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Romandini I, Lucidi GA, Altovino E, Salerno M, Filardo G, Grassi A, Zaffagnini S. Meniscal allograft transplantation: A matched-pair analysis reveals worse sport activity level but similar clinical improvement and survival in women compared to men. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024. [PMID: 38651608 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess how gender might affect the clinical outcome and survival of meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT). METHODS A total of 358 patients (23.2% women, 76.8% men) were treated with fresh-frozen nonirradiated allografts implantated arthroscopically using a single- or double-tunnel technique without bone plugs and peripheral suture to the capsule with 'all-inside' stitches. RESULTS Patients were evaluated at baseline and 2-year follow-up with the Lysholm score, visual analogue scale (VAS) pain, the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscales and Tegner score. Women presented higher body mass index (p < 0.0005), poorer baseline VAS (p = 0.012), Lysholm score (p = 0.005), KOOS symptom (p = 0.034) and KOOS pain (p = 0.030), Tegner score (preinjury and basal, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively), a lower number of previous (p = 0.039) and concurrent (p = 0.001) anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions and a higher number of concurrent procedures (p = 0.032) and distal femoral osteotomies (p = 0.024). Worse results were documented in women at 2 years, with lower Lysholm score (p = 0.024) and Tegner score (p = 0.007) and a lower clinical survival rate (p = 0.03) (67.5% vs. 82.2%) in the overall patient cohort. However, the matched-pair analysis only confirmed a lower Tegner score value at 2 years (p = 0.016), while underlying the interplay of sex, age and concomitant cartilage lesions in determining the clinical outcome. The analysis of this large series of patients affected by postmeniscectomy syndrome and treated with MAT revealed gender differences. CONCLUSION While both genders benefited from a significant improvement, the female population presents more often with older age, concomitant cartilage lesions and a lower activity level, all factors contributing towards a lower clinical success after MAT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Romandini
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gian Andrea Lucidi
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Altovino
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Salerno
- Applied and Translational Research Center (ATRc), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Applied and Translational Research Center (ATRc), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Grassi
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Golomb D, Cooper A, Raz O. The gender gap in stone-related surgery: A comprehensive analysis from an Israeli perspective. Urologia 2024:3915603241248013. [PMID: 38634561 DOI: 10.1177/03915603241248013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the gender gap in the context of stone-related surgery within an Israeli population. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative databases from Clalit Health Services to identify adults aged 18 and above who had their initial surgical treatment for upper tract urolithiasis. We employed descriptive statistics to outline the baseline patient characteristics, and the Cochran-Armitage test for trend was utilized to analyze surgical trends. RESULTS Between 2003 and 2020, a total of 36,624 adult patients underwent surgical treatment for upper tract urinary stones. The mean age of patients was 55.01 years (standard deviation (SD) 16.6) for ureteroscopy (URS), 55.05 years (SD 15.1) for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL), and 51.07 years (SD 15.1) for shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). When considering the distribution of procedures by gender, males accounted for 69.5% of URS cases, 58.3% of PCNL cases, and 70.6% of SWL cases, whereas females represented 30.5%, 41.7%, and 29.4% of URS, PCNL, and SWL cases, respectively. Across all surgical modalities, the male-to-female ratio exhibited fluctuations without a consistent trend, with both increases and decreases observed. In URS, the ratio saw a modest increase from 1.967 in 2003 to 2.173 in 2020. For PCNL, the ratio initially increased from 2.361 in 2003 to 2.549 in 2014, followed by subsequent fluctuations, but an overarching trend was not apparent. In contrast, for SWL, the ratio decreased from 2.15 in 2003 to 1.32 in 2020, with varying changes in between. CONCLUSION This study highlights the dynamic nature of gender gap in stone-related surgery outcomes. While the male-to-female ratio exhibited fluctuations over a 17-year period, no consistent trend emerged. The absence of a clear trend underscores the complex and multifaceted factors influencing the gender gap in urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dor Golomb
- Department of Urology, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel
- Central District, Clalit Health Services, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Cooper
- Department of Urology, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Orit Raz
- Department of Urology, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel
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Kim M, Kim Y, Sharrief AZ, Nguyen TP. Re-evaluating the gender gap: a cross-sectional analysis of accepted American Academy of Neurology annual meeting abstracts in 2020 and 2021. Front Res Metr Anal 2024; 9:1360367. [PMID: 38665144 PMCID: PMC11043524 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2024.1360367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Prior studies reveal that invited speaker panels, editorial boards, authors of practice guidelines, and senior authors of published articles are disproportionately male in the neurology field. We aimed to analyze a gender gap in authorship of accepted abstracts to the American Academy of Neurology annual meetings in 2020 and 2021. Design/methods This is a cross-sectional study evaluating the proportions of female first and senior abstract authors in 2020 and 2021. Abstracts were reviewed manually (n = 3,211 in 2020; n = 2,178 in 2021). Data were collected regarding the gender of first and senior authors, subspecialties, and origin of research (USA, international, or corporate-affiliated). Then, we compared the percentages of female first and senior authors in the 2 years to assess for any short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Accepted abstracts with female first and senior authors comprised 46%, 34% in 2020, and the same in 2021, without change. Female senior authors had a significantly higher proportion of female first authors than their male senior author counterparts. The analysis of subspecialties with more than 100 abstracts showed the lowest percentages of female senior authors was oncology (24.7%), sleep (25.5%), headache (28.7%), and cerebrovascular disease (29%) in 2020. Cerebrovascular disease (29%) and behavioral neurology (24.7%) had the lowest percentage of female senior authors in 2021. In the analysis of the origin of research, corporate-affiliated authors had the lowest percentages of female first (34 and 36%) and senior authors (22.6 and 27.6%). Conclusion The gender gap in neurology was reaffirmed in regards to female senior authorship overall and in subgroups of abstracts including cerebrovascular disease, headache, behavioral neurology, sleep, oncology, and corporate-affiliated research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseon Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Youngran Kim
- Center for Healthcare Data, University of Texas Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anjail Z. Sharrief
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thy P. Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
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Morese R, Elliott E, Bilek E, Palermo S. Editorial: Women in brain health and clinical neuroscience. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1388801. [PMID: 38510511 PMCID: PMC10951373 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1388801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society, USI Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Elliott
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edda Bilek
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroradiology Unit, Diagnostic and Technology Department, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Kumar H, Dhali A, Biswas J, Dhali GK. Gender Bias in Leadership Roles in General Surgery: A South Asian Perspective. Cureus 2024; 16:e55900. [PMID: 38595884 PMCID: PMC11003648 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the significant issue of gender bias in leadership roles within the realm of general surgery, with a particular focus on the South Asian context. The persistence of cultural norms, entrenched gender stereotypes, and discriminatory practices in this region significantly limits the opportunities available to female surgeons. It calls on all stakeholders, including medical institutions, governing bodies, and surgeons, to take an active role in eliminating gender bias and fervently supporting diversity and inclusivity in leadership positions. By doing so, it argues, we can create a more equitable and promising future for the field of general surgery in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harendra Kumar
- General Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Arkadeep Dhali
- Gastroenterology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, GBR
- Internal Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, GBR
| | - Jyotirmoy Biswas
- General Medicine, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, IND
| | - Gopal Krishna Dhali
- Gastroenterology, School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, IND
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women remains understudied, under-recognized, underdiagnosed and undertreated. Initiatives such as the Lancet Women and Cardiovascular Disease Commission help to identify sex and gender-related gaps in research, care and outcomes and to guide next steps in addressing them. This article highlights important aspects of the Lancet Commission report and expands on the evidence and proposed strategies for reducing the global burden of CVD in women. Furthermore, the article explores the benefits of cross-specialty collaborations for the treatment and prevention of CVD in women and discusses the impact of gender-related disparities in academic cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nathani
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Vogel
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Mehran
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Gangwani P, Bennie K, Gupta A, Koka S, Bompolaki D. Women in leadership positions in dentistry: A scoping review. J Am Dent Assoc 2024; 155:138-148.e1. [PMID: 38180427 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this scoping review were to calculate the prevalence of women in leadership positions in dentistry, present existing research on gender (male, female) disparities affecting dentistry globally, identify gaps in the literature that can drive future research, and provide recommendations for achieving gender parity in leadership positions. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED A search of PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was performed using search terms. The search strategies were developed to cover English-language articles from January 2016 through April 2022 that examined the prevalence of women in leadership positions in dentistry. Abstracts, newsletters, qualitative reports, and letters to the editors were excluded. RESULTS Eighteen studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Low prevalence was noted of women in leadership positions in dentistry globally. Multiple reasons that have led to gender disparities were identified and recommendations for decreasing gender disparities and achieving gender equity in dentistry were provided. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Over the years, several factors have contributed to gender inequalities in dentistry. However, during the past decade, gender equity, inclusion, and diversity have been recognized increasingly as core values of the dental profession. Presenting and analyzing all available data surrounding this topic are of paramount importance to start formulating appropriate strategies to achieve gender parity in all areas of dental leadership.
