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Faber RA, Tange FP, Galema HA, Zwaan TC, Holman FA, Peeters KCMJ, Tanis PJ, Verhoef C, Burggraaf J, Mieog JSD, Hutteman M, Keereweer S, Vahrmeijer AL, van der Vorst JR, Hilling DE. Quantification of indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence bowel perfusion assessment in colorectal surgery. Surg Endosc 2023; 37:6824-6833. [PMID: 37286750 PMCID: PMC10462565 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-10140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence bowel perfusion assessment has shown its potential benefit in preventing anastomotic leakage. However, the surgeon's subjective visual interpretation of the fluorescence signal limits the validity and reproducibility of the technique. Therefore, this study aimed to identify objective quantified bowel perfusion patterns in patients undergoing colorectal surgery using a standardized imaging protocol. METHOD A standardized fluorescence video was recorded. Postoperatively, the fluorescence videos were quantified by drawing contiguous region of interests (ROIs) on the bowel. For each ROI, a time-intensity curve was plotted from which perfusion parameters (n = 10) were derived and analyzed. Furthermore, the inter-observer agreement of the surgeon's subjective interpretation of the fluorescence signal was assessed. RESULTS Twenty patients who underwent colorectal surgery were included in the study. Based on the quantified time-intensity curves, three different perfusion patterns were identified. Similar for both the ileum and colon, perfusion pattern 1 had a steep inflow that reached its peak fluorescence intensity rapidly, followed by a steep outflow. Perfusion pattern 2 had a relatively flat outflow slope immediately followed by its plateau phase. Perfusion pattern 3 only reached its peak fluorescence intensity after 3 min with a slow inflow gradient preceding it. The inter-observer agreement was poor-moderate (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC): 0.378, 95% CI 0.210-0.579). CONCLUSION This study showed that quantification of bowel perfusion is a feasible method to differentiate between different perfusion patterns. In addition, the poor-moderate inter-observer agreement of the subjective interpretation of the fluorescence signal between surgeons emphasizes the need for objective quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Faber
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P Tange
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde A Galema
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas C Zwaan
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian A Holman
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koen C M J Peeters
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Tanis
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Verhoef
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre of Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Sven D Mieog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Merlijn Hutteman
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Keereweer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander L Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost R van der Vorst
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Denise E Hilling
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Simion L, Ionescu S, Chitoran E, Rotaru V, Cirimbei C, Madge OL, Nicolescu AC, Tanase B, Dicu-Andreescu IG, Dinu DM, Luca DC, Stanculeanu DL, Gheorghe AS, Zob D, Marincas M. Indocyanine Green (ICG) and Colorectal Surgery: A Literature Review on Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Usage. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1530. [PMID: 37763651 PMCID: PMC10536016 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Due to its many benefits, indocyanine green (ICG) has gained progressive popularity in operating rooms (ORs) globally. This literature review examines its qualitative and quantitative usage in surgical treatment. Method: Relevant terms were searched in five international databases (1. Pubmed, 2. Sciencedirect, 3. Scopus, 4. Oxfordjournals, 5. Reaxys) for a comprehensive literature review. The main benefits of using ICG in colorectal surgery are: intraoperative fluorescence angiography; fluorescence-guided lymph node involvement detection and the sentinel technique; the fluorescent emphasis of a minute liver tumour, counting just 200 tumour cells; facilitation of fistula diagnosis; and tumour tattooing. This methodology can also be used with quantitative characteristics such as maximum intensity, relative maximum intensity, and in-flow parameters such as time-to-peak, slope, and t1/2max. This article concludes that fluorescence surgery with ICG and near-infrared (NIR) light is a relatively new technology that improves anatomical and functional information, allowing more comprehensive and safer tumour removal and the preservation of important structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentiu Simion
- Ist Clinic of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; (L.S.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sinziana Ionescu
- Ist Clinic of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; (L.S.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Chitoran
- Ist Clinic of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; (L.S.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Ph.D. Studies, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Rotaru
- Ist Clinic of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; (L.S.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Ph.D. Studies, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ciprian Cirimbei
- Ist Clinic of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; (L.S.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavia-Luciana Madge
- Ist Clinic of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; (L.S.)
