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Sauerland M, Geven L, Bastiaens A, Verschuere B. Diagnosing eyewitness identifications with reaction time‑based Concealed Information Test: the effect of viewpoint congruency between test and encoding. Psychol Res 2024; 88:639-651. [PMID: 37477730 PMCID: PMC10858071 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Mistaken eyewitness identifications continue to be a major contributor to miscarriages of justice. Previous experiments have suggested that implicit identification procedures such as the Concealed Information Test (CIT) might be a promising alternative to classic lineups when encoding conditions during the crime were favorable. We tested this idea by manipulating view congruency (frontal vs. profile view) between encoding and test. Participants witnessed a videotaped mock theft that showed the thief and victim almost exclusively from frontal or profile view. At test, viewing angle was either congruent or incongruent with the view during encoding. We tested eyewitness identification with the RT-CIT (N = 74), and with a traditional simultaneous photo lineup (N = 97). The CIT showed strong capacity to diagnose face recognition (d = 0.91 [0.64; 1.18]), but unexpectedly, view congruency did not moderate this effect. View congruency moderated lineup performance for one of the two lineups. Following these unexpected findings, we conducted a replication with a stronger congruency manipulation and larger sample size. CIT (N = 156) showed moderate capacity to diagnose face recognition (d = 0.63 [0.46; 0.80]) and now view congruency did moderate the CIT effect. For lineups (N = 156), view congruency again moderated performance for one of the two lineups. Capacity for diagnosing face recognition was similar for lineups and RT-CIT in our first comparison, but much stronger for lineups in our second comparison. Future experiments might investigate more conditions that affect performance in lineups vs. the RT-CIT differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sauerland
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Linda Geven
- Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bastiaens
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Wiechert S, Proost D, Simoens E, Ben-Shakhar G, Pertzov Y, Verschuere B. The effect of negative valence on false memory formation in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm: A preregistered meta-analysis and preregistered replication. J Exp Psychol Gen 2024; 153:621-655. [PMID: 38059962 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Participants in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm learn lists of words (e.g., bed, tired) associated with a nonpresented lure (i.e., sleep). In subsequent memory tests, individuals tend to report the nonlearned lures, that is, exhibiting false memories. Priorly, the DRM task has been criticized for not capturing the aversive nature of (clinically and forensically relevant) real-life memories. To obtain a robust estimate of the influence of negative versus neutral word lists on the DRM effect, we conducted both a preregistered meta-analysis (krecall = 49, nrecall = 2,209, krecognition = 75, nrecognition = 3,008, kresponsebias = 31, nresponsebias = 1,128) and replication (nfinal = 278) predicting increased false memories for negative valence in recall and recognition. For recall, we found significant frequentist evidence in the meta-analysis for a reversed valence effect (d = -0.18, i.e., reduced false memories for negative content vs. neutral), whereas the replication displayed null results (d = 0.03). For recognition, both the meta-analysis (d = 0.23) and replication (d = 0.35) showed that negative valence (vs. neutral) increased false memories. However, this effect may be confounded by shifts in response tendencies as controlling for response bias nullified the valence effect in our meta-analysis (dmeta = 0.05), and we found evidence for differential response bias in our replication (dreplica = 0.39). Hence, the effect of valence on false memory reports in the DRM may not represent a systematic difference in emotional information but instead depend on how memory is tested, and be partly attributable to differential response tendencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Wiechert
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam
| | - Dora Proost
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University
| | | | | | - Yoni Pertzov
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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3
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Koller D, Hofer F, Verschuere B. Assessing partial errors via analog gaming keyboards in response conflict tasks: A proof-of-concept study with the concealed information test. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:278-289. [PMID: 36597006 PMCID: PMC10794338 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-02039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The response time-based Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT) is an established memory detection paradigm. Slower RTs to critical information (called 'probes') compared to control items (called 'irrelevants') reveal recognition. Different lines of research indicate that response conflict is a strong contributor to this RT difference. Previous studies used electromyography (EMG) to measure response conflict, but this requires special equipment and trained examiners. The aim of this study was to explore if response conflict can also be measured with an analog gaming keyboard that is sensitive to minimal finger movements. In a preregistered study, participants completed an autobiographical RT-CIT (n = 35) as well as a cued recognition task (modified Sternberg task; n = 33) for validation purposes. Partial errors, partial button presses of the incorrect response key, were more frequent in trials with response conflict than in trials without conflict. Partial errors were rare (CIT: 2.9%; Sternberg: 1.7% of conflict trials), suggesting analogue keyboards have lower sensitivity than EMG. This is the first evidence that analog keyboards can measure partial errors. Although likely less sensitive than EMG measures, potential benefits of analog keyboards include their accessibility, their compatibility with all tasks that use a standard keyboard, that no physical contact with the participant is needed, and ease of data collection (e.g., allowing for group testing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Koller
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14 / Box 22, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Franziska Hofer
- Zurich State Police, Airport Division, Research and Development, Zurich, Switzerland
- HF Partners, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Klein Selle N, Or B, Van der Cruyssen I, Verschuere B, Ben-Shakhar G. The role of response conflict in concealed information detection with reaction times. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17856. [PMID: 37857638 PMCID: PMC10587134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The concealed information test (CIT) presents various probe (familiar) items amidst irrelevant (unfamiliar) items. When the probe items appear, reaction time (RT) slows down. This RT-CIT effect has been accounted for by a conflict resulting from the need to deny familiarity of the familiar probes. The present pre-registered study (n = 292) examined whether response conflict is sufficient to account for the RT-CIT effect, using city and name items. Specifically, we compared the common conflict condition, where the response buttons emphasized familiarity of CIT items ("unfamiliar" versus "familiar"), to a novel no conflict condition, where the buttons emphasized categorical membership ("city" versus "name"). In line with our expectations, the RT-CIT effect was substantially stronger in the conflict condition; yet, it remained significant even in the no conflict condition. This implies a critical role for response conflict, but also suggests that other mechanisms (e.g. orientation to significant stimuli) may contribute to the RT-CIT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barak Or
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ine Van der Cruyssen
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sai L, Cheng J, Shang S, Fu G, Verschuere B. Does deception involve more cognitive control than truth-telling? Meta-analyses of N2 and MFN ERP studies. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14333. [PMID: 37194343 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of psychological theories propose that deception involves more cognitive control than truth-telling. Over the last decades, event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to unravel this question, but the findings are mixed. To address this controversy, two meta-analyses were conducted to quantify the results of existing studies reporting N2 or medial frontal negativity (MFN) associated with deception. In total, 32 papers consisting of 1091 participants were included, which yielded 32 effect sizes for N2 and 7 effect sizes for MFN. We found that deception was associated with a more negative N2 and MFN than truth-telling with medium and large effect sizes (r = .25 and .51, respectively). We also found that the deception paradigm modulated the results (p = .043), but found no evidence for publication bias. Our findings indicate that deception involves more cognitive control than truth-telling. Our review also identifies gaps in this literature, including a need for more ERP studies using spontaneous deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Sai
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Cheng
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Shang
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genyue Fu
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gunschera LJ, Verschuere B, Murphy RA, Temple-McCune A, Dutton K, Fox E. No impaired integration in psychopathy: Evidence from an illusory conjunction paradigm. Personal Disord 2023; 14:479-489. [PMID: 37166836 DOI: 10.1037/per0000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Progress in psychopathy research has been hampered by ongoing contention about its fundamental cause. The Impaired Integration theory of psychopathy provides an attention-based account of information integration abnormalities. We set out to evaluate the suggested mechanism via an innovative application of the well-established illusory conjunction paradigm. Two hundred participants were recruited by utilizing a psychopathic-trait-maximization technique, sampling individuals from an ex-prisoner and a population sample. We found no support for information integration deficits in psychopathic individuals (BF₁₀ = 0.156), and the absence of a relationship between psychopathic traits and illusory conjunctions remained when accounting for confounding variables. These findings question the mechanism proposed by the Impaired Integration theory and pave the way for future research to advance our understanding of psychopathic trait etiology by assessing specific and falsifiable mechanisms thought to bring about the observed cognitive and behavioral deficits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin A Murphy
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
| | | | - Kevin Dutton
- Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide
| | - Elaine Fox
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
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7
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Van der Cruyssen I, Ben-Shakhar G, Pertzov Y, Guy N, Cabooter Q, Gunschera LJ, Verschuere B. The validation of online webcam-based eye-tracking: The replication of the cascade effect, the novelty preference, and the visual world paradigm. Behav Res Methods 2023:10.3758/s13428-023-02221-2. [PMID: 37648844 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The many benefits of online research and the recent emergence of open-source eye-tracking libraries have sparked an interest in transferring time-consuming and expensive eye-tracking studies from the lab to the web. In the current study, we validate online webcam-based eye-tracking by conceptually replicating three robust eye-tracking studies (the cascade effect, n = 134, the novelty preference, n = 45, and the visual world paradigm, n = 32) online using the participant's webcam as eye-tracker with the WebGazer.js library. We successfully replicated all three effects, although the effect sizes of all three studies shrank by 20-27%. The visual world paradigm was conducted both online and in the lab, using the same participants and a standard laboratory eye-tracker. The results showed that replication per se could not fully account for the effect size shrinkage, but that the shrinkage was also due to the use of online webcam-based eye-tracking, which is noisier. In conclusion, we argue that eye-tracking studies with relatively large effects that do not require extremely high precision (e.g., studies with four or fewer large regions of interest) can be done online using the participant's webcam. We also make recommendations for how the quality of online webcam-based eye-tracking could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Van der Cruyssen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, VZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, 91905, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | - Yoni Pertzov