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Mahajan A, K V, Dikshit N, Sandhu JK, Pallempati LL, Olivieri L. Gender Representation in Academic Publications of Tourette Syndrome Research: An Analysis of Authorship Trends. Cureus 2024; 16:e51520. [PMID: 38304665 PMCID: PMC10832943 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome, characterized by phonic and motor tics, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that significantly affects the quality of life of people with the condition. With over 1500 articles published in the last decade alone, this study aims to analyze the gender trends in publications related to Tourette syndrome from 2013 to 2022, examining the number of female authors as first authors and predicting future changes in female participation. The aim of this study is to analyze the gender trends of the first author in publications related to "Tourette Syndrome" from PubMed-indexed publications from January 2013 to December 2022. A bibliometric analysis was conducted by the search engine PubMed for articles pertaining to "Tourette Syndrome". NamSor app V.2 (Namsor™ Applied Onomastics, NamSor SAS, Versailles, France), an application programming interface (API), was used to identify the gender of the first publishing author. Statistical analysis and graphic models were produced using R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) model, and DataWrapper (Datawrapper GmbH, Berlin Prenzlauer Berg, Germany). Based on the analysis of 1052 publications on Tourette Syndrome, it was found that 54.8% (n=576) of the first authors were females. A significant association was observed between gender ratios and country of publication. Statistical forecasting models suggest that female participation in Tourette research is expected to rise to approximately 60 by the year 2027. Therefore, the study highlights the progress made in achieving gender parity in Tourette syndrome research, with female-led publications being on par with male-led publications. However, there is still a need to address the global gender gap and geographical disparities in research to work towards a more inclusive and diverse academic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Mahajan
- Medical School, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Amritsar, IND
| | - Vaishnavi K
- Medical School, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Neha Dikshit
- Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Miraj, Miraj, IND
| | | | | | - Laura Olivieri
- Internal Medicine, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, USA
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Lee MA, Ryu H, Kim G. Is living alone beneficial to older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic? Examining associations between living arrangements and life satisfaction by gender in Korea. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:121-129. [PMID: 37697800 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2253182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines associations between living arrangements and life satisfaction and the associated effects of gender among Korean older adults during the pandemic. METHOD Data were drawn from the 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans-a nationally representative survey. Living arrangements were categorized into four groups: living alone; living with spouse only; living with family and spouse; and living with family without spouse. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between living arrangements and life satisfaction measured as a binary outcome. RESULTS Older adults living alone were more likely to be satisfied with life compared with those who lived with a spouse only. However, living alone became nonsignificant after controlling for social contact with friends or neighbors and social participation. Interestingly, there was a significant interaction between living arrangements and gender, showing that living alone was beneficial to older women but not to men. Subsample analysis by gender confirmed that older women living alone had a greater likelihood of being satisfied with life than those living with a spouse only, whereas men living alone had lower life satisfaction. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that living alone is not always deleterious to older adults, particularly women. During the pandemic, older Korean women living with their spouse and/or family might be less satisfied with life due to the dual burden of family care and housework, associated with traditional gendered norms and social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Lee
- Department of Sociology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hanso Ryu
- Department of Sociology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Giyeon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Correia MITD, da Silva BR, Ayesh W, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Cardenas D, de van der Schueren MAE, Gonzalez MC, Kiss N, Perez Francisco EM, Prado CM. Sex disparities in parenteral and enteral nutrition societies' leadership worldwide: a 20-year retrospective analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:196-205. [PMID: 37956721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advancements in the global dialog surrounding sex and gender equity, an important gap persists with women markedly underrepresented in major roles within health care leadership. OBJECTIVES We examined the extent of women's representation in prominent positions within parenteral and enteral nutrition (PEN) societies worldwide over a span of 2 decades. DESIGN This retrospective analysis explored the sex distribution of society chairs, conference presidents, and editor-in-chief positions across 64 PEN societies between 2003 and 2022. Additionally, data on the first and last authors of endorsed clinical guidelines were collected from the 2 leading societies. RESULTS Over the past 20 y, women held society chair positions in 34.4% of cases. The representation shifted from 30% during the decade from 2003 to 2012 to 40.5% from 2013 to 2022. Throughout these years, the numbers consistently ranged from 0 to 10; however, the median shifted upward from 1 during the first decade to 4 in the subsequent decade (P = 0.04). Of 420 congress presidencies, ∼30% were women. In endorsed guidelines, women were the first authors in 27.1% of cases (P < 0.001) and the last in 28.9% (P < 0.001) compared with men. Of the 123 journal editor-in-chief positions, women occupied 23 (18.7%). CONCLUSION Over the last 2 decades, women have been consistently underrepresented in prominent leadership roles in PEN societies globally. Although there has been a noticeable shift toward more women in chair positions, true sex equality remains elusive. Moreover, sex disparities are even more pronounced in positions, such as conference presidents, authors of major guidelines, and editors-in-chief of society-affiliated journals. These data underscore the pressing need to enhance efforts toward sex equality across these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel T D Correia
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Bruna R da Silva
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Wafaa Ayesh
- Nutrition Department Altadawi Hospital and Medical Centres, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria D Ballesteros-Pomar
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Altos de Nava, León, Spain
| | - Diana Cardenas
- Nutrition Unit, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Marian A E de van der Schueren
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Lifestyle, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicole Kiss
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Allied Health Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eliza Mei Perez Francisco
- Nutrition Support Team and Weight Management Center, Mary Mediatrix Medical Center, Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Hertling S, Kaiser M, Schleußner E, Loos FM, Eckhardt N, Graul I. Gender gap-Gender-specific development in the field of obstetrics and gynecology in Germany in the last 20 years. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1207388. [PMID: 38155660 PMCID: PMC10754044 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1207388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gender Gap refers to differences between men and women in terms of access to medical education, career development, and leadership positions in medical practice and research. Although women now make up most medical school graduates in many countries, they are often underrepresented in higher positions. Objective The aim of this study is therefore to analyze the gender-specific development in the field of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Germany over the past 20 years and to survey the current status quo. Materials and methods An narrative review was carried out on the development of female graduates of human medicine, the proportion of women in contract medical care and clinical care, as well as the gender-specific evaluation of obtaining a gynecological/obstetric additional qualification. habilitation figures in the field of Obstetrics and Gynecology were evaluated about gender distribution. All data were received from federal institutes. Results A total of 46.7% (n = 95,234) of all inpatient doctors were female. A total of 46.7% (n = 95,234) of the physicians in hospitals were female. A total of 46% (1,832/3,958) were the portion of females as assistant physicians, 39.8% (n = 45.551) as specialists, 35.3% (n = 18789) as senior physicians, 25.1% (n = 2394) as first senior physicians and 25% (n = 10) as chief physicians in hospital. A total of 64.6% (n = 3958) of the physicians in Obstetrics and Gynecology were female. A total of 46% (1,832/3,958) were the portion of females as assistant physicians, 64.6% (n = 3958) as specialists, 65.0% (n = 1919) as senior physicians, 26.4% (n = 207) first senior physicians and 25% (n = 10) as chief physicians in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Discussion The problem with the gender gap in medicine, does not seem to be access to teaching or starting a residency. But in the functions with increasing responsibility and management functions, e.g., as senior physicians, women are already rarely seen. In Obstetrics and Gynecology, too, there is a shortage of women in leading positions, despite the relatively high numbers, for example as senior physicians. Factors like maternity and establishing a family are points mentioned therefore, but also stereotypes seem to be considerable facts. Conclusion However, it is important to recognize the need for more women in higher positions in medicine and actively work to encourage more women to choose a career in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hertling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Orthopedic, Campus Eisenberg, University Hospital Jena, Eisenberg, Germany
| | | | - Ekkehard Schleußner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Eckhardt
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Isabel Graul
- Department of Orthopedic, Campus Eisenberg, University Hospital Jena, Eisenberg, Germany
- Department of Trauma-, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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Burton CD, Gadarian SK, Goodman SW, Pepinsky TB. The Politics of the Gender Gap in COVID-19: Partisanship, Health Behavior, and Policy Preferences in the US. J Health Polit Policy Law 2023:11066288. [PMID: 37987177 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-11066288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrate gender and partisan differences among Americans in COVID-19 socioeconomic consequences, attitudes, and behaviors. Using six waves of panel survey data, this article explores the intersection of gender and party across COVID-19 mitigation behaviors, concerns, and policy preferences. We observe small gender gaps on several measures; however, partisan differences are larger than gender differences when considering the interaction between gender and partisanship. Democratic women are more similar to Democratic men on these measures than to Republican women. On virtually all measures, Republican women report lower levels of mitigation behaviors, worries, and support for expansive government policies compared to Democratic women and men. Analyzing the interaction of gender and partisanship illuminates how individuals navigated the pandemic with respect to identity factors that often pull in different directions. These findings suggest that one's partisan identity is more consequential than gender when it comes to COVID behaviors, concerns, and policy preferences.