- University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alin Codrut Nicolescu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Ph.D. Studies, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Emergency Hospital “Prof. Dr. Agrippa Ionescu”, 011356 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Tanase
- Clinic of Thoracic Surgery, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irinel-Gabriel Dicu-Andreescu
- Ist Clinic of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; (L.S.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Ph.D. Studies, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Mihaela Dinu
- Surgery Clinic, Bucharest Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Cristian Luca
- Ist Clinic of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; (L.S.)
| | - Dana Lucia Stanculeanu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Oncology Clinic, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adelina Silvana Gheorghe
- Ph.D. Studies in Oncology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Zob
- Oncology Department, “Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu” Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marian Marincas
- Ist Clinic of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Bucharest Oncology Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; (L.S.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Son GM, Nazir AM, Yun MS, Lee IY, Im SB, Kwak JY, Park SH, Baek KR, Gockel I. The Safe Values of Quantitative Perfusion Parameters of ICG Angiography Based on Tissue Oxygenation of Hyperspectral Imaging for Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2029. [PMID: 37509667 PMCID: PMC10377371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safe values for quantitative perfusion parameters of indocyanine green (ICG) angiography have not been fully defined, and interpretation remains at the surgeon's discretion. This prospective observational study aimed to establish the safe values for the quantitative perfusion parameters by comparing tissue oxygenation levels from HSI images in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. METHODS ICG angiography was performed using a laparoscopic near-infrared (NIR) camera system with ICG diluted in 10 mL of distilled water. For quantitative perfusion parameters, the changes in fluorescence intensity with perfusion times were analyzed to plot a time-fluorescence intensity graph. To assess real-time tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) in the colon, the TIVITA® Tissue System was utilized for hyperspectral imaging (HSI) acquisition. The StO2 levels were compared with the quantitative perfusion parameters derived from ICG angiography at corresponding points to define the safe range of ICG parameters reflecting good tissue oxygenation. RESULTS In the regression analysis, T1/2MAX, TMAX, slope, and NIR perfusion index were correlated with tissue oxygen saturation. Using this regression model, the cutoff values of quantitative perfusion parameters were calculated as T1/2MAX ≤ 10 s, TMAX ≤ 30 s, slope ≥ 5, and NIR perfusion index ≥50, which best reflected colon StO2 higher than 60%. Diagnostic values were analyzed to predict colon StO2 of 60% or more, and the ICG perfusion parameters T1/2MAX, TMAX, and perfusion TR showed high sensitivity values of 97% or more, indicating their ability to correctly identify cases with acceptable StO2. CONCLUSION The safe values for quantitative perfusion parameters derived from ICG angiography were T1/2MAX ≤ 10 s and TMAX ≤ 30 s, which were associated with colon tissue oxygenation levels higher than 60% in the laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyung Mo Son
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (M.S.Y.); (I.Y.L.)
| | - Armaan M. Nazir
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Mi Sook Yun
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (M.S.Y.); (I.Y.L.)
| | - In Young Lee
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea; (M.S.Y.); (I.Y.L.)
| | - Sun Bin Im
- Department of Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae Yeong Kwak
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.-H.P.); (K.-R.B.)
| | - Sang-Ho Park
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.-H.P.); (K.-R.B.)
| | - Kwang-Ryul Baek
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.-H.P.); (K.-R.B.)