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, 91905, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nitzan Guy
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, 91905, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Quinn Cabooter
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, VZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lukas J Gunschera
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, VZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, VZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wiechert S, Loewy L, Wessel I, Fawcett JM, Ben-Shakhar G, Pertzov Y, Verschuere B. Suppression-induced forgetting: a pre-registered replication of the think/no-think paradigm. Memory 2023; 31:989-1002. [PMID: 37165713 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2208791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterised by recurring memories of a traumatic experience despite deliberate attempts to forget (i.e., suppression). The Think/No-Think (TNT) task has been used widely in the laboratory to study suppression-induced forgetting. During the task, participants learn a series of cue-target word pairs. Subsequently, they are presented with a subset of the cue words and are instructed to think (respond items) or not think about the corresponding target (suppression items). Baseline items are not shown during this phase. Successful suppression-induced forgetting is indicated by the reduced recall of suppression compared to baseline items in recall tests using either the same or different cues than originally studied (i.e., same- and independent-probe tests, respectively). The current replication was a pre-registered collaborative effort to evaluate an online experimenter-present version of the paradigm in 150 English-speaking healthy individuals (89 females; MAge = 31.14, SDAge = 7.73). Overall, we did not replicate the suppression-induced forgetting effect (same-probe: BF01 = 7.84; d = 0.03 [95% CI: -0.13; 0.20]; independent-probe: BF01 = 5.71; d = 0.06 [95% CI: -0.12; 0.24]). These null results should be considered in light of our online implementation of the paradigm. Nevertheless, our findings call into question the robustness of suppression-induced forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Wiechert
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonie Loewy
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke Wessel
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M Fawcett
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Gershon Ben-Shakhar
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoni Pertzov
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kekecs Z, Palfi B, Szaszi B, Szecsi P, Zrubka M, Kovacs M, Bakos BE, Cousineau D, Tressoldi P, Schmidt K, Grassi M, Evans TR, Yamada Y, Miller JK, Liu H, Yonemitsu F, Dubrov D, Röer JP, Becker M, Schnepper R, Ariga A, Arriaga P, Oliveira R, Põldver N, Kreegipuu K, Hall B, Wiechert S, Verschuere B, Girán K, Aczel B. Correction to: 'Raising the value of research studies in psychological science by increasing the credibility of research reports: The Transparent Psi Project' (2023) by Kekecs et al.. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:231080. [PMID: 37593711 PMCID: PMC10427810 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191375.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2500.].
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10
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Stoevenbelt AH, Wicherts JM, Flore PC, Phillips LAT, Pietschnig J, Verschuere B, Voracek M, Schwabe I. Are Speeded Tests Unfair? Modeling the Impact of Time Limits on the Gender Gap in Mathematics. Educ Psychol Meas 2023; 83:684-709. [PMID: 37398839 PMCID: PMC10311959 DOI: 10.1177/00131644221111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
When cognitive and educational tests are administered under time limits, tests may become speeded and this may affect the reliability and validity of the resulting test scores. Prior research has shown that time limits may create or enlarge gender gaps in cognitive and academic testing. On average, women complete fewer items than men when a test is administered with a strict time limit, whereas gender gaps are frequently reduced when time limits are relaxed. In this study, we propose that gender differences in test strategy might inflate gender gaps favoring men, and relate test strategy to stereotype threat effects under which women underperform due to the pressure of negative stereotypes about their performance. First, we applied a Bayesian two-dimensional item response theory (IRT) model to data obtained from two registered reports that investigated stereotype threat in mathematics, and estimated the latent correlation between underlying test strategy (here, completion factor, a proxy for working speed) and mathematics ability. Second, we tested the gender gap and assessed potential effects of stereotype threat on female test performance. We found a positive correlation between the completion factor and mathematics ability, such that more able participants dropped out later in the test. We did not observe a stereotype threat effect but found larger gender differences on the latent completion factor than on latent mathematical ability, suggesting that test strategies affect the gender gap in timed mathematics performance. We argue that if the effect of time limits on tests is not taken into account, this may lead to test unfairness and biased group comparisons, and urge researchers to consider these effects in either their analyses or study planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paulette C. Flore
- The Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague, The Netherlands
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11
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Verschuere B, Lin CC, Huismann S, Kleinberg B, Willemse M, Mei ECJ, van Goor T, Löwy LHS, Appiah OK, Meijer E. The use-the-best heuristic facilitates deception detection. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:718-728. [PMID: 36941469 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have shown that people are poor at detecting deception. Understandably, people struggle with integrating the many putative cues to deception into an accurate veracity judgement. Heuristics simplify difficult decisions by ignoring most of the information and relying instead only on the most diagnostic cues. Here we conducted nine studies in which people evaluated honest and deceptive handwritten statements, video transcripts, videotaped interviews or live interviews. Participants performed at the chance level when they made intuitive judgements, free to use any possible cue. But when instructed to rely only on the best available cue (detailedness), they were consistently able to discriminate lies from truths. Our findings challenge the notion that people lack the potential to detect deception. The simplicity and accuracy of the use-the-best heuristic provides a promising new avenue for deception research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Chu-Chien Lin
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Huismann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bennett Kleinberg
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marleen Willemse
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emily Chong Jia Mei
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thierry van Goor
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie H S Löwy
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Obed Kwame Appiah
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewout Meijer
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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12
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Kekecs Z, Palfi B, Szaszi B, Szecsi P, Zrubka M, Kovacs M, Bakos BE, Cousineau D, Tressoldi P, Schmidt K, Grassi M, Evans TR, Yamada Y, Miller JK, Liu H, Yonemitsu F, Dubrov D, Röer JP, Becker M, Schnepper R, Ariga A, Arriaga P, Oliveira R, Põldver N, Kreegipuu K, Hall B, Wiechert S, Verschuere B, Girán K, Aczel B. Raising the value of research studies in psychological science by increasing the credibility of research reports: the transparent Psi project. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:191375. [PMID: 36756055 PMCID: PMC9890107 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The low reproducibility rate in social sciences has produced hesitation among researchers in accepting published findings at their face value. Despite the advent of initiatives to increase transparency in research reporting, the field is still lacking tools to verify the credibility of research reports. In the present paper, we describe methodologies that let researchers craft highly credible research and allow their peers to verify this credibility. We demonstrate the application of these methods in a multi-laboratory replication of Bem's Experiment 1 (Bem 2011 J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 100, 407-425. (doi:10.1037/a0021524)) on extrasensory perception (ESP), which was co-designed by a consensus panel including both proponents and opponents of Bem's original hypothesis. In the study we applied direct data deposition in combination with born-open data and real-time research reports to extend transparency to protocol delivery and data collection. We also used piloting, checklists, laboratory logs and video-documented trial sessions to ascertain as-intended protocol delivery, and external research auditors to monitor research integrity. We found 49.89% successful guesses, while Bem reported 53.07% success rate, with the chance level being 50%. Thus, Bem's findings were not replicated in our study. In the paper, we discuss the implementation, feasibility and perceived usefulness of the credibility-enhancing methodologies used throughout the project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Kekecs
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Izabella u 46. 1064, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Box 213, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Bence Palfi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Barnabas Szaszi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Izabella u 46. 1064, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Szecsi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Izabella u 46. 1064, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark Zrubka
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 19268, 1000 GG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marton Kovacs
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Izabella u 46. 1064, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence E. Bakos
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Izabella u 46. 1064, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Denis Cousineau
- École de psychologie, University of Ottawa, 136, Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Patrizio Tressoldi
- Studium Patavinum, Università di Padova via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Kathleen Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA
- School of Psychological & Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
| | - Massimo Grassi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jeremy K. Miller
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University, 900 State Street, Salem, OR 97301, USA
| | - Huanxu Liu
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fumiya Yonemitsu
- Faculty of Letters, Chuo University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan
| | - Dmitrii Dubrov