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Hubner AY. The invisible frontline of the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining sourcing and the underrepresentation of female expertise in pandemic news coverage. Public Underst Sci 2023; 32:1021-1032. [PMID: 37632421 DOI: 10.1177/09636625231193123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that female experts are seldom quoted within news media coverage about health and science issues. Yet, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and subsequent race for a vaccine, female health and science workers (broadly defined) were at the forefront of the discovery, testing, and implementation of several vaccinations. This study examines the extent to which female experts were represented in news coverage about the vaccine over a 2-year period in The New York Times (n = 1978). Of the expert sources quoted (3,555), the majority were male (n = 2417) as compared to female (n = 1138). This pattern held when looking specifically at researchers and medical experts. When both a male and female source were quoted, however, females were quoted first, suggesting that females were given the role of being a primary rather than supporting expert. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Johnson N, Siew S, Black S. Women in pain medicine. Br J Anaesth 2023; 131:801-804. [PMID: 37442726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the UK more women than men are practicing medicine, and for the first time in the history of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCoA), the president of the RCoA, Dean of the Faculty of Pain Medicine, and Dean of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine are all women. However, within the subspecialty of pain medicine, there are significantly more men practicing than women, with the most recent UK estimates identifying that only 26.7% of current pain physicians are women. Both historical and modern perspectives illustrate how women often prefer to be cared for by other women, highlighting the importance of increased representation of women in pain clinics and interventional suites. We discuss current trends in pain medicine recruitment within the UK, where most pain physicians are recruited from anaesthesia training programs, including the barriers to women's representation and reasons women enter the subspecialty. We advocate for speaker gender quotas at conferences, diversity considerate workforce planning, peer support groups, adjustments to training programs, and further research to help narrow the gender gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Johnson
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
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15
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Kim J, Kaylor K, Lamparello N. The Gender Gap in Interventional Radiology: Barriers, Opportunities, and the Role of the Integrated IR Residency. Acad Radiol 2023; 30:2749-2756. [PMID: 36870809 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To review the gender gap in Interventional Radiology (IR) and explore the role of the Integrated IR residency. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of gender demographic data of medical school applicants to Integrated IR residency from 2016-2021, and active residents/fellows ("trainees") in IR and peer specialties from 2007 to 2021. RESULTS Women comprised 21.0% of medical student applicants to the Integrated IR residency in the 2020-21 academic year, versus 12.9% of Diagnostic Radiology (DR) resident applicants to the Independent IR residency; these figures have stayed relatively constant since 2016-17 and represent a statistically significantly difference (p=0.000044). The Integrated pathway has become the dominant source of IR trainees, growing from 4.4% in 2016-17 to 76.3% in 2020-21 (p=0.0013). From 2007 to 2021, the percentage of all IR trainees who were female grew from 10.5% to 20.3% (p=0.005). From 2017 to 2021, the percentage of Integrated IR residents who were female grew from 13.3% to 22.0% (p=0.053, 19.1% year-over-year growth), and has been higher than the percentage of female Independent IR residents (p=0.048). CONCLUSION Women continue to be underrepresented in IR, though this gender gap is improving. The Integrated IR residency appears to have majorly contributed to this improvement, consistently supplying more women into the IR pipeline than through the fellowship/Independent IR residency. Women are significantly better represented among current Integrated IR residents than Independent residents. The now-dominant Integrated IR pathway must increase women recruitment for continued gender gap improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kim
- Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021.