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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Ebrahimi M, Arabi A, Dabiri S, Razavinasab SA, Pasandi AP, Zeidabadi A. A case report of transmural rectosigmoid ischemia in an elderly patient. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 107:108372. [PMID: 37269760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE While acute colonic ischemia is frequently observed in the elderly, rectal ischemia is a rare occurrence. We presented a case of transmural rectosigmoid ischemia in a patient who had not undergone any significant interventions and had no underlying diseases. Conservative treatment methods were unsuccessful, and surgical resection was necessary to prevent the development of gangrene or sepsis. CASE PRESENTATION Upon arrival at our health center, a 69-year-old man reported experiencing left lower quadrant pain and rectorrhagia. The CT scan revealed thickening in the sigmoid and rectum. Subsequent colonoscopy revealed circumferential ulcers, severe edema, erythema, discoloration, and ulcerative mucosa in both the rectum and sigmoid. Due to persistent severe rectorrhagia and worsening pathologic parameters, another colonoscopy was performed three days later. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Initially, conservative treatments were administered, but as the tenderness worsened, surgical exploration of the abdomen was necessary. During the procedure, a large ischemia from the sigmoid to the rectal dentate line was observed, and the lesion was resected. A stapler was then inserted into the rectum, followed by the use of the Hartman pouch method to deviate the tract. Finally, colectomy, sigmoidectomy, and rectal resection were performed. CONCLUSION Due to the worsening pathological condition of our patient, surgical resection was necessary. It is important to note that rectosigmoid ischemia, although rare, can develop without a known underlying cause. Therefore, it is crucial to consider and evaluate potential causes beyond the most common ones. Furthermore, any pain or rectorragia should be assessed immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ebrahimi
- Department of General Surgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Akram Arabi
- Department of General Surgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Rodríguez-Luna MR, Okamoto N, Cinelli L, Baratelli L, Ségaud S, Rodríguez-Gómez A, Keller DS, Zonoobi E, Bannone E, Marescaux J, Diana M, Gioux S. Quantification of bowel ischaemia using real-time multispectral Single Snapshot Imaging of Optical Properties (SSOP). Surg Endosc 2023; 37:2395-2403. [PMID: 36443562 PMCID: PMC10017661 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single snapshot imaging of optical properties (SSOP) is a relatively new non-invasive, real-time, contrast-free optical imaging technology, which allows for the real-time quantitative assessment of physiological properties, including tissue oxygenation (StO2). This study evaluates the accuracy of multispectral SSOP in quantifying bowel ischaemia in a preclinical experimental model. METHODS In six pigs, an ischaemic bowel segment was created by dividing the arcade branches. Five regions of interest (ROIs) were identified on the bowel loop, as follows: ROI 1: central ischaemic; ROI 2: left marginal; ROI 3: left vascularised; ROI 4: right marginal; and ROI 5: right vascularised. The Trident imaging system, specifically developed for real-time tissue oxygenation imaging using SSOP, was used to image before (T0) and after ischaemia induction. Capillary and systemic lactates were measured at each time point (T0, T15, T30, T45, T60), as well as StO2 values acquired by means of SSOP (SSOP-StO2). RESULTS The mean value of SSOP-StO2 in ROI 1 was 30.08 ± 6.963 and was significantly lower when compared to marginal ROIs (ROI 2 + ROI 4: 45.67 ± 10.02 p = < 0.0001), and to vascularised ROIs (ROI 3 + ROI 5: 48.08 ± 7.083 p = < 0.0001). SSOP-StO2 was significantly correlated with normalised lactates r = - 0.5892 p < 0.0001 and with histology r =- 0.6251 p = 0.0002. CONCLUSION Multispectral SSOP allows for a contrast-free accurate assessment of small bowel perfusion identifying physiological tissue oxygenation as confirmed with perfusion biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rita Rodríguez-Luna
- Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nariaki Okamoto
- Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lorenzo Cinelli
- Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, San Raffaele Hospital IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Silvère Ségaud
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Deborah S Keller
- Marks Colorectal Surgical Associates, Lankenau Medical Center, Main Line Health, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Elham Zonoobi
- Edinburgh Molecular Imaging Ltd. (EMI), Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Bannone
- Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Department of General and Pancreatic surgery - The Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jacques Marescaux
- Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Michele Diana
- Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
- Intuitive Surgical Sàrl, Aubonne, Switzerland
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Garoufalia Z, Wexner SD. Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Guided Surgery in Colorectal Surgery. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020494. [PMID: 36675423 PMCID: PMC9865296 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indocyanine green (ICG) imaging has been increasingly used for intraoperative guidance in colorectal surgery over the past decade. The aim of this study was to review and organize, according to different type of use, all available literature on ICG guided colorectal surgery and highlight areas in need of further research and discuss future perspectives. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched systematically through November 2022 for all available studies on fluorescence-guided surgery in colorectal surgery. RESULTS Available studies described ICG use in colorectal surgery for perfusion assessment, ureteral and urethral assessment, lymphatic mapping, and hepatic and peritoneal metastases assessment. Although the level of evidence is low, results are promising, especially in the role of ICG in reducing anastomotic leaks. CONCLUSIONS ICG imaging is a safe and relatively cheap imaging modality in colorectal surgery, especially for perfusion assessment. Work is underway regarding its use in lymphatic mapping, ureter identification, and the assessment of intraperitoneal metastatic disease.
