some age-related subclinical changes in swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Barikroo
- Swallowing Physiology & Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Speech Pathology and Audiology Program, School of Health Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH, 44242-0001, USA.
| | - Ikjae Im
- Department of Language and Rehabilitation, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | | | - Giselle Carnaby
- School of Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Bioenergetic Evaluation of Muscle Fatigue in Murine Tongue. Dysphagia 2022:10.1007/s00455-022-10537-y. [DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMuscle fatigue is the diminution of force required for a particular action over time. Fatigue may be particularly pronounced in aging muscles, including those used for swallowing actions. Because risk for swallowing impairment (dysphagia) increases with aging, the contribution of muscle fatigue to age-related dysphagia is an emerging area of interest. The use of animal models, such as mice and rats (murine models) allows experimental paradigms for studying the relationship between muscle fatigue and swallowing function with a high degree of biological precision that is not possible in human studies. The goal of this article is to review basic experimental approaches to the study of murine tongue muscle fatigue related to dysphagia. Traditionally, murine muscle fatigue has been studied in limb muscles through direct muscle stimulation and behavioral exercise paradigms. As such, physiological and bioenergetic markers of muscle fatigue that have been validated in limb muscles may be applicable in studies of cranial muscle fatigue with appropriate modifications to account for differences in muscle architecture, innervation ratio, and skeletal support. Murine exercise paradigms may be used to elicit acute fatigue in tongue muscles, thereby enabling study of putative muscular adaptations. Using these approaches, hypotheses can be developed and tested in mice and rats to allow for future focused studies in human subjects geared toward developing and optimizing treatments for age-related dysphagia.
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Brates D, Harel D, Molfenter SM. Perception of Swallowing-Related Fatigue Among Older Adults. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2022; 65:2801-2814. [PMID: 35921661 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although fatigue is recognized as clinically relevant to swallowing performance, its prevalence and significance in dysphagic and nondysphagic adults have not been sufficiently examined. In this study, an online survey was used to examine swallowing- and eating-related fatigue (SERF) symptoms, the relationship between perceived SERF and other dysphagia-related health outcomes, and whether perceived SERF predicts risk for dysphagia or malnutrition. METHOD An online survey of older adults (aged 60 years or older) was conducted. A novel 12-item scale was developed to capture perceived SERF. Previously validated scales were used to measure dysphagia risk, sarcopenia, general fatigue, malnutrition risk, and quality of life. Logistic regression was used to examine whether SERF predicted risk for dysphagia and/or malnutrition. RESULTS Complete responses were collected from 417 community-dwelling adults (M age = 70.6 years, SD = 4.9; 263 women); 75% (n = 312) reported at least some degree of SERF. SERF was significantly correlated with dysphagia risk, sarcopenia, general fatigue, malnutrition risk, and quality of life. SERF was a significant predictor of dysphagia risk while controlling for age, gender, and other health outcomes (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI; 1.16, 1.27], p < .001). For every unit increase in SERF score, the odds of being at risk for dysphagia were associated with an increase of 22%. Significant predictors for malnutrition risk included SERF (OR = 0.94, 95% CI [0.91, 0.98]), general fatigue (OR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.92, 0.99]), and quality of life (OR = 1.04, 95% CI [1.0, 1.1]). CONCLUSIONS Fatigue during swallowing and mealtimes is experienced by community-dwelling older adults and predicted dysphagia risk and malnutrition risk. Further research is needed to refine and validate a patient-reported outcome measure for SERF and examine the effects of fatigue on swallowing function and physiology under imaging. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.20405835.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brates
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, NY
| | - Daphna Harel
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, NY
| | - Sonja M Molfenter
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, NY
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Inamoto Y, Kaneoka A. Swallowing Disorders in the Elderly. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-021-00339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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