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation
| | - Jan Philipp Röer
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Marvin Becker
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Roxane Schnepper
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Atsunori Ariga
- Faculty of Letters, Chuo University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0393, Japan
| | - Patrícia Arriaga
- Iscte-University Institute of Lisbon, CIS_Iscte, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Oliveira
- Iscte-University Institute of Lisbon, CIS_Iscte, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nele Põldver
- University of Tartu Institute of Psychology, Estonia
| | | | - Braeden Hall
- School of Psychological & Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
| | - Sera Wiechert
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Kyra Girán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Izabella u 46. 1064, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Aczel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Izabella u 46. 1064, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Sauerland M, Koller D, Bastiaens A, Verschuere B. Diagnosing eyewitness identifications with reaction time-based concealed information test: the effect of observation time. Psychol Res 2023; 87:281-293. [PMID: 35133492 PMCID: PMC9873779 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Eyewitness identification procedures rely heavily on explicit identification from lineups. Lineups have been criticized because they have a considerable error rate. We tested the potential of implicit identifications in a Concealed Information Test (CIT) as an alternative. Previous experiments have suggested that implicit identification procedures might be suited when viewing conditions were favorable. In two experiments, mock eyewitnesses (Ns = 94, 509) witnessed a videotaped mock theft with longer or shorter observation time. We derived eyewitness identifications either implicitly from CIT reaction times or explicitly from simultaneous photo lineups. In Experiment 2, we also manipulated perpetrator presence. In both experiments, the perpetrator-present CIT showed capacity to diagnose face recognition, with large effect sizes (dE1 = 0.85 [0.51; 1.18]; dE2 = 0.74 [0.52; 0.96]), as expected. Unexpectedly, no moderation by observation time was found. In line with our hypothesis, no CIT effect emerged in the perpetrator-absent condition, indicating the absence of recognition (dE2 = 0.02 [- 0.17; 0.20]). We found no compelling evidence that one method would outperform the other. This work adds to accumulating evidence that suggests that, under favorable viewing conditions and replication provided, the RT-CIT might be diagnostic of facial recognition, for example when witnesses are hesitant of making an explicit identification. Future work might investigate conditions that affect performance in one, but not the other identification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sauerland
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Dave Koller
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Bastiaens
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Section Forensic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Bago B, Kovacs M, Protzko J, Nagy T, Kekecs Z, Palfi B, Adamkovic M, Adamus S, Albalooshi S, Albayrak-Aydemir N, Alfian IN, Alper S, Alvarez-Solas S, Alves SG, Amaya S, Andresen PK, Anjum G, Ansari D, Arriaga P, Aruta JJBR, Arvanitis A, Babincak P, Barzykowski K, Bashour B, Baskin E, Batalha L, Batres C, Bavolar J, Bayrak F, Becker B, Becker M, Belaus A, Białek M, Bilancini E, Boller D, Boncinelli L, Boudesseul J, Brown BT, Buchanan EM, Butt MM, Calvillo DP, Carnes NC, Celniker JB, Chartier CR, Chopik WJ, Chotikavan P, Chuan-Peng H, Clancy RF, Çoker O, Correia RC, Adoric VC, Cubillas CP, Czoschke S, Daryani Y, de Grefte JAM, de Vries WC, Burak EGD, Dias C, Dixson BJW, Du X, Dumančić F, Dumbravă A, Dutra NB, Enachescu J, Esteban-Serna C, Eudave L, Evans TR, Feldman G, Felisberti FM, Fiedler S, Findor A, Fleischmann A, Foroni F, Francová R, Frank DA, Fu CHY, Gao S, Ghasemi O, Ghazi-Noori AR, Ghossainy ME, Giammusso I, Gill T, Gjoneska B, Gollwitzer M, Graton A, Grinberg M, Groyecka-Bernard A, Harris EA, Hartanto A, Hassan WANM, Hatami J, Heimark KR, Hidding JJJ, Hristova E, Hruška M, Hudson CA, Huskey R, Ikeda A, Inbar Y, Ingram GPD, Isler O, Isloi C, Iyer A, Jaeger B, Janssen SMJ, Jiménez-Leal W, Jokić B, Kačmár P, Kadreva V, Kaminski G, Karimi-Malekabadi F, Kasper ATA, Kendrick KM, Kennedy BJ, Kocalar HE, Kodapanakkal RI, Kowal M, Kruse E, Kučerová L, Kühberger A, Kuzminska AO, Lalot F, Lamm C, Lammers J, Lange EB, Lantian A, Lau IYM, Lazarevic LB, Leliveld MC, Lenz JN, Levitan CA, Lewis SC, Li M, Li Y, Li H, Lima TJS, Lins S, Liuzza MT, Lopes P, Lu JG, Lynds T, Máčel M, Mackinnon SP, Maganti M, Magraw-Mickelson Z, Magson LF, Manley H, Marcu GM, Seršić DM, Matibag CJ, Mattiassi ADA, Mazidi M, McFall JP, McLatchie N, Mensink MC, Miketta L, Milfont TL, Mirisola A, Misiak M, Mitkidis P, Moeini-Jazani M, Monajem A, Moreau D, Musser ED, Narhetali E, Ochoa DP, Olsen J, Owsley NC, Özdoğru AA, Panning M, Papadatou-Pastou M, Parashar N, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Parzuchowski M, Paterlini JV, Pavlacic JM, Peker M, Peters K, Piatnitckaia L, Pinto I, Policarpio MR, Pop-Jordanova N, Pratama AJ, Primbs MA, Pronizius E, Purić D, Puvia E, Qamari V, Qian K, Quiamzade A, Ráczová B, Reinero DA, Reips UD, Reyna C, Reynolds K, Ribeiro MFF, Röer JP, Ross RM, Roussos P, Ruiz-Dodobara F, Ruiz-Fernandez S, Rutjens BT, Rybus K, Samekin A, Santos AC, Say N, Schild C, Schmidt K, Ścigała KA, Sharifian M, Shi J, Shi Y, Sievers E, Sirota M, Slipenkyj M, Solak Ç, Sorokowska A, Sorokowski P, Söylemez S, Steffens NK, Stephen ID, Sternisko A, Stevens-Wilson L, Stewart SLK, Stieger S, Storage D, Strube J, Susa KJ, Szekely-Copîndean RD, Szostak NM, Takwin B, Tatachari S, Thomas AG, Tiede KE, Tiong LE, Tonković M, Trémolière B, Tunstead LV, Türkan BN, Twardawski M, Vadillo MA, Vally Z, Vaughn LA, Verschuere B, Vlašiček D, Voracek M, Vranka MA, Wang S, West SL, Whyte S, Wilton LS, Wlodarczyk A, Wu X, Xin F, Yadanar S, Yama H, Yamada Y, Yilmaz O, Yoon S, Young DM, Zakharov I, Zein RA, Zettler I, Žeželj IL, Zhang DC, Zhang J, Zheng X, Hoekstra R, Aczel B. Publisher Correction: Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:897-898. [PMID: 35668099 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bence Bago
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Marton Kovacs
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - John Protzko
- University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Kekecs
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Palfi
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matus Adamkovic
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia.,Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sylwia Adamus
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara Alvarez-Solas
- Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Grupo de Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeoE2), Napo, Ecuador
| | - Sara G Alves
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Santiago Amaya
- Department of Philosophy, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Gulnaz Anjum
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Department of Psychology and The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Peter Babincak
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Krystian Barzykowski
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bana Bashour
- Department of Philosophy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Luisa Batalha
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carlota Batres
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Jozef Bavolar
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Maja Becker
- CLLE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anabel Belaus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (IIPsi, Conicet-UNC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Michał Białek
- Instutute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ennio Bilancini
- IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy.,GAME Science Research Center, Lucca, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Boncinelli
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jordane Boudesseul
- Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Erin M Buchanan
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | | | - Dustin P Calvillo
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Nate C Carnes
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Jared B Celniker
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - William J Chopik
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Poom Chotikavan
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hu Chuan-Peng
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rockwell F Clancy
- Department of Values, Technology, and Innovation, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ogeday Çoker
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Rita C Correia
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carmelo P Cubillas
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Czoschke
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yalda Daryani
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Job A M de Grefte
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Economics, Econometrics, and Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wieteke C de Vries
- Marketing Department, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Carina Dias
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Barnaby J W Dixson
- The School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xinkai Du
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Dumančić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrei Dumbravă
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania.,George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Iași, Romania
| | - Natalia B Dutra
- Laboratório de Evolução do Comportamento Humano, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Janina Enachescu
- Department of Occupational, Economic and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Celia Esteban-Serna
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luis Eudave
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Thomas R Evans
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, UK
| | - Gilad Feldman
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Susann Fiedler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrej Findor
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Francesco Foroni
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Radka Francová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Cynthia H Y Fu
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Shan Gao
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Omid Ghasemi
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Maliki E Ghossainy
- Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabella Giammusso
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tripat Gill
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Biljana Gjoneska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mario Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Maurice Grinberg
- Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katrina R Heimark
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Evgeniya Hristova
- Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Matej Hruška
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Richard Huskey
- Department of Communication, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ayumi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoel Inbar
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon P D Ingram
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ozan Isler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Steve M J Janssen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | | | - Biljana Jokić
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavol Kačmár
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Veselina Kadreva
- Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Halil E Kocalar
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | | | - Marta Kowal
- Instutute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elliott Kruse
- EGADE Business School, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
| | - Lenka Kučerová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | | | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joris Lammers