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Li DH, Gamage RS, Smith BD. Sterically Shielded Hydrophilic Analogs of Indocyanine Green. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11593-11601. [PMID: 35950971 PMCID: PMC9894567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A modular synthetic process enables two or four shielding arms to be appended strategically over the fluorochromes of near-infrared cyanine heptamethine dyes to create hydrophilic analogs of clinically approved indocyanine green. A key synthetic step is the facile substitution of a heptamethine 4'-Cl atom by a phenol bearing two triethylene glycol chains. The lead compound is a heptamethine dye with four shielding arms, and a series of comparative spectroscopy studies showed that the shielding arms (a) increased dye photostability and chemical stability and (b) inhibited dye self-aggregation and association with albumin protein. In mice, the dye cleared from the blood primarily through the renal pathway rather than the biliary pathway for ICG. This change in biodistribution reflects the much smaller hydrodynamic diameter of the shielded hydrophilic ICG analog compared to the 67 kDa size of the ICG/albumin complex. An attractive feature of versatile synthetic chemistry is the capability to systematically alter the dye's hydrodynamic diameter. The sterically shielded hydrophilic ICG dye platform is well-suited for immediate incorporation into dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) spectroscopy or imaging protocols using the same cameras and detectors that have been optimized for ICG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bradley D. Smith
- Corresponding Author Bradley D. Smith - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
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8
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Morales-Conde S, Licardie E, Alarcón I, Balla A. Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence guide for the use and indications in general surgery: recommendations based on the descriptive review of the literature and the analysis of experience. Cir Esp 2022; 100:534-554. [PMID: 35700889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cireng.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indocyanine Green is a fluorescent substance visible in near-infrared light. It is useful for the identification of anatomical structures (biliary tract, ureters, parathyroid, thoracic duct), the tissues vascularization (anastomosis in colorectal, esophageal, gastric, bariatric surgery, for plasties and flaps in abdominal wall surgery, liver resection, in strangulated hernias and in intestinal ischemia), for tumor identification (liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, implants of peritoneal carcinomatosis, retroperitoneal tumors and lymphomas) and sentinel node identification and lymphatic mapping in malignant tumors (stomach, breast, colon, rectum, esophagus and skin cancer). The evidence is very encouraging, although standardization of its use and randomized studies with higher number of patients are required to obtain definitive conclusions on its use in general surgery. The aim of this literature review is to provide a guide for the use of ICG fluorescence in general surgery procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Morales-Conde
- Unit of Innovation in Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Unit of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Sagrado Corazón, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Licardie
- Unit of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Quironsalud Sagrado Corazón, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Isaias Alarcón
- Unit of Innovation in Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Andrea Balla
- Unit of Innovation in Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; UOC of General and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Hospital "San Paolo", Civitavecchia, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Pfahl A, Köhler H, Thomaßen MT, Maktabi M, Bloße AM, Mehdorn M, Lyros O, Moulla Y, Niebisch S, Jansen-Winkeln B, Chalopin C, Gockel I. Video: Clinical evaluation of a laparoscopic hyperspectral imaging system. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:7794-7799. [PMID: 35546207 PMCID: PMC9485189 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) during surgical procedures is a new method for perfusion quantification and tissue discrimination. Its use has been limited to open surgery due to large camera sizes, missing color video, or long acquisition times. A hand-held, laparoscopic hyperspectral camera has been developed now to overcome those disadvantages and evaluated clinically for the first time. Methods In a clinical evaluation study, gastrointestinal resectates of ten cancer patients were investigated using the laparoscopic hyperspectral camera. Reference data from corresponding anatomical regions were acquired with a clinically approved HSI system. An image registration process was executed that allowed for pixel-wise comparisons of spectral data and parameter images (StO2: oxygen saturation of tissue, NIR PI: near-infrared perfusion index, OHI: organ hemoglobin index, TWI: tissue water index) provided by both camera systems. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) served for the quantitative evaluations. Spearman’s rank correlation between factors related to the study design like the time of spectral white balancing and MAE, respectively RMSE, was calculated. Results The obtained mean MAEs between the TIVITA® Tissue and the laparoscopic hyperspectral system resulted in StO2: 11% ± 7%, NIR PI: 14±3, OHI: 14± 5, and TWI: 10 ± 2. The mean RMSE between both systems was 0.1±0.03 from 500 to 750 nm and 0.15 ±0.06 from 750 to 1000 nm. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients showed no significant correlation between MAE or RMSE and influencing factors related to the study design. Conclusion Qualitatively, parameter images of the laparoscopic system corresponded to those of the system for open surgery. Quantitative deviations were attributed to technical differences rather than the study design. Limitations of the presented study are addressed in current large-scale in vivo trials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00464-022-09282-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekatrin Pfahl