| | - Kiara Kaylor
- Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021
| | - Nicole Lamparello
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
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16
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Wan S, Lauermann F, Bailey DH, Eccles JS. Girls' comparative advantage in language arts explains little of the gender gap in math-related fields: A replication and extension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305629120. [PMID: 37748064 PMCID: PMC10556548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305629120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Women remain underrepresented in most math-intensive fields. [Breda and Napp, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116, 15435 (2019)] reported that girls' comparative advantage in reading over math (i.e., the intraindividual differences between girls' reading vs. math performance, compared to such differences for boys) could explain up to 80% of the gender gap in students' intentions to pursue math-intensive studies and careers, in conflict with findings from previous research. We conducted a conceptual replication and expanded upon Breda and Napp's study by using new global data (PISA2018, N = 466,165) and a recent US nationally representative longitudinal study (High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, N = 6,560). We coded students' intended majors and careers and their actual college majors. The difference between a student's math vs. reading performance explained only small proportions of the gender gap in students' intentions to pursue math-intensive fields (0.4 to 10.2%) and in their enrollment in math-intensive college majors (12.3%). Consistent with previous studies, our findings suggest girls' comparative advantage in reading explains a minority of the gender gap in math-related majors and occupational intentions and choices. Potential reasons for differences in the estimated effect sizes include differences in the operationalization of math-related choices, the operationalization of math and reading performance, and possibly the timing of measuring intentions and choices. Therefore, it seems premature to conclude that girls' comparative advantage in reading, rather than the cumulative effects of other structural and/or psychological factors, can largely explain the persistent gender gap in math-intensive educational and career choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Wan
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Fani Lauermann
- Bonn Center for Teacher Education, University of Bonn, Bonn53115, Germany
| | - Drew H. Bailey
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
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17
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Mattioli AV, Doltra A, Prieto C, Gallina S. Editorial: Women in cardiovascular imaging. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1249983. [PMID: 37600041 PMCID: PMC10434246 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1249983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Adelina Doltra
- Non-invasive Imaging Section, Cardiovascular Institute Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Prieto
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sabina Gallina
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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18
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Stoevenbelt AH, Wicherts JM, Flore PC, Phillips LAT, Pietschnig J, Verschuere B, Voracek M, Schwabe I. Are Speeded Tests Unfair? Modeling the Impact of Time Limits on the Gender Gap in Mathematics. Educ Psychol Meas 2023; 83:684-709. [PMID: 37398839 PMCID: PMC10311959 DOI: 10.1177/00131644221111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
When cognitive and educational tests are administered under time limits, tests may become speeded and this may affect the reliability and validity of the resulting test scores. Prior research has shown that time limits may create or enlarge gender gaps in cognitive and academic testing. On average, women complete fewer items than men when a test is administered with a strict time limit, whereas gender gaps are frequently reduced when time limits are relaxed. In this study, we propose that gender differences in test strategy might inflate gender gaps favoring men, and relate test strategy to stereotype threat effects under which women underperform due to the pressure of negative stereotypes about their performance. First, we applied a Bayesian two-dimensional item response theory (IRT) model to data obtained from two registered reports that investigated stereotype threat in mathematics, and estimated the latent correlation between underlying test strategy (here, completion factor, a proxy for working speed) and mathematics ability. Second, we tested the gender gap and assessed potential effects of stereotype threat on female test performance. We found a positive correlation between the completion factor and mathematics ability, such that more able participants dropped out later in the test. We did not observe a stereotype threat effect but found larger gender differences on the latent completion factor than on latent mathematical ability, suggesting that test strategies affect the gender gap in timed mathematics performance. We argue that if the effect of time limits on tests is not taken into account, this may lead to test unfairness and biased group comparisons, and urge researchers to consider these effects in either their analyses or study planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paulette C. Flore
- The Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague, The Netherlands
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19
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Wu SJ, Cai X. Adding Up Peer Beliefs: Experimental and Field Evidence on the Effect of Peer Influence on Math Performance. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:851-862. [PMID: 37428464 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231180881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied how gendered beliefs about intellectual abilities transmit through peers and differentially impact girls' academic performance relative to boys'. Study 1 (N = 8,029; 208 classrooms) exploited randomly assigned variation in the proportion of a child's middle school classmates who believe that boys are innately better than girls at learning math. An increase in exposure to peers who report this belief generated losses for girls and gains for boys in math performance. This peer exposure also increased children's likelihood of believing the gender-math stereotype, increased the perceived difficulty of math, and reduced aspirations among girls. Study 2 (N = 547) provided proof of concept that activating a gender-math performance gap among college students reduces women's math performance but not verbal performance. Men's task performance was not affected. Our findings highlight how the prevalence of stereotypical beliefs in one's ambient and peer environment, even when readily contradictable, can shape children's beliefs and academic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Jueyu Wu
- Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Xiqian Cai
- Institute of Economics, School of Economics and Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics, Xiamen University
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20
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Banceu C, Harpa M, Brinzaniuc K, Tilea I, Varga A, Gliga ML, Voidazan S, Neagu N, Szabo DA, Banceu D, Cristutiu D, Balmos IA, Puscas A, Oprean M, Suciu H. The Gender Gap in Aortic Dissection: A Prospective Analysis of Risk and Outcomes. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures) 2023; 9:178-186. [PMID: 37588179 PMCID: PMC10425927 DOI: 10.2478/jccm-2023-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) is a severe cardiovascular condition that could have negative consequences. Our study employed a prospective design and examined preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative data to evaluate the effects of gender on various medical conditions. We looked at how gender affected the results of aortic dissection (AD). In contrast to female patients who had more systemic hypertension (p=0.031), male patients had higher rates of hemopericardium (p=0.003), pulmonary hypertension (p=0.039), and hemopericardium (p=0.003). Dobutamine administration during surgery significantly raised the mortality risk (p=0.015). There were noticeably more women patients (p=0.01) in the 71 to 80 age group. Significant differences in age (p=0.004), eGFR at admission (p=0.009), and eGFR at discharge (p=0.006) were seen, however, there was no association between gender and mortality. In conclusion, our findings highlight that gender may no longer be such an important aspect of aortic dissection disease as we previously thought, and this information could have an important contribution for surgeons as well as for anesthesiologists involved in the management of acute aortic dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Banceu
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
- I.O.S.U.D George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Marius Harpa
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Klara Brinzaniuc
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Ioan Tilea
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Andreea Varga
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Mirela Liana Gliga
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Septimiu Voidazan
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Nicolae Neagu
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Dan Alexandru Szabo
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Diana Banceu
- Dimitrie Cantemir University of Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Daiana Cristutiu
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Ionut Alexandru Balmos
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Alexandra Puscas
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Marvin Oprean
- Dimitrie Cantemir University of Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Horatiu Suciu
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation Targu Mures, Romania
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21
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England P, Hout M, Vilbig K, Wells K. Part of the gender gap in voting for Democrats arises because a higher proportion of women than men voters are Black. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221910120. [PMID: 37307489 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221910120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Women voted for the Democratic candidate more than men did in each US presidential election since 1980. We show that part of the gender gap stems from the fact that a higher proportion of women than men voters are Black, and Black voters overwhelmingly choose Democratic candidates. Past research shows that Black men have especially high rates of death, incarceration, and disenfranchisement due to criminal convictions. These disparities reduce the share of men voters who are Black. We show that the gender difference in racial composition explains 24% of the gender gap in voting Democratic. The gender gap in voting Democratic is especially large among those who are never-married, and, among them, the differing racial composition of men and women voters is more impactful than in the population at large, explaining 43% of the gender gap. We consider an alternative hypothesis that income differences between single men and women explain the gender gap in voting, but our analysis leads us to reject it. Although unmarried women are poorer than unmarried men, and lower-income voters vote slightly more Democratic, the latter difference is too small for income to explain much of the gender gap in voting. In short, the large gender gap among unmarried voters is not a reflection of the lower incomes of women's households but does reflect the fact that women voters are disproportionately Black. We used the General Social Survey as the data source for the analysis, then replicated results with the American National Election Survey data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula England
- Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael Hout
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Karyn Vilbig
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Kevin Wells
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
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22
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Milano G, Guarducci G, Nante N, Montomoli E, Manini I. Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap? Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1060. [PMID: 37376449 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted, one of the three most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in both males and females, and the most common viral STI. A crucial public health strategy to protect people against HPV is vaccination, which has shown its effectiveness in preventing HPV-related diseases. Presently, three types of vaccines are available (bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonvalent), and they all target the two most oncogenic virus genotypes (HPV 16 and 18). In recent years, the need to implement vaccination programmes that include all genders has been discussed in order to achieve herd immunity against HPV. To date, only a few countries have included young males in their vaccination programmes. Thus, our objective with this review is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of HPV and HPV prevention strategies and report the latest findings from the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Milano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guarducci
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Nante