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke B Lange
- Department of Music, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anthony Lantian
- Département de Psychologie, Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, UPL, University Paris Nanterre, Paris, France
| | - Ivy Y-M Lau
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ljiljana B Lazarevic
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijke C Leliveld
- Marketing Department, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer N Lenz
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | | | | | - Manyu Li
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Yansong Li
- Reward, Competition and Social Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haozheng Li
- Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tiago J S Lima
- Department of Social and Work Psychology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Samuel Lins
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paula Lopes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jackson G Lu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Trent Lynds
- Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Máčel
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sean P Mackinnon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Zoe Magraw-Mickelson
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Leon F Magson
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Harry Manley
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gabriela M Marcu
- Department of Psychology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Darja Masli Seršić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Mahdi Mazidi
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joseph P McFall
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael C Mensink
- Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI, USA
| | - Lena Miketta
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alberto Mirisola
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michal Misiak
- Instutute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Panagiotis Mitkidis
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Arash Monajem
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Danielle P Ochoa
- Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jerome Olsen
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip Pärnamets
- New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Michal Parzuchowski
- Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Sopot, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Kim Peters
- Department of Management, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Isabel Pinto
- Center of Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Ekaterina Pronizius
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Danka Purić
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elisa Puvia
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vahid Qamari
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kun Qian
- Institute of Decision Science for a Sustainable Society, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Alain Quiamzade
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,UniDistance Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland
| | - Beáta Ráczová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Diego A Reinero
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulf-Dietrich Reips
- Research Methods, Assessment, and iScience, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (IIPsi, Conicet-UNC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Kimberly Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA, USA
| | | | - Jan P Röer
- Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Robert M Ross
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Petros Roussos
- Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Susana Ruiz-Fernandez
- FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Katarzyna Rybus
- Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Sopot, Poland
| | - Adil Samekin
- M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Anabela C Santos
- Iscte-University Institute of Lisbon, CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal.,Aventura Social and DESSH, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Institute of Environmental Health, Medicine Faculty, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Say
- Prague University of Economics and Business, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Kathleen Schmidt
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Jiaxin Shi
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaoxi Shi
- Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Erin Sievers
- Department of Psychology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH, USA
| | | | - Michael Slipenkyj
- Department of Psychology and The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian D Stephen
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anni Sternisko
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Daniel Storage
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Kyle J Susa
- California State University, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | | | - Natalia M Szostak
- Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Sopot, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucas E Tiong
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mirjana Tonković
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Belgüzar N Türkan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Mathias Twardawski
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Miguel A Vadillo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zahir Vally
- Department of Clinical Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Wolfson College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Denis Vlašiček
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Shuzhen Wang
- Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Skye-Loren West
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Stephen Whyte
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leigh S Wilton
- Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Anna Wlodarczyk
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Xue Wu
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fei Xin
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Yadanar
- University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yama
- School of Literature and Human Sciences, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Sangsuk Yoon
- Department of Management and Marketing, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | - Ilya Zakharov
- Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ingo Zettler
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iris L Žeželj
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Don C Zhang
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Balazs Aczel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Van der Cruyssen I, Regnath F, Ben-Shakhar G, Pertzov Y, Verschuere B. Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? Congruency Between Encoding and Testing Improves Detection of Concealed Memories. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Geven LM, Verschuere B, Kindt M, Vaknine S, Ben-Shakhar G. Countering information leakage in the Concealed Information Test: The effects of item detailedness. Psychophysiology 2021; 59:e13957. [PMID: 34674285 PMCID: PMC9286855 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Concealed Information Tests (CIT) are administered to verify whether suspects recognize certain features from a crime. Whenever it is presumed that innocent suspects were contaminated with critical information (e.g., the perpetrator had a knife), the examiner may ask more detailed questions (e.g., specific types of knives) to prevent false positives. However, this may increase the number of false negatives if the true perpetrator fails to discern specific details from its plausible irrelevant controls, or because detailed crime‐scene information may be forgotten. We examined whether presenting items at the exemplar level protects against contamination, and whether it compromises the sensitivity in a physiological CIT. Participants (N = 142) planned a mock‐robbery, with critical items encoded either at the category or at the exemplar level. The CIT was administered immediately or after a 1‐week‐delay, with questions phrased at the categorical or exemplar level. There were no effects of time delay. Results revealed that when item detailedness was congruent at encoding and testing, the SCR, HR, and RLL showed larger differential responses, as compared with incongruent conditions. Participants contaminated with crime knowledge at the categorical level did not show a CIT‐effect for crime details at the exemplar level, suggesting detailed questions may counter the leakage problem. Asking questions at the exemplar level did not reduce the CIT detection efficiency as compared to asking questions at the categorical level. The importance of congruency between encoding and testing provides examiners with a challenge, as it is difficult to estimate how details are naturally encoded. The Concealed Information Test (CIT) depends on the assumption that only guilty suspects have crime knowledge. As this assumption cannot always be met in real‐life, examiners may probe for more detailed information. We investigated whether use of detailed items affects accuracy in the CIT, and whether this depends on congruency between crime encoding and CIT testing. The current findings speak for the use of detailed questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Marjoleine Geven
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shani Vaknine
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Koller D, Hofer F, Verschuere B. Different Target Modalities Improve the Single Probe Protocol of the Response Time-Based Concealed Information Test. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Zickfeld JH, van de Ven N, Pich O, Schubert TW, Berkessel JB, Pizarro JJ, Bhushan B, Mateo NJ, Barbosa S, Sharman L, Kökönyei G, Schrover E, Kardum I, Aruta JJB, Lazarevic LB, Escobar MJ, Stadel M, Arriaga P, Dodaj A, Shankland R, Majeed NM, Li Y, Lekkou E, Hartanto A, Özdoğru AA, Vaughn LA, del Carmen Espinoza M, Caballero A, Kolen A, Karsten J, Manley H, Maeura N, Eşkisu M, Shani Y, Chittham P, Ferreira D, Bavolar J, Konova I, Sato W, Morvinski C, Carrera P, Villar S, Ibanez A, Hareli S, Garcia AM, Kremer I, Götz FM, Schwerdtfeger A, Estrada-Mejia C, Nakayama M, Ng WQ, Sesar K, Orjiakor CT, Dumont K, Allred TB, Gračanin A, Rentfrow PJ, Schönefeld V, Vally Z, Barzykowski K, Peltola HR, Tcherkassof A, Haque S, Śmieja M, Su-May TT, IJzerman H, Vatakis A, Ong CW, Choi E, Schorch SL, Páez D, Malik S, Kačmár P, Bobowik M, Jose P, Vuoskoski JK, Basabe N, Doğan U, Ebert T, Uchida Y, Zheng MX, Mefoh P, Šebeňa R, Stanke FA, Ballada CJ, Blaut A, Wu Y, Daniels JK, Kocsel N, Burak EGD, Balt NF, Vanman E, Stewart SL, Verschuere B, Sikka P, Boudesseul J, Martins D, Nussinson R, Ito K, Mentser S, Çolak TS, Martinez-Zelaya G, Vingerhoets A. Tears evoke the intention to offer social support: A systematic investigation of the interpersonal effects of emotional crying across 41 countries. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Zickfeld JH, van de Ven N, Pich O, Schubert TW, Berkessel JB, Pizarro JJ, Bhushan B, Mateo NJ, Barbosa S, Sharman L, Kökönyei G, Schrover E, Kardum I, Aruta JJB, Lazarevic LB, Escobar MJ, Stadel M, Arriaga P, Dodaj A, Shankland R, Majeed NM, Li Y, Lekkou E, Hartanto A, Özdoğru AA, Vaughn LA, del Carmen Espinoza M, Caballero A, Kolen A, Karsten J, Manley H, Maeura N, Eşkisu M, Shani Y, Chittham P, Ferreira D, Bavolar J, Konova I, Sato W, Morvinski C, Carrera P, Villar S, Ibanez A, Hareli S, Garcia AM, Kremer I, Götz FM, Schwerdtfeger A, Estrada-Mejia C, Nakayama M, Ng WQ, Sesar K, Orjiakor CT, Dumont K, Allred TB, Gračanin A, Rentfrow PJ, Schönefeld V, Vally Z, Barzykowski K, Peltola HR, Tcherkassof A, Haque S, Śmieja M, Su-May TT, IJzerman H, Vatakis A, Ong CW, Choi E, Schorch SL, Páez D, Malik S, Kačmár P, Bobowik M, Jose P, Vuoskoski JK, Basabe N, Doğan U, Ebert T, Uchida Y, Zheng MX, Mefoh P, Šebeňa R, Stanke FA, Ballada CJ, Blaut A, Wu Y, Daniels JK, Kocsel N, Burak EGD, Balt NF, Vanman E, Stewart SL, Verschuere B, Sikka P, Boudesseul J, Martins D, Nussinson R, Ito K, Mentser S, Çolak TS, Martinez-Zelaya G, Vingerhoets A. Tears evoke the intention to offer social support: A systematic investigation of the interpersonal effects of emotional crying across 41 countries. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Suchotzki K, Verschuere B, Gamer M. How vulnerable is the reaction time concealed information test to faking? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Verschuere B, van Horn J, Buitelaar N. The Role of Control in Intimate Partner Violence: A Study in Dutch Forensic Outpatients. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:3400-3410. [PMID: 29779459 PMCID: PMC7970209 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518775152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Johnson argued that coercive control is crucial in explaining heterogeneity in intimate partner violence, with such violence being more frequent, less reciprocal, and more often male-to-female aggression when it serves to exercise control over the partner. We assessed 280 Dutch forensic outpatients who had recently engaged in intimate partner violence on nonaggressive coercive control. Control showed significant, small to moderate, associations with more frequent past year acts of psychological aggression, physical assault, and sexual coercion and more frequently resulted in partner injury. Control was unrelated to reciprocity of partner violence. High controlling violence was enacted mostly, but not exclusively by men. Overall, while perhaps not having a uniquely strong association, our findings provide partial support for the role of coercive control in intimate partner violence and suggest it may benefit intimate partner violence risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan van Horn
