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Shao JM, Bingener J, Alimi Y, Puri R, McHugh K, Gomez-Garibello C, Shim JK, Collins C, Sylla P, Qureshi AP. SAGES White Paper on the importance of diversity in surgical leadership: creating the fundamentals of leadership development (FLD) curriculum. Surg Endosc 2024; 38:2939-2946. [PMID: 38664294 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-024-10815-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) has long recognized and championed increasing diversity within the surgical workplace. SAGES initiated the Fundamentals of Leadership Development (FLD) Curriculum to address these needs and to provide surgeon leaders with the necessary tools and skills to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in surgical practice. In 2019, the American College of Surgeons issued a request for anti-racism initiatives which lead to the partnering of the two societies. The primary goal of FLD was to create the first surgeon-focused leadership curriculum dedicated to DEI. The rationale/development of this curriculum and its evaluation/feedback methods are detailed in this White Paper. METHODS The FLD curriculum was developed by a multidisciplinary task force that included surgeons, education experts, and diversity consultants. The curriculum development followed the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) instructional design model and utilized a problem-based learning approach. Competencies were identified, and specific learning objectives and assessments were developed. The implementation of the curriculum was designed to be completed in short intervals (virtual and in-person). Post-course surveys used the Kirkpatrick's model to evaluate the curriculum and provide valuable feedback. RESULTS The curriculum consisted of interactive online modules, an online discussion forum, and small group interactive sessions focused in three key areas: (1) increasing pipeline of underrepresented individuals in surgical leadership, (2) healthcare equity, and (3) conflict negotiation. By focusing on positive action items and utilizing a problem-solving approach, the curriculum aimed to provide a framework for surgical leaders to make meaningful changes in their institutions and organizations. CONCLUSION The FLD curriculum is a novel leadership curriculum that provided surgeon leaders with the knowledge and tools to improve diversity in three areas: pipeline improvement, healthcare equity, and conflict negotiation. Future directions include using pilot course feedback to enhance curricular effectiveness and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Shao
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2926A Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Juliane Bingener
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yewande Alimi
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medstar Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ruchir Puri
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida COM, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kim McHugh
- Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Joon K Shim
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Bassett Healthcare Network, Cooperstown, NY, USA
| | - Courtney Collins
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Patricia Sylla
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alia P Qureshi
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Foregut Surgery, Oregon Health and Sciences, Portland, OR, USA
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Kumar H, Dhali A, Biswas J, Dhali GK. Gender Bias in Leadership Roles in General Surgery: A South Asian Perspective. Cureus 2024; 16:e55900. [PMID: 38595884 PMCID: PMC11003648 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the significant issue of gender bias in leadership roles within the realm of general surgery, with a particular focus on the South Asian context. The persistence of cultural norms, entrenched gender stereotypes, and discriminatory practices in this region significantly limits the opportunities available to female surgeons. It calls on all stakeholders, including medical institutions, governing bodies, and surgeons, to take an active role in eliminating gender bias and fervently supporting diversity and inclusivity in leadership positions. By doing so, it argues, we can create a more equitable and promising future for the field of general surgery in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harendra Kumar
- General Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Arkadeep Dhali
- Gastroenterology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, GBR
- Internal Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, GBR
| | - Jyotirmoy Biswas
- General Medicine, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, IND
| | - Gopal Krishna Dhali
- Gastroenterology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, IND
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Oslock WM, Lansing SS, Coleman LR, Oslock AG, Pawlik TM, Noria S, Husain S. Gender bias in colorectal surgery fellowship letters of recommendation. Am J Surg 2024; 227:198-203. [PMID: 37845109 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As leaders strive to create equitable surgical pipelines, one process under scrutiny is letters of recommendation (LORs). We sought to review the Colon and Rectal Surgery (CRS) Resident Candidate Assessment questionnaire and LORs for gendered differences. METHODS This retrospective observational study of letters of recommendation to CRS fellowship during the 2018-2019 application cycle utilized linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC2015) software to assess letter length and themes comparing differences by applicant and referee gender. RESULTS 103 applicants (35 % women) with 363 LORs (16 % written by women) were included. Short answer responses were longer for women applicants, while LORs were longer for men applicants (368 vs 325 words p = 0.03). Men applicants' strengths had more technical skill descriptors, while women applicants' strengths had more emotional language and cognitive and perceptual words. CONCLUSIONS This study found significant differences between LORs written for CRS fellowship applicants based on gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shan S Lansing