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hannes Köhler
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madeleine T Thomaßen
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Maktabi
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albrecht M Bloße
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Mehdorn
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Orestis Lyros
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yusef Moulla
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Niebisch
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boris Jansen-Winkeln
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Klinikum St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claire Chalopin
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Daniluk P, Mazur N, Swierblewski M, Chand M, Diana M, Polom K. Fluorescence Imaging in Colorectal Surgery: An Updated Review and Future Trends. Surg Innov 2022; 29:479-487. [PMID: 35232304 DOI: 10.1177/15533506211072678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging in colorectal surgery is considered a novel predominantly intraoperative method of ensuring a greater surgical success. The use of fluorescence is linked to advanced tumor visualization and projection of its lymphatics, both vessels and nodes, which results in a higher chance of achieving a total excision. Additionally, iatrogenic complications prove to be reduced using fluorescence during the surgical excision. The combination of fluorescence and artificial intelligence to better facilitate oncological surgery will soon become an established approach in operating rooms worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Daniluk
- Department of Surgical Oncology, 37804Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia Mazur
- Department of Surgical Oncology, 37804Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Swierblewski
- Department of Surgical Oncology, 37804Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Manish Chand
- Department of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, GENIE Centre, 4919University College London, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michele Diana
- Department of General, Digestive, and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karol Polom
- Department of Surgical Oncology, 37804Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Guía de uso e indicaciones de la fluorescencia con verde de indocianina (ICG) en cirugía general: recomendaciones basadas en la revisión descriptiva de la literatura y el análisis de la experiencia. Cir Esp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Raimondo D, Maletta M, Malzoni M, Cosentino F, Scambia G, Falcone F, Coppola M, Turco LC, Borghese G, Raffone A, Casadio P, Fabbri C, Corsi C, Seracchioli R. Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography after full-thickness bowel resection for rectosigmoid endometriosis: A multicentric experience with quantitative analysis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021; 158:679-688. [PMID: 34875108 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effectiveness and reproducibility of qualitative and quantitative near-infrared indocyanine green (NIR-ICG) analyses as a tool for anastomotic perfusion assessment after full-thickness bowel resection for rectosigmoid endometriosis (RSE). METHODS Symptomatic women with RSE undergoing minimally invasive full-thickness surgical excision of RSE and NIR-ICG evaluation from November 2019 to July 2020 were included. Study outcomes were the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative NIR-ICG analyses in predicting bowel fistula and their reproducibility. NIR-ICG predictive accuracy was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve on receiver operating characteristic curves with 95% confidence intervals (CI). NIR-ICG reproducibility was assessed through Cohen's k coefficient to determine interoperator agreement between two observers. RESULTS Of 33 patients, 2 (6%) developed bowel fistula. In predicting bowel fistula, qualitative and quantitative NIR-ICG evaluations showed sensitivity of 100% and 100%, specificity of 71% and 93%, and area under the curve of 0.86 (95% CI 0.67-1.00) and 0.96 (95% CI 0-1.00), respectively. Regarding interoperator agreement rate, it was reported as excellent for the qualitative analysis and very good for the quantitative analysis. CONCLUSION Qualitative and quantitative NIR-ICG evaluations might be effective and reproducible tools for anastomotic perfusion assessment after discoid or segmental resection for RSE. Quantitative evaluation might be even more effective than qualitative evaluation in predicting bowel fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Raimondo
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Maletta
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Malzoni
- Endoscopica Malzoni, Center for Advanced Endoscopic Gynecological Surgery, Avellino, Italy
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio" Unimol, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Falcone
- Endoscopica Malzoni, Center for Advanced Endoscopic Gynecological Surgery, Avellino, Italy
| | - Marina Coppola
- Endoscopica Malzoni, Center for Advanced Endoscopic Gynecological Surgery, Avellino, Italy
| | - Luigi C Turco
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Borghese
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Raffone
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Casadio
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Fabbri
- Computational Physiopathology Unit, Department of Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Corsi
- Computational Physiopathology Unit, Department of Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Seracchioli