- De Forensische Zorgspecialisten,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
In response to a crisis of confidence, several methodological initiatives have been launched to improve the robustness of psychological science. Given its real-world implications, personality disorders research is all too important to not follow suit. The authors offer a plea for preregistration in personality disorders research, using psychopathic personality (psychopathy) as a prominent case example. To suit action to word, the authors report on a preregistered study and use it to help refute common misconceptions about preregistration as well as to illustrate that the key strength of preregistration: transparency outweighs its (perceived) disadvantages. Although preregistration will not conclusively settle the many debates roiling the field of psychopathy and other personality disorders, it can help to verify the robustness of empirical observations that inform such debates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Iza van Zelm
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Kleinberg B, Verschuere B. How humans impair automated deception detection performance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 213:103250. [PMID: 33450692 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deception detection is a prevalent problem for security practitioners. With a need for more large-scale approaches, automated methods using machine learning have gained traction. However, detection performance still implies considerable error rates. Findings from different domains suggest that hybrid human-machine integrations could offer a viable path in detection tasks. METHOD We collected a corpus of truthful and deceptive answers about participants' autobiographical intentions (n = 1640) and tested whether a combination of supervised machine learning and human judgment could improve deception detection accuracy. Human judges were presented with the outcome of the automated credibility judgment of truthful or deceptive statements. They could either fully overrule it (hybrid-overrule condition) or adjust it within a given boundary (hybrid-adjust condition). RESULTS The data suggest that in neither of the hybrid conditions did the human judgment add a meaningful contribution. Machine learning in isolation identified truth-tellers and liars with an overall accuracy of 69%. Human involvement through hybrid-overrule decisions brought the accuracy back to chance level. The hybrid-adjust condition did not improve deception detection performance. The decision-making strategies of humans suggest that the truth bias - the tendency to assume the other is telling the truth - could explain the detrimental effect. CONCLUSIONS The current study does not support the notion that humans can meaningfully add the deception detection performance of a machine learning system. All data are available at https://osf.io/45z7e/.
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24
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Verschuere B, Bogaard G, Meijer E. Discriminating deceptive from truthful statements using the verifiability approach: A meta‐analysis. Appl Cognit Psychol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewout Meijer
- Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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25
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Verschuere B, Schutte M, Opzeeland S, Kool I. The verifiability approach to deception detection: A preregistered direct replication of the information protocol condition of Nahari, Vrij, and Fisher (2014b). Appl Cognit Psychol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Manon Schutte
- Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Sharon Opzeeland
- Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Ilona Kool
- Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
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26
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Koller D, Hofer F, Grolig T, Ghelfi S, Verschuere B. What are you hiding? Initial validation of the reaction time‐based searching concealed information test. Appl Cognit Psychol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dave Koller
- Department of Psychology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Hofer
- Zurich State Police, Airport Division, Research and Development Zurich Switzerland
- Brainability, Developing Human & Organizational Potentials Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tuule Grolig
- Department of Psychology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Signe Ghelfi
- Zurich State Police, Airport Division, Research and Development Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
What are the core features of psychopathy? Previous prototypicality analyses showed that many features were considered as highly prototypical. The authors extend this work by using forced ranking to grasp which features are most important. Forensic mental health professionals ranked the 20 Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) items on their importance to psychopathy. Affective-interpersonal features were judged to be of greater importance than behavioral-lifestyle features. The most important items were callous/lack of empathy, conning/manipulative, and lack of remorse or guilt, which were deemed more important than nearly all other PCL-R features. The prototypicality ranking of the 20 PCL-R items by the forensic mental health professionals showed strong overlap (r = .64 to .86) with psychometric indices of item importance (network centrality, item-total correlation, and item response theory discrimination parameter). Taken together, these findings clarify the relative importance of PCL-R features to psychopathy.
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28
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Geven LM, Ben-Shakhar G, Kassin S, Verschuere B. Distinguishing true from false confessions using physiological patterns of concealed information recognition - A proof of concept study. Biol Psychol 2020; 154:107902. [PMID: 32439359 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Wrongful conviction cases indicate that not all confessors are guilty. However, there is currently no validated method to assess the veracity of confessions. In this preregistered study, we evaluate whether a new application of the Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a potentially valid method to make a distinction between true and false admissions of guilt. Eighty-three participants completed problem-solving tasks, individually and in pairs. Unbeknownst to the participants, their team-member was a confederate, tempting the participant to break the experimental rules by assisting during an individual assignment. Irrespective of actual rule-breaking behavior, all participants were accused of cheating and interrogated. True confessors but not false confessors showed recognition of answers obtained by cheating in the individual task, as evidenced by larger physiological responses to the correct than to plausible but incorrect answers. These findings encourage further investigation on the use of memory detection to discriminate true from false confessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Marjoleine Geven
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | - Saul Kassin
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, United States
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Van der Cruyssen I, D’hondt J, Meijer E, Verschuere B. Does Honesty Require Time? Two Preregistered Direct Replications of Experiment 2 of Shalvi, Eldar, and Bereby-Meyer (2012). Psychol Sci 2020; 31:460-467. [PMID: 32156182 PMCID: PMC7168803 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620903716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shalvi, Eldar, and Bereby-Meyer (2012) found across two studies (N = 72 for each) that time pressure increased cheating. These findings suggest that dishonesty comes naturally, whereas honesty requires overcoming the initial tendency to cheat. Although the study's results were statistically significant, a Bayesian reanalysis indicates that they had low evidential strength. In a direct replication attempt of Shalvi et al.'s Experiment 2, we found that time pressure did not increase cheating, N = 428, point biserial correlation (rpb) = .05, Bayes factor (BF)01 = 16.06. One important deviation from the original procedure, however, was the use of mass testing. In a second direct replication with small groups of participants, we found that time pressure also did not increase cheating, N = 297, rpb = .03, BF01 = 9.59. These findings indicate that the original study may have overestimated the true effect of time pressure on cheating and the generality of the effect beyond the original context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewout Meijer
- Clinical Psychological Science Department, Maastricht University
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30
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Van Bockstaele B, Atticciati L, Hiekkaranta AP, Larsen H, Verschuere B. Choose change: Situation modification, distraction, and reappraisal in mild versus intense negative situations. Motiv Emot 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-019-09811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the theoretical importance and applied potential of situation modification as an emotion regulation strategy, empirical research on how people change situations to regulate their emotions is scarce. Meanwhile, existing paradigms typically allowed participants to avoid the entire situation, thus confounding situation modification with situation selection. In our current experiments, participants could choose between partially modifying their negative emotional environment without avoiding it entirely and two well-established emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal and distraction). Participants did choose situation modification (Experiments 1–2) and they did so more often for intense than for mild stimuli in Experiment 2. In addition, modifying the stimulus display effectively helped downregulating negative affect (Experiments 1–2). Finally, in both experiments, participants opted more for distraction for intense compared to mild stimuli, while they opted more for reappraisal for mild compared to intense stimuli. Presenting a first step in developing a paradigm that allows people to exert control over but to not avoid emotion-provoking situations, we thus show that changing one’s environment helps regulating one’s emotions. More generally, our findings indicate that people prefer to regulate their emotions using disengagement strategies (situation modification and distraction) with high-intensity relative to low-intensity negative situations, while they prefer engagement strategies (reappraisal) with low-intensity relative to high-intensity negative situations.