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Lisa R Coleman
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Austin G Oslock
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Sabrena Noria
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Syed Husain
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Felton JM, Staub M, Otegbeye E, Kandagatla P, Mirza K, Mutch M, Smith RK. Gender and Racial Diversity Among Colon and Rectal Surgery Trainees and Leaders. Dis Colon Rectum 2023; 66:1212-1222. [PMID: 37339340 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent changes in women and underrepresented minorities in medicine, there still exists large gender and racial gaps in surgical training and leadership. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that gender and racial representation have improved among general and colorectal surgical trainees and leadership over the past 20 years. DESIGN This cross-sectional study examines gender and racial representation of general and colorectal surgery residents, colorectal faculty members, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council. SETTINGS We extracted data from the Journal of the American Medical Association Graduate Medical Education yearly reports for information on surgical residents. We used the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons website and publicly available practice websites to obtain information regarding colon and rectal surgery residents, faculty members, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We primarily focused on the gender and underrepresented minority breakdowns of general surgery residents, colorectal surgery residents, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council. RESULTS We found that between 2001 and 2021, the number of women and people identifying as underrepresented minorities increased within general surgery programs. In addition, there has been a similar increase in underrepresented minorities and women entering colorectal surgery residency programs. Finally, there has been a steady, significant increase in women representation in the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council, with a slower increase in underrepresented minorities on the council. LIMITATIONS The study is limited by using previously collected data and relying on publicly available profiles for gender and race information. CONCLUSIONS General and colon and rectal surgery have significantly increased gender and racial diversity at the training and leadership levels. DIVERSIDAD RACIAL Y DE GNERO ENTRE LOS APRENDICES Y LDERES DE CIRUGA DE COLON Y RECTO ANTECEDENTES: A pesar de los cambios recientes en las mujeres y las minorías subrepresentadas en la medicina, todavía existen grandes brechas de género y raza en la capacitación y el liderazgo quirúrgico.OBJETIVO: Presumimos que la representación racial y de género ha mejorado entre los pasantes y el liderazgo en cirugía general y colorrectal en los últimos 20 años.DISEÑO: Este es un estudio transversal que examina la representación racial y de género de los residentes de cirugía general y colorrectal, miembros de la facultad colorrectal y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto.CONFIGURACIÓN: Extrajimos datos de los informes anuales de Educación Médica para Graduados del Journal of the American Medical Association para obtener información sobre los residentes quirúrgicos. Utilizamos el sitio web de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto, así como los sitios web de práctica disponibles públicamente para obtener información sobre los residentes de cirugía de colon y recto, miembros de la facultad y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto.MEDIDAS PRINCIPALES DE RESULTADO: Nos enfocamos principalmente en los desgloses de género y minorías subrepresentadas de residentes de cirugía general, residentes de cirugía colorrectal y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto.RESULTADOS: Encontramos que entre 2001 y 2021, la cantidad de mujeres y personas que se identificaron como minorías subrepresentadas aumentó dentro de los programas de cirugía general. Además, ha habido un aumento similar en minorías subrepresentadas y mujeres que ingresan a programas de residencia en cirugía colorrectal. Finalmente, ha habido un aumento constante y significativo en la representación de mujeres en el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto con un aumento más lento en las minorías subrepresentadas en el consejo.LIMITACIONES: El estudio está limitado por el uso de datos recopilados previamente y por confiar en perfiles disponibles públicamente para la información de género y raza.CONCLUSIONES: La cirugía general y de colon y recto han hecho algunos avances significativos en el aumento de la diversidad racial y de género en los niveles de formación y liderazgo. (Traducción-Yesenia.Rojas-Khalil ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Felton
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Melinda Staub
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Pridvi Kandagatla
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kasim Mirza
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew Mutch
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Radhika K Smith
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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Gender equity in surgical literature authorship: Are we there yet? Am J Surg 2022; 224:1215-1216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Women surgeons face numerous barriers to career advancement. Inequitable citation of surgical literature may represent a contributing factor to gender disparities in academic surgery. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional analysis of publications from 50 top-ranking surgery journals in 2017 and 2018, as defined by the 2019 InCites Journal Citation Reports. The citation rate of publications by women vs men first authors was compared. Similarly, the citation rate of publications by men vs women last authors was also compared. Adjusted regression analyses of citation rates accounted for the time interval since publication as well as the journal within which the article was published, among other potential confounding factors. RESULTS A total of 19,084 publications from 48 surgery journals with a median (interquartile range) of 8 (4 to 15) citations contributing to a median (interquartile range) Journal Impact Factor of 4.0 (3.4 to 4.6) were analyzed. Compared with man-first author publications, woman-first author publications demonstrated a 9% lower citation rate (incidence rate ratio 0.91, p < 0.001). Similarly, compared with publications by man-last authors, woman-last author publications demonstrated a 4% lower citation rate (incidence rate ratio 0.96, p = 0.03). These associations persisted after multivariable adjustment for additional confounding factors, however, not on sensitivity analysis of 24 of the highest-ranking journals. CONCLUSIONS Among top-tier surgical journals, publications by women-first and -last authors were less cited compared with publications by men-first and -last authors, but not among the highest-tier surgical journals. Gender bias may exist in the citation of surgical research, contributing to gender disparities in academic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kane