- Division of Gynecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Spota A, Al-Taher M, Felli E, Morales Conde S, Dal Dosso I, Moretto G, Spinoglio G, Baiocchi G, Vilallonga R, Impellizzeri H, Martin-Martin GP, Casali L, Franzini C, Silvestri M, de Manzini N, Castagnola M, Filauro M, Cosola D, Copaescu C, Garbarino GM, Pesce A, Calabrò M, de Nardi P, Anania G, Carus T, Boni L, Patané A, Santi C, Saadi A, Rollo A, Chautems R, Noguera J, Grosek J, D'Ambrosio G, Ferreira CM, Norcic G, Navarra G, Riva P, Quaresima S, Paganini A, Rosso N, De Paolis P, Balla A, Sauvain MO, Gialamas E, Bianchi G, La Greca G, Castoro C, Picchetto A, Franchello A, Tartamella L, Juvan R, Ioannidis O, Kosir JA, Bertani E, Stassen L, Marescaux J, Diana M. Fluorescence-based bowel anastomosis perfusion evaluation: results from the IHU-IRCAD-EAES EURO-FIGS registry. Surg Endosc 2021; 35:7142-7153. [PMID: 33492508 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-08234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the dreaded complications following surgery in the digestive tract. Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging is a means to intraoperatively visualize anastomotic perfusion, facilitating fluorescence image-guided surgery (FIGS) with the purpose to reduce the incidence of AL. The aim of this study was to analyze the current practices and results of NIRF imaging of the anastomosis in digestive tract surgery through the EURO-FIGS registry. METHODS Analysis of data prospectively collected by the registry members provided patient and procedural data along with the ICG dose, timing, and consequences of NIRF imaging. Among the included upper-GI, colorectal, and bariatric surgeries, subgroup analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with complications. RESULTS A total of 1240 patients were included in the study. The included patients, 74.8% of whom were operated on for cancer, originated from 8 European countries and 30 hospitals. A total of 54 surgeons performed the procedures. In 83.8% of cases, a pre-anastomotic ICG dose was administered, and in 60.1% of cases, a post-anastomotic ICG dose was administered. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found in the ICG dose given in the four pathology groups registered (range: 0.013-0.89 mg/kg) and a significant (p < 0.001) negative correlation was found between the ICG dose and BMI. In 27.3% of the procedures, the choice of the anastomotic level was guided by means of NIRF imaging which means that in these cases NIRF imaging changed the level of anastomosis which was first decided based on visual findings in conventional white light imaging. In 98.7% of the procedures, the use of ICG partly or strongly provided a sense of confidence about the anastomosis. A total of 133 complications occurred, without any statistical significance in the incidence of complications in the anastomoses, whether they were ICG-guided or not. CONCLUSION The EURO-FIGS registry provides an insight into the current clinical practice across Europe with respect to NIRF imaging of anastomotic perfusion during digestive tract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spota
- IRCAD Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer, Strasbourg, France
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Chirurgia Generale, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mahdi Al-Taher
- IHU-Strasbourg, Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Felli
- IHU-Strasbourg, Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, Strasbourg, France
| | - Salvador Morales Conde
- Unit of Innovation in Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- General and Digestive Unit, Hospital Quironsalud Sagrado Corazon, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Gianluca Baiocchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Davide Cosola
- Clinica Chirurgica, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Maria Garbarino
- San Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luigi Boni
- Fondazione IRCCS - Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Alend Saadi
- Réseau Hospitalier Neuchâtelois, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Jan Grosek
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Giancarlo D'Ambrosio
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties "Paride Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gregor Norcic
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Pietro Riva
- Unit of Foregut Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Quaresima
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties "Paride Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paganini
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties "Paride Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Balla
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties "Paride Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlo Castoro
- Unit of Foregut Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Picchetto
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties "Paride Stefanini", Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Robert Juvan
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | - Laurents Stassen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Marescaux
- IRCAD Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michele Diana
- IRCAD Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer, Strasbourg, France.
- IHU-Strasbourg, Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, Strasbourg, France.
- Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- ICube Lab, Photonics for Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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14
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Pesce A, La Greca G. Is it still reasonable to raise doubts on ICG-fluorescence cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Updates Surg 2020; 72:1285-1286. [PMID: 32537686 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-020-00830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pesce
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Robotics and New Technologies, Policlinico Abano Terme, Piazza Cristoforo Colombo 1 Abano Terme, 35031, Padua, Italy.