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31
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Sauerland M, Wolfs ACF, Crans S, Verschuere B. Testing a potential alternative to traditional identification procedures: Reaction time-based concealed information test does not work for lineups with cooperative witnesses. Psychol Res 2019; 83:1210-1222. [PMID: 29181584 PMCID: PMC6647190 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-017-0948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Direct eyewitness identification is widely used, but prone to error. We tested the validity of indirect eyewitness identification decisions using the reaction time-based concealed information test (CIT) for assessing cooperative eyewitnesses' face memory as an alternative to traditional lineup procedures. In a series of five experiments, a total of 401 mock eyewitnesses watched one of 11 different stimulus events that depicted a breach of law. Eyewitness identifications in the CIT were derived from longer reaction times as compared to well-matched foil faces not encountered before. Across the five experiments, the weighted mean effect size d was 0.14 (95% CI 0.08-0.19). The reaction time-based CIT seems unsuited for testing cooperative eyewitnesses' memory for faces. The careful matching of the faces required for a fair lineup or the lack of intent to deceive may have hampered the diagnosticity of the reaction time-based CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sauerland
- Section Forensic Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrea C F Wolfs
- Section Forensic Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha Crans
- Section Forensic Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Abstract
PURPOSE Verbal credibility assessments examine language differences to tell truthful from deceptive statements (e.g., of allegations of child sexual abuse). The dominant approach in psycholegal deception research to date (used in 81% of recent studies that report on accuracy) to estimate the accuracy of a method is to find the optimal statistical separation between lies and truths in a single dataset. However, this method lacks safeguards against accuracy overestimation. METHOD & RESULTS A simulation study and empirical data show that this procedure produces overoptimistic accuracy rates that, especially for small sample size studies typical of this field, yield misleading conclusions up to the point that a non-diagnostic tool can be shown to be a valid one. Cross-validation is an easy remedy to this problem. CONCLUSIONS We caution psycholegal researchers to be more accurate about accuracy and propose guidelines for calculating and reporting accuracy rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Kleinberg
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Abstract
Is self-serving lying intuitive? Or does honesty come naturally? Many experiments have manipulated reliance on intuition in behavioral-dishonesty tasks, with mixed results. We present two meta-analyses (with evidential value) testing whether an intuitive mind-set affects the proportion of liars (k = 73; n = 12,711) and the magnitude of lying (k = 50; n = 6,473). The results indicate that when dishonesty harms abstract others, promoting intuition causes more people to lie, log odds ratio = 0.38, p = .0004, and people to lie more, Hedges's g = 0.26, p < .0001. However, when dishonesty inflicts harm on concrete others, promoting intuition has no significant effect on dishonesty (p > .63). We propose one potential explanation: The intuitive appeal of prosociality may cancel out the intuitive selfish appeal of dishonesty, suggesting that the social consequences of lying could be a promising key to the riddle of intuition's role in honesty. We discuss limitations such as the relatively unbalanced distribution of studies using concrete versus abstract victims and the overall large interstudy heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils C Köbis
- 1 Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam
| | | | | | - David Rand
- 4 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Shaul Shalvi
- 1 Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam
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34
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Geven LM, Ben-Shakhar G, Kindt M, Verschuere B. It's a match!? Appropriate item selection in the Concealed Information Test. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2019; 4:11. [PMID: 30945051 PMCID: PMC6447635 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-019-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the Concealed Information Test (CIT) can determine whether examinees recognize critical details, it does not clarify the origin of the memory. Hence, when unknowledgeable suspects are contaminated with crime information through media channels or investigative interviews, the validity of the CIT can be compromised (i.e. false-positive outcomes). Yet, when the information was disclosed solely at the category level (e.g. the perpetrator escaped in a car), presenting specific items at the exemplar level (e.g. Citroën, Opel, or Volkswagen) might preclude this problem. However, diminished recollection for exemplar-level details could attenuate the CIT effect for knowledgeable suspects, thereby leading to false negatives. The appropriate item level for memory detection to reach an optimal balance between sensitivity and specificity remains elusive. As encoding, retention, and retrieval of information may influence memory performance and thereby memory detection, the current study investigated the validity of the CIT on both categorical and exemplar levels. RESULTS Participants planned a mock robbery (n = 165), with information encoded at the category (e.g. car) or exemplar (e.g. Citroën) level. They were tested immediately or after a one-week-delay, with a response time-based CIT consisting of questions at the categorical or exemplar level. An interaction was found between encoding and testing, such that CIT validity based on reaction time was higher for "matching" (e.g. exemplar-exemplar) than for "mismatching" (e.g. exemplar-categorical) items, while immediate versus one week delayed testing did not affect the outcome. CONCLUSION Critically, this indicates that what constitutes a good CIT item depends on the way the information was encoded. This provides a challenge for CIT examiners when selecting appropriate items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Marjoleine Geven
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | - Merel Kindt
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Georgiadou K, Chronos A, Verschuere B, Sauerland M. Reaction time-based Concealed Information Test in eyewitness identification is moderated by picture similarity but not eyewitness cooperation. Psychol Res 2019; 86:2278-2288. [PMID: 30635707 PMCID: PMC9470627 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The reaction time-based Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT) has high validity in assessing recognition of critical information. Findings on its usefulness for diagnosing face recognition in eyewitnesses are inconsistent. Experiment 1 (N = 82) tested whether closely matching the faces of the probes and irrelevants, as required for a fair lineup, undermines RT-CIT usefulness. Preregistered Experiments 2a and 2b (Ns = 48), tested the role of eyewitness cooperativeness for RT-CIT validity. All participants watched a mock crime video and then completed an RT-CIT. As expected, the usefulness of the RT-CIT was moderated by picture similarity, with better detection for non-matched faces. Unexpectedly, eyewitness cooperation (conceal vs. reveal recognition), did not affect the validity of the RT-CIT. A large CIT effect observed in Experiment 2b further suggested that-even with matched faces-the RT-CIT might be of use when encoding conditions during the crime were favorable. Cases in which witnesses are unwilling or afraid to make an explicit identification might concern another possible application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Georgiadou
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agatha Chronos
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Social Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Sauerland
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Is lying in a different language easier or more difficult? The Emotional Distance and the Cognitive Load hypothesis give competing answers. Suchotzki and Gamer measured the time native German speakers needed to initiate honest and deceptive answers to German and English questions. Lie-truth differences in RTs were much smaller for the foreign compared to the native language. In our preregistered replication study in native Dutch speakers, we found that lie-truth differences in RTs were moderately smaller when participants were tested in English than when tested in Dutch. These findings indicate that people struggle with quickly retrieving the truth in another language, and that foreign language use may diminish lie-truth differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Frank
- a Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Sena Biberci
- a Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- a Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Marsh RJ, Dorahy MJ, Verschuere B, Butler C, Middleton W, Huntjens RJC. Transfer of episodic self-referential memory across amnesic identities in dissociative identity disorder using the Autobiographical Implicit Association Test. J Abnorm Psychol 2018; 127:751-757. [PMID: 30346203 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with dissociative identity disorder (DID) often report having no access to autobiographical experiences encoded by other identities. This research used the autobiographical Implicit Association Test (aIAT) to determine whether there was transfer of episodic self-referential memory events across amnesic identities. Nineteen DID individuals, 16 DID simulators, and 41 comparison participants (divided into amnesic and nonamnesic groups) engaged with an audio vignette of embarrassing scenarios to produce the experience of episodic self-referential events. Results showed transfer of episodic self-referential memory using the aIAT across identities that reported no conscious awareness of encoded content in DID. These aIAT results in DID patients were similar to the nonamnesic comparison group and the simulator group, and differed from the amnestic comparison group. These results are in line with previous literature showing transfer of memories, but extends this work to episodic self-referential memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Geven LM, Klein Selle N, Ben-Shakhar G, Kindt M, Verschuere B. Self-initiated versus instructed cheating in the physiological Concealed Information Test. Biol Psychol 2018; 138:146-155. [PMID: 30236614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The validity of the Concealed Information Test (CIT) to detect recognition of critical details has been demonstrated in hundreds of laboratory studies. These studies, however, lack the factor of deliberate intent to deceive. This disparity between research and practice may affect the generalizability of laboratory based CIT findings. In the current study, 65 out of 174 participants cheated on their own initiative in a trivia quiz. These self-initiated cheaters were compared to 68 participants who were explicitly requested to cheat. Skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration were found to detect concealed information related to cheating. No significant differences emerged between self-initiated and instructed cheaters, supported by Bayesian statistics showing substantial evidence for the null hypothesis. The data demonstrate that the validity of the CIT is not restricted to instructed deception. This finding is encouraging from an ecological validity perspective and may pave the way for further field implementation of memory detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Marjoleine Geven
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018WS Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Mount Scopus, 91905, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Nathalie Klein Selle
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Mount Scopus, 91905, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gershon Ben-Shakhar
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Mount Scopus, 91905, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018WS Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018WS Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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McCarthy RJ, Skowronski JJ, Verschuere B, Meijer EH, Jim A, Hoogesteyn K, Orthey R, Acar OA, Aczel B, Bakos BE, Barbosa F, Baskin E, Bègue L, Ben-Shakhar G, Birt AR, Blatz L, Charman SD, Claesen A, Clay SL, Coary SP, Crusius J, Evans JR, Feldman N, Ferreira-Santos F, Gamer M, Gerlsma C, Gomes S, González-Iraizoz M, Holzmeister F, Huber J, Huntjens RJC, Isoni A, Jessup RK, Kirchler M, klein Selle N, Koppel L, Kovacs M, Laine T, Lentz F, Loschelder DD, Ludvig EA, Lynn ML, Martin SD, McLatchie NM, Mechtel M, Nahari G, Özdoğru AA, Pasion R, Pennington CR, Roets A, Rozmann N, Scopelliti I, Spiegelman E, Suchotzki K, Sutan A, Szecsi P, Tinghög G, Tisserand JC, Tran US, Van Hiel A, Vanpaemel W, Västfjäll D, Verliefde T, Vezirian K, Voracek M, Warmelink L, Wick K, Wiggins BJ, Wylie K, Yıldız E. Registered Replication Report on Srull and Wyer (1979). Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245918777487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Srull and Wyer (1979) demonstrated that exposing participants to more hostility-related stimuli caused them subsequently to interpret ambiguous behaviors as more hostile. In their Experiment 1, participants descrambled sets of words to form sentences. In one condition, 80% of the descrambled sentences described hostile behaviors, and in another condition, 20% described hostile behaviors. Following the descrambling task, all participants read a vignette about a man named Donald who behaved in an ambiguously hostile manner and then rated him on a set of personality traits. Next, participants rated the hostility of various ambiguously hostile behaviors (all ratings on scales from 0 to 10). Participants who descrambled mostly hostile sentences rated Donald and the ambiguous behaviors as approximately 3 scale points more hostile than did those who descrambled mostly neutral sentences. This Registered Replication Report describes the results of 26 independent replications ( N = 7,373 in the total sample; k = 22 labs and N = 5,610 in the primary analyses) of Srull and Wyer’s Experiment 1, each of which followed a preregistered and vetted protocol. A random-effects meta-analysis showed that the protagonist was seen as 0.08 scale points more hostile when participants were primed with 80% hostile sentences than when they were primed with 20% hostile sentences (95% confidence interval, CI = [0.004, 0.16]). The ambiguously hostile behaviors were seen as 0.08 points less hostile when participants were primed with 80% hostile sentences than when they were primed with 20% hostile sentences (95% CI = [−0.18, 0.01]). Although the confidence interval for one outcome excluded zero and the observed effect was in the predicted direction, these results suggest that the currently used methods do not produce an assimilative priming effect that is practically and routinely detectable.