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- VisMederi S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Manini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Interuniversity Research Centre on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), 16132 Genoa, Italy
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23
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Zhong L, Lee K, Baggstrom MQ, Bhayani RK. Investing in Women Trainees: Building a Women in Medicine Group at an Academic Institution. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e47783. [PMID: 37256684 DOI: 10.2196/47783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of proactively supporting women trainees in medicine to address gender inequities, we draw on the experience of a well-established professional development initiative to provide a framework for other institutions seeking to create similar trainee-focused programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Zhong
- Division of General Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Koeun Lee
- Division of General Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Maria Q Baggstrom
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rakhee K Bhayani
- Division of General Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
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24
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Gärtner C, Fallmann J, Stadler PF, Kaiser T, Berkemer SJ. Toward a Systematic Assessment of Sex Differences in Cystic Fibrosis. J Pers Med 2023; 13:924. [PMID: 37373913 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease with well-documented clinical differences between female and male patients. However, this gender gap is very poorly studied at the molecular level. (2) Methods: Expression differences in whole blood transcriptomics between female and male CF patients are analyzed in order to determine the pathways related to sex-biased genes and assess their potential influence on sex-specific effects in CF patients. (3) Results: We identify sex-biased genes in female and male CF patients and provide explanations for some sex-specific differences at the molecular level. (4) Conclusion: Genes in key pathways associated with CF are differentially expressed between sexes, and thus may account for the gender gap in morbidity and mortality in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Gärtner
- Neuromorphic Information Processing, Institute of Computer Science, Leipzig University, Augustusplatz 10, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center of Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Academic Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology and Pathobiochemistry, Medical School and University Medical Center East Westphalia-Lippe, Hospital Lippe, Bielefeld University, Röntgenstraße 18, D-32756 Detmold, Germany
| | - Jörg Fallmann
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center of Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center of Bioinformatics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kaiser
- Academic Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology and Pathobiochemistry, Medical School and University Medical Center East Westphalia-Lippe, Hospital Lippe, Bielefeld University, Röntgenstraße 18, D-32756 Detmold, Germany
| | - Sarah J Berkemer
- LIX CNRS UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-I7E-318 Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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25
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Cha H, Uchida Y, Choi E. Gender differences in perceived legitimacy and status perception in leadership role. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1088190. [PMID: 37275734 PMCID: PMC10233033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1088190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the difference between women and men in perceiving leadership roles. Two experiments, one conducted online and the other in a lab, investigated the subjective experiences of Japanese men and women when they are assigned with different roles (e.g., leader vs. subordinate). Both studies revealed that women perceived their role as less legitimate when they were assigned leader role (vs. subordinate role). In contrast, men did not differ in their perceived legitimacy according to the assigned roles. This discrepancy in legitimacy perception in response to different roles between men and women accounted for a significant variance in women's lower sense of status when they were a leader (vs. subordinate), but not among men. Our study results illustrate the psychological barrier operating for women in organizations that are embedded in a cultural context in which women leaders are highly underrepresented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Cha
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eunsoo Choi
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Spencer L, Broome M. Commentary: Closing the gender gap in depression through the lived experience of young women - a response to 'Don't mind the gap: Why do we not care about the gender gap in mental health?', Patalay and Demkowicz (2023). Child Adolesc Ment Health 2023; 28:344-346. [PMID: 36938757 PMCID: PMC10947527 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Most mental health research largely ignores or minimises gender and age differences in depression. In 'Don't mind the gap: Why do we not care about the gender gap in mental health?', Patalay and Demkowicz identify a dearth of research on the causal factors of depression in young women. They attribute this to an over-reliance on biological accounts of gender differences in depression. Patalay and Demkowicz conclude that a person-centred approach that meaningfully engages with the reports of young women with depression is more likely to expose the social drivers of depression that impact this group. This commentary focuses on Patalay and Demkowicz's call to examine the patient's lived experience. We argue that there is an urgent need to reflect upon the methodologies involved in examining lived experience and how they can be best utilised. Ultimately, we advocate for an approach known as 'phenomenological psychopathology', through a phenomenological investigation of depression in young women, we can go some way towards closing the gender gap.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Broome
- Institute of Mental HealthUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
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27
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Almiron N, Moreno JA, Farrell J. Climate change contrarian think tanks in Europe: A network analysis. Public Underst Sci 2023; 32:268-283. [PMID: 36519411 DOI: 10.1177/09636625221137815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Drawing from network theory and previous findings from US-based analyses, we measure the structure and interconnectedness of climate contrarian think tanks in Europe. This exploratory analysis can illustrate European organizations' capacity to promote or disrupt political discourse. To this end, we use social network analysis to conduct actor-focused research. We identify the individuals bridging European think tanks, as well as their ties with the US climate change contrarian network. Our analysis reveals a discernible network structure for European climate change contrarian think tanks, with a profile connected to neoliberal organizations, including a few, but highly relevant links, with the US countermovement. We also find that the European think tanks' institutional structure is very much shaped by a strong predominance of men, which aligns with previous research on masculinity and climate contrarianism.
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28
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Zhao X, Akbaritabar A, Kashyap R, Zagheni E. A gender perspective on the global migration of scholars. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214664120. [PMID: 36848569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214664120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although considerable progress toward gender equality in science has been made in recent decades, female researchers continue to face significant barriers in the academic labor market. International mobility has been increasingly recognized as a strategy for scientists to expand their professional networks, and that could help narrow the gender gap in academic careers. Using bibliometric data on over 33 million Scopus publications, we provide a global and dynamic view of gendered patterns of transnational scholarly mobility, as measured by volume, distance, diversity, and distribution, from 1998 to 2017. We find that, while female researchers continued to be underrepresented among internationally mobile researchers and migrate over shorter distances, this gender gap was narrowing at a faster rate than the gender gap in the population of general active researchers. Globally, the origin and destination countries of both female and male mobile researchers became increasingly diversified, which suggests that scholarly migration has become less skewed and more globalized. However, the range of origin and destination countries continued to be narrower for women than for men. While the United States remained the leading academic destination worldwide, the shares of both female and male scholarly inflows to that country declined from around 25% to 20% over the study period, partially due to the growing relevance of China. This study offers a cross-national measurement of gender inequality in global scholarly migration that is essential for promoting gender-equitable science policies and for monitoring the impact of such interventions.
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Hwang S, Shin H. Gender Gap in Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea: A Decomposition Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2250. [PMID: 36767616 PMCID: PMC9915860 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The economic and social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have been widespread but unevenly distributed among genders. The pandemic may have also affected men's and women's mental health differently. This study examined whether the pandemic had stronger adverse effects on women's mental health than on that of men given that the decline of the labor market was greater for women than for men. Using data from South Korea (June/September/December 2020, N = 3000), we investigated the gender gap in mental health during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with gender differences in labor market experiences. We employ the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method for this analysis. Although depression and anxiety increased among employed women and men during COVID-19, women showed lower levels of mental health than men. A significant portion of this gender gap is explained by women experiencing greater job loss, income reduction, and prohibition of remote work than men. We also find that women in their 30s experienced greater mental health problems than men of the same age even after controlling for other conditions. Overall, our findings show that a greater proportion of employed women than men experienced poor labor market conditions and increased family burdens during the COVID-19 pandemic, which contributed to women reporting worse mental health than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunoong Hwang
- Department of Economics, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Heeju Shin
- Department of Sociology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 16442, Republic of Korea
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Carillo P. Editorial: Women in crop physiology and derived products: 2022. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1167837. [PMID: 37082342 PMCID: PMC10112334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1167837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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McMahon N, Sayers A, Alcantara C. Political donations and the gender gap during COVID-19. Party Politics 2023; 29:176-184. [PMID: 36643850 PMCID: PMC9829954 DOI: 10.1177/13540688211047768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
What effect has the COVID-19 pandemic had on the political donations gender gap in Canada? Drawing on data from two national surveys conducted in May and August 2020, as well as Elections Canada data from 2019 and 2020, we find an overall decline in contributions to political parties and a reduced but still significant gender gap, with women less likely to donate to political parties than men.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Pei-Chen Chang J, P J Tan M, Kayano R, Okumura Y, Horinouchi T, Ii T, Kuroki T, Akiyama T. Gender Biases Toward People With Difficulty in Balancing Work and Family Due to ADHD: Two Case Vignette Randomized Studies Featuring Japanese Laypersons and Psychiatrists. Cureus 2023; 15:e34243. [PMID: 36852366 PMCID: PMC9965895 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The gender gap in labor force participation is likely larger in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than that in the general population. Thus, we investigated whether gender affected the perception toward persons displaying ADHD symptoms and experiencing difficulty in balancing work and family. Methods Both Japanese laypersons and psychiatrists were recruited for web-based surveys in March and October 2020 via an online survey company, Cross Marketing Inc., and the secretariat of the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology, respectively. The participants were randomly assigned to read either a male or female case vignette. The vignettes were identical, except for the gender of the patient in the case. The primary and secondary outcomes were the respondents' opinions on the seriousness of the case and the degree to which the case's wish should be maintained, using sliding scales of 0-100. Results We included 560 laypersons and 585 psychiatrists. Neither cohort differed in most outcomes between the groups assigned to the male and female case vignettes. Among laypersons, the average score of seriousness was 58.8 in the female-vignette group and 58.6 in the male-vignette group (mean difference, 0.15; 95% confidence interval, -4.9 to 5.2). Among psychiatrists, the average score of seriousness was 53.9 in the female-vignette group and 53.7 in the male-vignette group (mean difference, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, -3.1 to 3.4). Similarly, between-group differences in the opinions on the degree to which the case's wish should be maintained were 1.2 in laypersons and 0.63 in psychiatrists. We found no significant interaction between the gender of the case and the respondent's gender in any of the outcomes. Conclusion Our results did not support the hypothesis that women were more likely to be pressured to prioritize family over work than men were when there was difficulty balancing work and family due to ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, TWN.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, GBR