| | - Gaetano La Greca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
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15
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Barberio M, Felli E, Pizzicannella M, Agnus V, Al-Taher M, Seyller E, Moulla Y, Jansen-Winkeln B, Gockel I, Marescaux J, Diana M. Quantitative serosal and mucosal optical imaging perfusion assessment in gastric conduits for esophageal surgery: an experimental study in enhanced reality. Surg Endosc 2020; 35:5827-5835. [PMID: 33026514 PMCID: PMC8437861 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-08077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction/objective
Gastric conduit (GC) is used for reconstruction after esophagectomy. Anastomotic leakage (AL) incidence remains high, given the extensive disruption of the gastric circulation. Currently, there is no reliable method to intraoperatively quantify gastric perfusion. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has shown its potential to quantify serosal StO2. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) allows for automatic mucosal microcirculation quantification as functional capillary density area (FCD-A). The aim of this study was to quantify serosal and mucosal GC’s microperfusion using HSI and CLE. Local capillary lactate (LCL) served as biomarker.
Methods
GC was formed in 5 pigs and serosal StO2% was quantified at 3 regions of interest (ROI) using HSI: fundus (ROI-F), greater curvature (ROI-C), and pylorus (ROI-P). After intravenous injection of sodium-fluorescein (0.5 g), CLE-based mucosal microperfusion was assessed at the corresponding ROIs, and LCLs were quantified via a lactate analyzer.
Results
StO2 and FCD-A at ROI-F (41 ± 10.6%, 3.3 ± 3.8, respectively) were significantly lower than ROI-C (68.2 ± 6.7%, p value: 0.005; 18.4 ± 7, p value: 0.01, respectively) and ROI-P (72 ± 10.4%, p value: 0.005; 15.7 ± 3.2 p value: 0.001). LCL value at ROI-F (9.6 ± 4.7 mmol/L) was significantly higher than at ROI-C (2.6 ± 1.2 mmol/L, p value: 0.04) and ROI-P (2.6 ± 1.3 mmol/L, p value: 0.04). No statistically significant difference was found in all metrics between ROI-C and ROI-P. StO2 correlated with FCD-A (Pearson’s r = 0.67). The LCL correlated negatively with both FCD-A (Spearman’s r = − 0.74) and StO2 (Spearman’s r = − 0.54).
Conclusions
GC formation causes a drop in serosal and mucosal fundic perfusion. HSI and CLE correlate well and might become useful intraoperative tools.
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16
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Gosvig K, Jensen SS, Qvist N, Nerup N, Agnus V, Diana M, Ellebæk MB. Quantification of ICG fluorescence for the evaluation of intestinal perfusion: comparison between two software-based algorithms for quantification. Surg Endosc 2020; 35:5043-5050. [PMID: 32968913 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-07986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging (ICG-FI) can be used to evaluate intestinal perfusion prior to anastomosis. Several software for the quantification of fluorescence have emerged, but these have not previously been compared. The aim of this study was to compare the results from quantitative ICG-FI analysis of relative perfusion in an experimental setting using two different software-based quantification algorithms (FLER and Q-ICG). METHODS Twenty pigs received a laparotomy, and ischemic areas were created in three segments of the small intestine of each pig. For each ischemic area, fluorescence imaging was performed and the fluorescence recordings were quantitatively analyzed using FLER and Q-ICG. The quantitative analysis resulted in a set of perfusion lines for each software for either 30%, 60% or 100% relative perfusion. The perfusion lines were compared by registering the normalized slope for each set of perfusion lines, calculating the relative perfusion percentage in the FLER perfusion line according to Q-ICG, and measuring the length of the ischemic area for each analysis. RESULTS Fifty-four fluorescence recordings from 18 pigs were included. The ischemic segment for FLER was significantly longer in the 30% perfusion group and significantly shorter in the 100% perfusion group as compared to Q-ICG. The normalized slope for the FLER perfusion lines was significantly higher in the 30% perfusion group and significantly lower in the 100% perfusion group as compared to the Q-ICG perfusion lines. For the perfusion lines defined by FLER as 30%, 60%, and 100%, Q-ICG found 35.2% (p = 0.07), 63.7% (p = 0.31), and 84.1% perfusion (p = 0.003) respectively. CONCLUSION The two software demonstrated significant differences in quantitative fluorescence analysis when perfusion was either very high or very low. The clinical relevance of these differences is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Gosvig
- Research Unit for Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Indgang 20, Penthouse, 5000, Odense C, Denmark. .,University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Signe Steenstrup Jensen
- Research Unit for Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Indgang 20, Penthouse, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Qvist
- Research Unit for Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Indgang 20, Penthouse, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Nerup
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Afsnit 2212, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent Agnus
- IHU-Strasbourg, Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michele Diana