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Verschuere B, Meijer EH, Jim A, Hoogesteyn K, Orthey R, McCarthy RJ, Skowronski JJ, Acar OA, Aczel B, Bakos BE, Barbosa F, Baskin E, Bègue L, Ben-Shakhar G, Birt AR, Blatz L, Charman SD, Claesen A, Clay SL, Coary SP, Crusius J, Evans JR, Feldman N, Ferreira-Santos F, Gamer M, Gomes S, González-Iraizoz M, Holzmeister F, Huber J, Isoni A, Jessup RK, Kirchler M, klein Selle N, Koppel L, Kovacs M, Laine T, Lentz F, Loschelder DD, Ludvig EA, Lynn ML, Martin SD, McLatchie NM, Mechtel M, Nahari G, Özdoğru AA, Pasion R, Pennington CR, Roets A, Rozmann N, Scopelliti I, Spiegelman E, Suchotzki K, Sutan A, Szecsi P, Tinghög G, Tisserand JC, Tran US, Van Hiel A, Vanpaemel W, Västfjäll D, Verliefde T, Vezirian K, Voracek M, Warmelink L, Wick K, Wiggins BJ, Wylie K, Yıldız E. Registered Replication Report on Mazar, Amir, and Ariely (2008). Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245918781032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The self-concept maintenance theory holds that many people will cheat in order to maximize self-profit, but only to the extent that they can do so while maintaining a positive self-concept. Mazar, Amir, and Ariely (2008, Experiment 1) gave participants an opportunity and incentive to cheat on a problem-solving task. Prior to that task, participants either recalled the Ten Commandments (a moral reminder) or recalled 10 books they had read in high school (a neutral task). Results were consistent with the self-concept maintenance theory. When given the opportunity to cheat, participants given the moral-reminder priming task reported solving 1.45 fewer matrices than did those given a neutral prime (Cohen’s d = 0.48); moral reminders reduced cheating. Mazar et al.’s article is among the most cited in deception research, but their Experiment 1 has not been replicated directly. This Registered Replication Report describes the aggregated result of 25 direct replications (total N = 5,786), all of which followed the same preregistered protocol. In the primary meta-analysis (19 replications, total n = 4,674), participants who were given an opportunity to cheat reported solving 0.11 more matrices if they were given a moral reminder than if they were given a neutral reminder (95% confidence interval = [−0.09, 0.31]). This small effect was numerically in the opposite direction of the effect observed in the original study (Cohen’s d = −0.04).
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Kleinberg B, Warmelink L, Arntz A, Verschuere B. The first direct replication on using verbal credibility assessment for the detection of deceptive intentions. Appl Cogn Psychol 2018; 32:592-599. [PMID: 30333683 PMCID: PMC6174984 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Verbal deception detection has gained momentum as a technique to tell truth-tellers from liars. At the same time, researchers' degrees of freedom make it hard to assess the robustness of effects. Replication research can help evaluate how reproducible an effect is. We present the first replication in verbal deception research whereby ferry passengers were instructed to tell the truth or lie about their travel plans. The original study found truth-tellers to include more specific time references in their answers. The replication study that closely mimicked the setting, procedure, materials, coding, and analyses found no lie-truth difference for specific time references. Although the power of our replication study was suboptimal (0.77), Bayesian statistics showed evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. Given the great applied consequences of verbal credibility tests, we hope this first replication attempt ignites much needed preregistered, high-powered, multilab replication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Kleinberg
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Sié P, Lansen J, Lacheretz F, Verschuere B, Boneu B. Comparative Turn-Over of Heparin Cofactor II and Antithrombin III in Baboons Influence of Heparin and Pentosan Polysulfate Administration. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1661672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryHeparin and pentosan polysulfate (PPS) interact in plasma with antithrombin III (AT III) and Heparin cofactor II (HC II) respectively. To assess the influence of heparin or PPS treatment on the metabolism of their respective cofactors, we performed a double tracer study in baboons receiving heparin or PPS. Purified AT III and HC II from human plasma were labelled with 131I and 125I respectively by the lactoperoxidase-glucose oxidase technique. The tracers had unchanged biological activities, were homogenous in SDS-PAGE, migrated as native proteins by crossed immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of heparin or PPS and virtually coeluted with endogenous baboon proteins from heparin-agarose. Nine animals were randomly allocated to receive, during the metabolic study, heparin (500 IU/kg/d, n = 3), PPS (5 mg/kg,d, n = 3) or a placebo (n = 3) given in 2 daily subcutaneous injections. Heparin levels and anticoagulant effects were similar in extent and duration to those usually achieved in man. The plasma concentrations of AT III and HC II did not vary under treatment. The half-life of the elimination phase in the placebo group ranged from 1.95 to 2.33 d for AT III and from 1.96 to 2.21 d for HC II. There was no significant difference in the half-lives of the 2 inhibitors between the placebo group and the animals receiving heparin or PPS. This suggests that clinical conditions associated with heparin treatment may be important for the effect of heparin on AT III metabolism previously reported in patients. When the data of the nine animals were pooled, a strong positive correlation (p <0.001) between the halflives of AT III and HC II was found, indicating similarities in the catabolic pathways of these two parent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sié
- The Laboratoire d’Hémostase, CRTS, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - J Lansen
- The Centre de Recherche Clin-Midy-Groupe Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - F Lacheretz
- The Centre de Recherche Clin-Midy-Groupe Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - B Verschuere
- The Centre de Recherche Clin-Midy-Groupe Sanofi, Montpellier, France
| | - B Boneu
- The Laboratoire d’Hémostase, CRTS, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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Geven LM, Ben-Shakhar G, Kindt M, Verschuere B. Memory-Based Deception Detection: Extending the Cognitive Signature of Lying From Instructed to Self-Initiated Cheating. Top Cogn Sci 2018; 12:608-631. [PMID: 29907999 PMCID: PMC7379290 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From a cognitive perspective, lying can be regarded as a complex cognitive process requiring the interplay of several executive functions. Meta‐analytic research on 114 studies encompassing 3,307 participants (Suchotzki, Verschuere, Van Bockstaele, Ben‐Shakhar, & Crombez, 2017) suggests that computerized paradigms can reliably assess the cognitive burden of lying, with large reaction time differences between lying and truth telling. These studies, however, lack a key ingredient of real‐life deception, namely self‐initiated behavior. Research participants have typically been instructed to commit a mock crime and conceal critical information, whereas in real life, people freely choose whether or not to engage in antisocial behavior. In this study, participants (n = 433) engaged in a trivia quiz and were provided with a monetary incentive for high accuracy performance. Participants were randomly allocated to either a condition where they were instructed to cheat on the quiz (mimicking the typical laboratory set‐up) or to a condition in which they were provided with the opportunity to cheat, yet without explicit instructions to do so. Assessments of their response times in a subsequent Concealed Information Test (CIT) revealed that both instructed cheaters (n = 107) and self‐initiated cheaters (n = 142) showed the expected RT‐slowing for concealed information. The data indicate that the cognitive signature of lying is not restricted to explicitly instructed cheating, but it can also be observed for self‐initiated cheating. These findings are highly encouraging from an ecological validity perspective. Geven, Ben‐Shakhar, Kindt and Verschuere point out that research on deception detection usually employs instructed cheating. They experimentally demonstrate that participants show slower reaction times for concealed information than for other information, regardless of whether they are explicitly instructed to cheat or whether they can freely choose to cheat or not. Finding this ‘cognitive signature of lying’ with self‐initiated cheating too is argued by the authors to strengthen the external validity of deception detection research. [75]
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Geven
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam.,Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | | | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam
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Kleinberg B, van der Toolen Y, Vrij A, Arntz A, Verschuere B. Automated verbal credibility assessment of intentions: The model statement technique and predictive modeling. Appl Cogn Psychol 2018; 32:354-366. [PMID: 29861544 PMCID: PMC5969289 DOI: 10.1002/acp.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, verbal credibility assessment has been extended to the detection of deceptive intentions, the use of a model statement, and predictive modeling. The current investigation combines these 3 elements to detect deceptive intentions on a large scale. Participants read a model statement and wrote a truthful or deceptive statement about their planned weekend activities (Experiment 1). With the use of linguistic features for machine learning, more than 80% of the participants were classified correctly. Exploratory analyses suggested that liars included more person and location references than truth‐tellers. Experiment 2 examined whether these findings replicated on independent‐sample data. The classification accuracies remained well above chance level but dropped to 63%. Experiment 2 corroborated the finding that liars' statements are richer in location and person references than truth‐tellers' statements. Together, these findings suggest that liars may over‐prepare their statements. Predictive modeling shows promise as an automated veracity assessment approach but needs validation on independent data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Kleinberg