| | - Marcus P J Tan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, GBR.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, GBR
| | - Ryoma Kayano
- Center for International Collaborative Research, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, JPN
| | - Yasuyuki Okumura
- Epidemiology, Initiative for Clinical Epidemiological Research, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Toru Horinouchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, JPN
| | - Toshitaka Ii
- Department of Psychiatry, Aichi Medical University, Nagoya, JPN
| | - Toshihide Kuroki
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, JPN
| | - Tsuyoshi Akiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, JPN
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Román Gálvez MR, Riquelme-Gallego B, del Carmen Segovia-García M, Gavilán-Cabello D, Khan KS, Bueno-Cavanillas A. Variations in Author Gender in Obstetrics Disease Prevalence Literature: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:727. [PMID: 36613057 PMCID: PMC9819007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to evaluate gender differences in authorship of prevalence literature concerning intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). GDM studies were matched for publication year and study country as a gender-neutral obstetric disease with similar morbidity to IPV. Relevant studies were captured without language restrictions via online searches of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science from database inception to January 2022. Proportion of female authors and gender of the first and corresponding author were outcome measures. Multivariable regression models were built to examine if female authors featured more or less often in IPV during pregnancy and GDM literature adjusting by the influence of type of study, country's human development index (HDI), year of publication and journal's impact factor. 137 IPV-GDM studies pairs were included. Female authors in IPV studies were slightly lower than in GDM [59.7%, 95% CI 54.7-64.7, vs. 54.9%, 95% CI 50.7-59.1, p = 0.204]. Studies published in high-income countries were more likely to be signed by a woman as first and corresponding author (Odds Ratio 2.22, 95% CI 1.20; 4.11, p = 0.011 and Odds Ratio 2.24, CI 1.22; 4.10, p = 0.009 respectively) and proportion of women as corresponding authors decreased as the journal impact factor increased (β = 0.62, 95% CI 0.37, 1.05, p = 0.075). There is a gender gap in the field of prevalence research in IPV during pregnancy with variations according to the level of development. International programs aimed at eradicating these inequalities are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosario Román Gálvez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Unidad Asistencial Churriana de la Vega, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Churriana de la Vega, 18194 Granada, Spain
| | - Blanca Riquelme-Gallego
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Gavilán-Cabello
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Khalid Saeed Khan
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Ishchenko A, Scriffignano S, Coates L. Women in rheumatology: major contributions and key discoveries of the twentieth century. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 62:29-34. [PMID: 35894652 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the twentieth century, rheumatology saw an exponential growth. Discoveries in the pathophysiology of rheumatic diseases, progress in research methodology and novel treatments cardinally changed the natural course of rheumatic diseases and revolutionized patient management. Although underrepresented in this field, women have made considerable input in advancing our specialty towards the new era. In this article we acknowledge key scientific discoveries and major contributions made by 18 brilliant women scientists that shaped the field of rheumatology in the twentieth century. We hope that the achievements of these remarkable women will inspire young rheumatologists and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Ishchenko
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven, KU.,Department of Rheumatology, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Silvia Scriffignano
- Department of Precision Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples.,Academic Rheumatology Unit, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Coates
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Introduction I investigated the authorship gender gap in research on political psychology. Methods The material comprises 1,166 articles published in the field's flagship journal Political Psychology between 1997 and 2021. These were rated for author gender, methodology, purpose, and topic. Results Women were underrepresented as authors (37.1% women), single authors (33.5% women), and lead authors (35.1% women). There were disproportionately many women lead authors in papers employing interviews or qualitative methodology, and in research with an applied purpose (these were all less cited). In contrast, men were overrepresented as authors of papers employing quantitative methods. Regarding topics, women were overrepresented as authors on Gender, Identity, Culture and Language, and Religion, and men were overrepresented as authors on Neuroscience and Evolutionary Psychology. Discussion The (denigrated) methods, purposes, and topics of women doing research on politics correspond to the (denigrated) "feminine style" of women doing politics grounding knowledge in the concrete, lived reality of others; listening and giving voice to marginalized groups' subjective experiences; and yielding power to get things done for others.
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Lo IPY, Chau RCM, Yu SWK. Adult Worker Model Typologies: Examining Work-Family Policies in Fifteen European Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:14637. [PMID: 36429352 PMCID: PMC9690791 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to advance the discussion of government policies for improving women's work and family life. It focuses on exploring whether it is reasonable to expect that the supported adult worker model will play an important role in guiding governments to reduce the gender employment gap and, at the same time, increase women's resources for strengthening their control over family and work life. This model posits that governments should take a proactive approach to encouraging women to take part in formal employment, such as providing care support measures. To examine the impact of the model, this article develops an 'input adult worker model typology' and an 'output adult worker model typology' using cluster analysis of comparative data covering 15 countries. The findings show that it is important not to overestimate the impact of the supported adult worker model on reducing the gender employment gap or increasing women's control over their lives in most of the 15 countries. The evidence generated from these typologies highlights the difficulties involved in promoting women's welfare despite the use of the adult worker model as a substitute for the male-breadwinner model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Po Yee Lo
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruby Chui Man Chau
- School of Sociology and Social Policy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sam Wai Kam Yu
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Karaman İGY, Gündüz T, Kaçar CY. Is Women's Place Beyond the Glass Ceiling? The Gender Gap in Academic Psychiatry Publications in Turkey. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2022; 59:290-295. [PMID: 36514511 PMCID: PMC9723835 DOI: 10.29399/npa.27981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In terms of academic positions and activities, women seem to be disadvantaged in various aspects all over the world. Our study aims to investigate the representation of male and female genders in academic psychiatry journals in Turkey. Method We included the publications in the academic psychiatry journals indexed in The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Turkish Academic Network and Information Center, which were published between 2011 and 2020.12 journals were grouped as SCI-E/SSCI (n=4), ESCI (n=4), and other international indexes (n=4). A total of 5179 articles were reviewed. Results The ratios of female authors per article, female first author, female correspondence author, and female last author were found to be lower in the SCI-E/SSCI and ESCI groups compared to the other international index groups (p<0.05). In all article types, the rate of women as the last author was lower than the rate of women as the first author (p<0.05). Conclusion The paucity of the female authors in the last authorship position and the editorial articles can be interpreted as the glass ceiling effect. To ensure gender equality in academic publications, universities and the editorial boards of journals should fight against gender-based bias and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- İmran Gökçen Yılmaz Karaman
- Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Eskişehir, Turkey,Correspondence Address: İmran Gökçen Yılmaz Karaman, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Eskişehir, Turkey • E-mail:
| | - Tuğçe Gündüz
- Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Cennet Yastıbaş Kaçar
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Literature, Department of Psychology, İzmir, Turkey
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Dalyot K, Rozenblum Y, Baram-Tsabari A. Engagement patterns with female and male scientists on Facebook. Public Underst Sci 2022; 31:867-884. [PMID: 35621043 PMCID: PMC9535961 DOI: 10.1177/09636625221092696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Social networks are becoming powerful agents mediating between science and the public. Considering the public tendency to associate science with men makes investigating representations of female scientists in social media important. Here we set out to find whether the commenting patterns to text-based science communication are similar. To examine these, we collected and analyzed posts (165) and their comments (10,006) published between 2016 and 2018 on an Israeli popular science Facebook page. We examined post characteristics as well as the relevance and sentiment of comments. Several gendered differences in commenting patterns emerged. Posts published by female scientists received more irrelevant and fewer relevant comments. Female scientists received more hostile and positive comments. These findings are consistent with results of previous research, but also demonstrate a more nuanced understanding that when female scientists write using scientific jargon (usually an unwanted feature of popular science writing), they received less hostile comments and were given less advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Dalyot
- Keren Dalyot, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Caron RM, Jamshed SQ, Goodman MS, Kang S. Editorial: Women in science: Public health education and promotion 2021. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1011133. [PMID: 36159276 PMCID: PMC9490407 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1011133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary M. Caron
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Master of Public Health Program, College of Health and Human Services, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States,*Correspondence: Rosemary M. Caron
| | - Shazia Qasim Jamshed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Lumpur, Terengganu, Malaysia,Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Melody S. Goodman
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sunjoo Kang
- Department of Global Health, Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea
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Simon S, Hoyt CL, Fattorusso S. Stereotypic beliefs contribute to gender disparities in the field of economics. J Soc Psychol 2022; 163:145-157. [PMID: 35942701 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Why are women under-represented in the field of economics relative to men? We propose that stereotypes associated with economists contribute to women's interest in the field. We test the predictions that economists are stereotypically associated with low levels of communion and high levels of agency and that this type of stereotype content is associated with women's lower interest in the field. In Study 1 (N = 883), stereotypes associated with people in the field of economics were masculine, characterized with low levels of communion and high levels of agency. In Study 2 (N = 182), undergraduate women were less interested than men in majoring in fields that share the same pattern of stereotyping found for economists in Study 1. The results from this study have important implications for increasing young women's interest and representation in the field of economics.