- IHU-Strasbourg, Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091, Strasbourg, France.,IRCAD, Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091, Strasbourg, France.,Department of General, Digestive, and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1 Rue David Richard, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,ICube Lab, Photonics Instrumentation for Health, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Mark Bremholm Ellebæk
- Research Unit for Surgery, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløws Vej 4, Indgang 20, Penthouse, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.,University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
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17
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Computer-assisted quantification and visualization of bowel perfusion using fluorescence-based enhanced reality in left-sided colonic resections. Surg Endosc 2020; 35:4321-4331. [PMID: 32856153 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-07922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescence-based enhanced reality (FLER) is a computer-based quantification method of fluorescence angiographies to evaluate bowel perfusion. The aim of this prospective trial was to assess the clinical feasibility and to correlate FLER with metabolic markers of perfusion, during colorectal resections. METHODS FLER analysis and visualization was performed in 22 patients (diverticulitis n = 17; colorectal cancer n = 5) intra- and extra-abdominally during distal and proximal resection, respectively. The fluorescence signal of indocyanine green (0.2 mg/kg) was captured using a near-infrared camera and computed to create a virtual color-coded cartography. This was overlaid onto the bowel (enhanced reality). It helped to identify regions of interest (ROIs) where samples were subsequently obtained. Resections were performed strictly guided according to clinical decision. On the surgical specimen, samplings were made at different ROIs to measure intestinal lactates (mmol/L) and mitochondria efficiency as acceptor control ratio (ACR). RESULTS The native (unquantified) fluorescent signal diffused to obvious ischemic areas during the distal appreciation. Proximally, a lower diffusion of ICG was observed. Five anastomotic complications occurred. The expected values of local capillary lactates were correlated with the measured values both proximally (3.62 ± 2.48 expected vs. 3.17 ± 2.8 actual; rho 0.89; p = 0.0006) and distally (4.5 ± 3 expected vs. 4 ± 2.5 actual; rho 0.73; p = 0.0021). FLER values correlated with ACR at the proximal site (rho 0.76; p = 0.04) and at the ischemic zone (rho 0.71; p = 0.01). In complicated cases, lactates at the proximal resection site were higher (5.8 ± 4.5) as opposed to uncomplicated cases (2.45 ± 1.5; p = 0.008). ACR was reduced proximally in complicated (1.3 ± 0.18) vs. uncomplicated cases (1.68 ± 0.3; p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS FLER allows to image the quantified fluorescence signal in augmented reality and provides a reproducible estimation of bowel perfusion (NCT02626091).
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18
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Elliott JT, Addante RR, Slobogean GP, Jiang S, Henderson ER, Pogue BW, Gitajn IL. Intraoperative fluorescence perfusion assessment should be corrected by a measured subject-specific arterial input function. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-14. [PMID: 32519522 PMCID: PMC7282620 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.6.066002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The effects of varying the indocyanine green injection dose, injection rate, physiologic dispersion of dye, and intravenous tubing volume propagate into the shape and magnitude of the arterial input function (AIF) during intraoperative fluorescence perfusion assessment, thereby altering the observed kinetics of the fluorescence images in vivo. AIM Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the effect of AIF on metrics derived from tissue concentration curves such as peak fluorescence, time-to-peak (TTP), and egress slope. APPROACH Forward models of tissue concentration were produced by convolving simulated AIFs with the adiabatic approximation to the tissue homogeneity model using input parameters representing six different tissue examples (normal brain, glioma, normal skin, ischemic skin, normal bone, and osteonecrosis). RESULTS The results show that AIF perturbations result in variations in estimates of total intensity of up to 80% and TTP error of up to 200%, with the errors more dominant in brain, less in skin, and less in bone. Interestingly, error in ingress slope was as high as 60% across all tissue types. These are key observable parameters used in fluorescence imaging either implicitly by viewing the image or explicitly through intensity fitting algorithms. Correcting by deconvolving the image with a measured subject-specific AIF provides an intuitive means of visualizing the data while also removing the source of variance and allowing intra- and intersubject comparisons. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that intraoperative fluorescence perfusion assessment should be corrected by patient-specific AIFs measured by pulse dye densitometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T. Elliott
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Jonathan T. Elliott, E-mail:
| | - Rocco R. Addante
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Gerard P. Slobogean
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Eric R. Henderson
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Ida Leah Gitajn
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
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