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Aldert Vrij
- Department of Psychology University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Klein Selle N, Ben-Shakhar G, Kindt M, Verschuere B. Preliminary evidence for physiological markers of implicit memory. Biol Psychol 2018; 135:220-235. [PMID: 29477478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Concealed Information Test (CIT) aims to detect concealed knowledge and is known to be sensitive to explicit memory. In two experiments, we examined whether the CIT is also sensitive to implicit memory using skin conductance, respiration and heart rate measures. For each participant, previously studied items were either categorized as explicitly remembered, implicitly remembered or forgotten. The two experiments differed in the strength of memory encoding, the type of implicit memory test, the delay between study and test and the number of critical CIT items. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that CIT detection efficiency was weak and significant only in the explicit memory condition. In Experiment 2, however, CIT detection efficiency was stronger and significant in both the explicit and implicit memory conditions as indexed by skin conductance and respiration. Altogether, our results provide initial evidence that the CIT may be sensitive to implicit memory. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Klein Selle
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gershon Ben-Shakhar
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hildebrand M, Wibbelink CJM, Verschuere B. Do impression management and self-deception distort self-report measures with content of dynamic risk factors in offender samples? A meta-analytic review. Int J Law Psychiatry 2018; 58:157-170. [PMID: 29853006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-report measures provide an important source of information in correctional/forensic settings, yet at the same time the validity of that information is often questioned because self-reports are thought to be highly vulnerable to self-presentation biases. Primary studies in offender samples have provided mixed results with regard to the impact of socially desirable responding on self-reports. The main aim of the current study was therefore to investigate-via a meta-analytic review of published studies-the association between the two dimensions of socially desirable responding, impression management and self-deceptive enhancement, and self-report measures with content of dynamic risk factors using the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) in offender samples. These self-report measures were significantly and negatively related with self-deception (r = -0.120, p < 0.001; k = 170 effect sizes) and impression management (r = -0.158, p < 0.001; k = 157 effect sizes), yet there was evidence of publication bias for the impression management effect with the trim and fill method indicating that the relation is probably even smaller (r = -0.07). The magnitude of the effect sizes was small. Moderation analyses suggested that type of dynamic risk factor (e.g., antisocial cognition versus antisocial personality), incentives, and publication year affected the relationship between impression management and self-report measures with content of dynamic risk factors, whereas sample size, setting (e.g., incarcerated, community), and publication year influenced the relation between self-deception and these self-report measures. The results indicate that the use of self-report measures to assess dynamic risk factors in correctional/forensic settings is not inevitably compromised by socially desirable responding, yet caution is warranted for some risk factors (antisocial personality traits), particularly when incentives are at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hildebrand
- Private Practice (www.martinhildebrand.nl), Roermond, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Suchotzki K, De Houwer J, Kleinberg B, Verschuere B. Using more different and more familiar targets improves the detection of concealed information. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 185:65-71. [PMID: 29407246 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When embedded among a number of plausible irrelevant options, the presentation of critical (e.g., crime-related or autobiographical) information is associated with a marked increase in response time (RT). This RT effect crucially depends on the inclusion of a target/non-target discrimination task with targets being a dedicated set of items that require a unique response (press YES; for all other items press NO). Targets may be essential because they share a feature - familiarity - with the critical items. Whereas irrelevant items have not been encountered before, critical items are known from the event or the facts of the investigation. Target items are usually learned before the test, and thereby made familiar to the participants. Hence, familiarity-based responding needs to be inhibited on the critical items and may therefore explain the RT increase on the critical items. This leads to the hypothesis that the more participants rely on familiarity, the more pronounced the RT increase on critical items may be. We explored two ways to increase familiarity-based responding: (1) Increasing the number of different target items, and (2) using familiar targets. In two web-based studies (n = 357 and n = 499), both the number of different targets and the use of familiar targets facilitated concealed information detection. The effect of the number of different targets was small yet consistent across both studies, the effect of target familiarity was large in both studies. Our results support the role of familiarity-based responding in the Concealed Information Test and point to ways on how to improve validity of the Concealed Information Test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Suchotzki
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jan De Houwer
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bennett Kleinberg
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 128, 1018, WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 128, 1018, WS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Huls L, Nentjes L, Rinne T, Verschuere B. [How reliable are the predictors of sexual recidivism? Moral considerations can colour the judgement of pro Justitia reporters]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2018; 60:78-86. [PMID: 29436698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When estimating the risk of sexual recidivism, the specialised behavioural pro Justitia reporter in the Netherlands generally uses risk assessment tools, although it is the reporter who pronounces the final judgement.<br/> AIM: To examine which risk factors reporters take into account when assessing the risk of sexual recidivism, to test to what degree this assessment is based on the scientific accuracy of the risk factors and to what extent the assessment is influenced by moral considerations.<br/> METHOD: 151 reporters indicated how important they considered risk factors to be in the assessment of sexual recidivism risk in adult sex offenders. This assessment was compared to the predictive value of the risk factors based on current scientific knowledge and to the moral 'unacceptability' of these factors.<br/> RESULTS: The reporters' judgement was moderately correlated to current scientific knowledge, but was also strongly correlated to moral 'unacceptability'. Morally unacceptable behaviour (e.g. a lack of empathy with victim) was given too much emphasis. On the other hand, behaviour that was morally more acceptable (e.g. behavioural problems in childhood) was given insufficient weight in the risk assessment of recidivism.<br/> CONCLUSION: There seems to be a considerable discrepancy between the reporters' judgement and the actual predictors of sexual recidivism. It is undesirable that pro Justitia reporters allow themselves to be swayed by moral consideration. The risk of bias and subjectivity points to the need for substantial restructuring of risk assessment in the cases of sexual recidivism.
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Verschuere B, van Ghesel Grothe S, Waldorp L, Watts AL, Lilienfeld SO, Edens JF, Skeem JL, Noordhof A. What features of psychopathy might be central? A network analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in three large samples. J Abnorm Psychol 2017; 127:51-65. [PMID: 29172600 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite a wealth of research, the core features of psychopathy remain hotly debated. Using network analysis, an innovative and increasingly popular statistical tool, the authors mapped the network structure of psychopathy, as operationalized by the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 2003) in two large U.S. offender samples (nNIMH = 1559; nWisconsin = 3954), and 1 large Dutch forensic psychiatric sample (nTBS = 1937). Centrality indices were highly stable within each sample, and indicated that callousness/lack of empathy was the most central PCL-R item in the 2 U.S. samples, which aligns with classic clinical descriptions and prototypicality studies of psychopathy. The similarities across the U.S. samples offer some support regarding generalizability, but there were also striking differences between the U.S. samples and the Dutch sample, wherein the latter callousnesss/lack of empathy was also fairly central but irresponsibility and parasitic lifestyle were even more central. The findings raise the important possibility that network-structures do not only reflect the structure of the constructs under study, but also the sample from which the data derive. The results further raise the possibility of cross-cultural differences in the phenotypic structure of psychopathy, PCL-R measurement variance, or both. Network analyses may help elucidate the core characteristics of psychopathological constructs, including psychopathy, as well as provide a new tool for assessing measurement invariance across cultures. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lourens Waldorp
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer L Skeem
- School of Social Welfare, Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Arjen Noordhof
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam
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klein Selle N, Verschuere B, Kindt M, Meijer E, Nahari T, Ben-Shakhar G. Memory detection: The effects of emotional stimuli. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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