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Sebo P, Clair C. Twenty-Year Trends of Female First Authorship in a Selection of Primary Healthcare Journals. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:2898-2900. [PMID: 35075535 PMCID: PMC9411497 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sebo
- Primary Care Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Carole Clair
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Waldhorn I, Dekel A, Morozov A, Alon ES, Stave D, Tsrooya NB, Schlosser S, Markel G, Bomze D, Meirson T. Trends in Women's Leadership of Oncology Clinical Trials. Front Oncol 2022; 12:885275. [PMID: 35756628 PMCID: PMC9215172 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.885275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely reported that women are underrepresented in leadership positions within academic medicine. This study aimed to assess trends in women representation as principal investigators (PIs) in oncology clinical trials and to characterize trends in women’s leadership in such trials conducted between 1999 and 2019. The gender of 39,240 PIs leading clinical trials was determined using the gender prediction software Genderize.io. In total, 11,516 (27.7%) women served as PIs. Over the past 20 years, an annual increase of 0.65% in women PIs was observed. Analysis by geographic distribution revealed higher women representation among PIs in North America and Europe compared to Asia. Industry-funded trials were associated with lower women PI representation than academic-funded trials (31.4% vs. 18.8%, p<0.001). Also, women PIs were found to be underrepresented in late-phase as compared to early-phase studies (27.9%, 25.7%, 21.6%, and 22.4% in phase I, II, III, and IV, respectively; Cochran-Armitage test for trend, p<0.001). Furthermore, an association was found between the PI’s gender and enrolment of female subjects (50% vs. 43% female participants led by women vs men PIs, respectively, p<0.001). Taken together, while the gender gap in women’s leadership in oncology trials has been steadily closing, prominent inequalities remain in non-Western countries, advanced study phases, industry-funded trials and appear to be linked to a gender gap in patient accrual. These observations can serve for the development of strategies to increase women’s representation and to monitor progress toward gender equality in PIs of cancer clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ithai Waldhorn
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Dekel
- Midaat - For Informed Health, Mevaseret Zion, Israel
| | - Anna Morozov
- Department of Data Science, Eyeviation, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Elisa Sardas Alon
- The Israel Society for Gender and Sex Conscious Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Danielle Stave
- Department of Pediatrics, Dana Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Ben Tsrooya
- Occupational Medicine Department, Clalit Health Services, Netanya, Israel
| | - Shir Schlosser
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - David Bomze
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomer Meirson
- Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Andrejek N, Fetner T, Heath M. Climax as Work: Heteronormativity, Gender Labor, and the Gender Gap in Orgasms. Gend Soc 2022; 36:189-213. [PMID: 35185280 PMCID: PMC8847982 DOI: 10.1177/08912432211073062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gender scholars have addressed a variety of gender gaps between men and women, including a gender gap in orgasms. In this mixed-methods study of heterosexual Canadians, we examine how men and women engage in gender labor that limits women's orgasms relative to men. With representative survey data, we test existing hypotheses that sexual behaviors and relationship contexts contribute to the gender gap in orgasms. We confirm previous research that sexual practices focusing on clitoral stimulation are associated with women's orgasms. With in-depth interview data from a subsample of 40 survey participants, we extend this research to show that both men and women engage in gender labor to explain and justify the gender gap in orgasms. Relying on an essentialist view of gender, a narrow understanding of what counts as sex, and moralistic language that recalls the sexual double standard, our participants craft a narrative of women's orgasms as work and men's orgasms as natural. The work to produce this gendered narrative of sexuality mirrors the gender labor that takes place in the bedroom, where both women and men engage in sexual behaviors that emphasize men's pleasure to a greater extent than women's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Andrejek
- Nicole Andrejek, Department of Sociology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M4, Canada; e-mail:
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Last K, Schwierzeck V, Koch CM, Becker SL, Forster J, Jazmati N, Papan C. Parenting and caregiving duties as career challenges among clinical microbiologists: a cross-sectional survey. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:589-598. [PMID: 35341325 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To estimate the burden of parenting and caregiving duties among clinical microbiologists in Germany and to identify workplace-related support systems and barriers to engaging in career-relevant activities. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted. Participants were asked to answer 37 questions, of which 24 specifically addressed parenting and caregiving duties. Results: Only few workplace-related support systems are currently available, and experiences of job-related disadvantages were frequently reported (27 of 47; 57.4%). Main barriers were a lack of flexible working hours and reliable childcare. Sociocultural norms and a lack of role models were perceived as detrimental. Conclusion: More support systems and a credible culture of family friendliness are needed to prevent jeopardizing the academic potential of young parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Last
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Vera Schwierzeck
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Christina M Koch
- Department of English and American Studies and Center for Gender Studies, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, 35032, Germany
| | - Sören L Becker
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Johannes Forster
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | | | - Cihan Papan
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421, Germany
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Marescotti M, Loreto F, Spires-Jones TL. Gender representation in science publication: evidence from Brain Communications. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac077. [PMID: 35663379 PMCID: PMC9155249 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent underrepresentation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Medicine (STEMM) points to the need to continue promoting the awareness and understanding of this phenomenon. Being one of the main outputs of scientific work, academic publications provide the opportunity to quantify the gender gap in science as well as to identify possible sources of bias and areas of improvement. Brain Communications is a 'young' journal founded in 2019, committed to transparent publication of rigorous work in neuroscience, neurology and psychiatry. For all manuscripts (n = 796) received by the journal between 2019 and 2021, we analysed the gender of all authors (n = 7721) and reviewers (n = 4492). Overall, women were 35.3% of all authors and 31.3% of invited reviewers. A considerably higher proportion of women was found in first authorship (42.4%) than in last authorship positions (24.9%). The representation of women authors and reviewers decreased further in the months following COVID-19 restrictions, suggesting a possible exacerbating role of the pandemic on existing disparities in science publication. The proportion of manuscripts accepted for publication was not significantly different according to the gender of the first, middle or last authors, meaning we found no evidence of gender bias within the review or editorial decision-making processes at Brain Communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Marescotti
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Communications Editorial Office, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Flavia Loreto
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tara L. Spires-Jones
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Communications Editorial Office, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Blaszczak W, Ahmed A, Leithner K, Schubert A, Leech M, Bonder C, Tsagakis I. Outlook of women in science: an interview with our authors. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1047-1056. [PMID: 35122410 PMCID: PMC8895441 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity in research teams ties alternative perspectives into research projects, and this can fast-forward scientific progress. Concerted efforts have been aimed at encouraging and supporting women to pursue a career in science, yet a gender disparity can still be observed at senior positions, with fewer women in leadership roles. To get insight into how the current landscape for women in science is perceived by different career stages, we interviewed female authors of Molecular Oncology from diverse career stages and disciplines about their inspiration, challenges they have faced as scientists as well as their thoughts on how gender diversity can be further enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowUK
| | | | - Antonia Schubert
- Division Signaling and Functional GenomicsGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg UniversityGermany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT)Medical OncologyHeidelbergGermany