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past twenty years explicit gender bias towards women in surgery has been replaced by more subtle barriers, which represent indirect forms of discrimination and prevents equality. OBJECTIVE The aim of our scoping review is to summarize the different forms of discrimination towards women in surgery. METHODS The database search consisted of original studies regarding discrimination towards female surgeons. RESULTS Of 3,615 studies meeting research criteria, 63 were included. Of these articles, 11 (18%) were focused on gender-based discrimination, 14 (22%) on discrimination in authorship, research productivity and research funding, 21 (33%) on discrimination in academic surgery, 7 (11%) on discrimination in surgical leadership positions and 10 (16%) on discrimination during conferences and in surgical societies. The majority (n = 53, 84%) of the included studies were conducted in the U.S.A. According to our analysis, female surgeons experience discrimination from male colleagues, healthcare workers, but also from patients and trainees. Possible solutions may include acknowledgement of the problem, increased education of diversity and integration for the younger generations, mentorship, coaching and more active engagement by male and female partners to support women in the surgical field. CONCLUSIONS Gender-based discrimination toward women in the field of surgery has evolved over the past twenty years, from an explicit to a more subtle attitude. A work-environment where diversity and flexibility are valued would allow female surgeons to better realize their full potential.
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Xepoleas MD, Munabi NCO, Auslander A, Magee WP, Yao CA. The experiences of female surgeons around the world: a scoping review. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2020; 18:80. [PMID: 33115509 PMCID: PMC7594298 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-020-00526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Lancet Commission for Global Surgery identified an adequate surgical workforce as one indicator of surgical care accessibility. Many countries where women in surgery are underrepresented struggle to meet the recommended 20 surgeons per 100,000 population. We evaluated female surgeons' experiences globally to identify strategies to increase surgical capacity through women. METHODS Three database searches identified original studies examining female surgeon experiences. Countries were grouped using the World Bank income level and Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). RESULTS Of 12,914 studies meeting search criteria, 139 studies were included and examined populations from 26 countries. Of the accepted studies, 132 (95%) included populations from high-income countries (HICs) and 125 (90%) exclusively examined populations from the upper 50% of GGGI ranked countries. Country income and GGGI ranking did not independently predict gender equity in surgery. Female surgeons in low GGGI HIC (Japan) were limited by familial support, while those in low income, but high GGGI countries (Rwanda) were constrained by cultural attitudes about female education. Across all populations, lack of mentorship was seen as a career barrier. HIC studies demonstrate that establishing a critical mass of women in surgery encourages female students to enter surgery. In HICs, trainee abilities are reported as equal between genders. Yet, HIC women experience discrimination from male co-workers, strain from pregnancy and childcare commitments, and may suffer more negative health consequences. Female surgeon abilities were seen as inferior in lower income countries, but more child rearing support led to fewer women delaying childbearing during training compared to North Americans and Europeans. CONCLUSION The relationship between country income and GGGI is complex and neither independently predict gender equity. Cultural norms between geographic regions influence the variability of female surgeons' experiences. More research is needed in lower income and low GGGI ranked countries to understand female surgeons' experiences and promote gender equity in increasing the number of surgical providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Xepoleas
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Operation Smile Inc, Virginia Beach, Virginia Beach, VA USA
| | - Naikhoba C. O. Munabi
- Operation Smile Inc, Virginia Beach, Virginia Beach, VA USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, 1510 San Pablo St, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Allyn Auslander
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - William P. Magee
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Operation Smile Inc, Virginia Beach, Virginia Beach, VA USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, 1510 San Pablo St, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Caroline A. Yao
- Operation Smile Inc, Virginia Beach, Virginia Beach, VA USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, 1510 San Pablo St, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Gender distribution of speakers on panels at the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) annual meeting. Surg Endosc 2019; 34:4140-4147. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-07182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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