| | - Michelle Leech
- Discipline of Radiation TherapyTrinity St. James’s Cancer InstituteTrinity College DublinIreland
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Abdollahpour S, Heidarian Miri H, Khademol Khamse F, Khadivzadeh T. The relationship between global gender equality with maternal and neonatal health indicators: an ecological study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 35:1093-1099. [PMID: 32290738 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1743655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Achieving the millennium development goals (MDGs) and sustainable development goals (SDGs) including gender equality, reducing maternal, neonatal, and under 5 mortality rates are still considered a major global challenge. This study was performed with the aim of investigating the relationship between global gender equality and maternal as well as neonatal, and under 5 children health indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study is an ecological study performed through credible secondary data published in 2017 for each country. Then, the Gender Equality Index along with its four areas, maternal mortality, neonatal mortality, and under 5 mortality rates were extracted. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 24 via descriptive-analytical statistics and linear regression. RESULTS There was a significant and direct correlation between all of the three variables of maternal mortality, neonatal, as well as under 5 mortality and Gender Equality Index. Correlation analysis between the above-mentioned indicators and the areas of Gender Equality Index showed that there is no significant correlation between the "economic opportunities and participation" index and none of the maternal, neonatal, and under 5 mortality indicators. The "educational attainment" index had an inverse significant correlation with the above-mentioned variables. The "survival and health" index had only an inverse significant correlation with neonatal mortality, and "political empowerment" had such a correlation with neonatal and under 5 mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS Panning and policymaking for reducing gender equality barriers should be among the top priorities of primary healthcare in order to achieve maternal, neonatal, and under 5 health universally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Abdollahpour
- PhD Student Research Committee, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Heidarian Miri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khademol Khamse
- PhD Student Research Committee, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Talat Khadivzadeh
- Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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LAVADO RF, NOWACKA K, RAITZER DA, RODGERS YVDM, ZVEGLICH JE. COVID-19 disparities by gender and income: Evidence from the Philippines. Int Labour Rev 2022; 161:107-123. [PMID: 34548683 PMCID: PMC8444832 DOI: 10.1111/ilr.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting containment policies have hit the Philippines harder than most developing countries. The government lockdown is among the strictest in the world, and blanket school closures are the lengthiest. This article uses a novel simulation model to estimate the gendered and regional impacts of these factors on labour, income and poverty, and a case study of school closures points to the losses in employment among private school teachers and in the income of parents with young children. The authors find that the pandemic has had unprecedented implications for economic activity and has disproportionately affected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouselle F. LAVADO
- World Health Organization, (at the time of writing, affiliated to the Asian Development Bank)
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Johnson GW, Almgren-Bell A, Skidmore A, Raval D, Blow G, Gu H, Mackey K, Groves M, Lee H, Strahle JM. Representation of female neurosurgeons as abstract authors at neurological surgery conferences. J Neurosurg 2022; 137:1-7. [PMID: 35213836 DOI: 10.3171/2022.1.jns212096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Female neurosurgeon representation has increased, but women still represent only 8.4% of neurosurgeons in the US. Women are significantly underrepresented as authors in neurosurgical and spine journals, a key indicator of professional success in academic medicine. In this study, the authors aimed to assess the gender diversity of first and last authors of accepted abstracts at neurosurgical conferences in 2015 and 2019. METHODS Annual meeting abstracts for 2015 and 2019 of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), and pediatrics, spine, stereotactic and functional surgery, and cerebrovascular AANS/CNS subspecialty sections were obtained and analyzed for gender. Partial data were obtained for tumor and pain sections. Composite gender data were obtained from the societies. Percentage differences were calculated using comparison of proportions testing. RESULTS Overall, female neurosurgeons accounted for only 8.3% of first and 5.8% of last authors, and 7.2% of authors overall. The pediatrics section had the highest proportion of female neurosurgeons as first (13.7%) and last (12.4%) abstract authors, while the spine section had the lowest proportions of female neurosurgeon first (4.6%) and last (2.0%) authors. Qualitatively, a higher proportion of women were first authors, while a higher proportion of men were last authors. Overall, there was no significant change in female neurosurgeon authorship between 2015 and 2019. With regard to society demographics, female neurosurgeons accounted for only 6.3% of AANS membership. The pediatrics section had the highest proportion of female neurosurgeons at 18.1% and the stereotactic and functional surgery section had the lowest of the subspecialty sections (7.6%). While female neurosurgeons represented 12.6% of spine section membership, they represented only 4.7% of first authors (-7.9% difference; p < 0.0001) and 2.4% of last authors (-10.2% difference; p < 0.0001). For the 2019 cerebrovascular section, female neurosurgeons were underrepresented as presenting authors (5.8%) compared with their membership representation (14.8%, -9.0% difference; p = 0.0018). CONCLUSIONS Despite an increase in the number of female neurosurgeons, there has not been a corresponding increase in the proportion of female neurosurgeons as abstract authors at annual neurosurgery conferences, and female neurosurgeons remain underrepresented as authors compared with their male colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dhvanii Raval
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Gretchen Blow
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Hongjie Gu
- 2Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Kimberly Mackey
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, South Georgia Medical Center, Valdosta, Georgia; and
| | - Mari Groves
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hedwig Lee
- 5Department of Sociology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
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Al-Jayyousi GF, Kurdi R, Islam N, Alhussaini NWZ, Awada S, Abdul Rahim H. Factors Affecting Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking among University Students in Qatar. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:392-401. [PMID: 34913828 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.2012695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent data show an increase in the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) among university students in the Arab Gulf region alongside an attitude of social acceptability and a perception that WTS is less harmful than traditional cigarette smoking. Objective: This study measures the prevalence of WTS among university students and examines the individual, sociocultural, and environmental factors influencing this practice. Methods: Participants were selected through stratified random sampling of students in the largest national university in Qatar. Data were collected anonymously using an online questionnaire. Descriptive univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted to examine the association of WTS with participants' sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes. Results: 199 students completed the questionnaire. Among students who reported using tobacco products, waterpipe (shisha) was the most common product (70.6%). WTS was significantly associated with having a mother (p = 0.015) or a close friend (p < 0.001) who smoked. Compared to non-users, waterpipe tobacco users were significantly more likely to believe that waterpipe tobacco is less addictive than cigarettes (p = 0.009) and significantly less likely to believe that waterpipe tobacco can lead to cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.003) or dental problems (p = 0.02). More waterpipe tobacco users than non-users disagreed that parents (p = 0.005) or advertisements (p = 0.002) could influence use. More waterpipe tobacco users (70%) than non-users (37%) believed that females were more comfortable using waterpipes than cigarettes. Conclusions and implications: The findings shed light on factors shaping WTS and provide evidence for designing multilevel behavioral interventions to decrease the prevalence of WTS among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana Kurdi
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nazmul Islam
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Sawsan Awada
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hanan Abdul Rahim
- College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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