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Rocha DM, Nogueira FM, André T, de Araujo Mariath JE, Vanzela ALL. Evolutionary features of microspore and pollen grain development in Cyperaceae. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2023; 36:333-342. [PMID: 37532894 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Asymmetric meiosis leading to the release of pollen grains as pseudomonads is a synapomorphy in Cyperaceae, but differences in microspore development are relevant in the family's evolutionary history. Cyperaceae members present atypical microsporogenesis, in which one meiotic product is functional while the other three degenerate, culminating in pseudomonad pollen formation. Differences during development, such as pseudomonad shape and degenerative microspore positioning, are seen throughout the family, but no phylogenetic interpretation has been made regarding these variances thus far. In this study, we analyzed the early- and late-diverging sedge genera Hypolytrum and Eleocharis, respectively, while comparing them to data available in the literature and conducting an ancestral character reconstruction for pseudomonad traits. Light microscopy results show that pseudomonad development in Hypolytrum is homologous to several other sedge genera, presenting apical degenerative microspores. However, pseudomonads are round and centrally arranged in the anther locule in this case, which consists of a pleisiomorphic trait for the family. The basal positioning of degenerative microspores is restricted to Rhynchospora, consisting of an apomorphic trait for this genus. Despite these differences, ultrastructural analysis of Eleocharis pseudomonad revealed shared features with other genera studied, which include variations in chromatin condensation and cytoplasmic turnover in functional cells. These common features seem related to the different cellular fates seen during microspore development and further corroborate the synapomorphic status of pseudomonads in sedges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Massuia Rocha
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Diversidade Vegetal (LCDV), Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Mayara Nogueira
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago André
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jorge Ernesto de Araujo Mariath
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal - LAVeg, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS, 9500, Brazil
| | - André Luís Laforga Vanzela
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Diversidade Vegetal (LCDV), Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
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Kuang YF, Jia RZ, Balslev H, Liao JP. Ontogeny of the pollinium in Hoya carnosa provides new insights into microsporogenesis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2023; 36:193-211. [PMID: 36763160 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a pollinium is a distinct character in Apocynaceae which is important for phylogenetic analysis. The pollinium of Hoya has an outer sporopollenin wall and a pellucid margin which are adaptive features. However, their ontogeny and related evolutionary implications are not entirely understood. Therefore, a representative species Hoya carnosa was selected to investigate the pollinium development using light and electron microscopy and cytochemical tests. In contrast to the microsporogenesis in most angiosperms, which is associated with callose, the non-callosic intersporal walls in Hoya carnosa, together with the successive cytokinesis and linear form of the tetrad, represent an alternative pattern of microsporogenesis. This pattern has specific implication for the early stages of pollen morphogenesis. The absence of exine and apertures in the pollen grains in the pollinium could result from a combination of factors including the absence of callose in the early stages and the modifications in later developmental pathways, e.g., the sporopollenin accumulation pathway. The pollinium wall is an exine without stratification, its surface lacks sculptures, and it provides structural support and protection. The pollen tubes germinate through the pellucid margin and germinating ridge which are specialized features. The pellucid margin originates from aborted microspores. The germinating ridge that lies on the outer side of the pellucid margin develops in the same way as a classic pollen exine. The pollen grains are aggregated by intine fusion which is favorable for tube germination and growth. Comparing Asclepiadoideae with the other two subfamilies of Apocynaceae that develop a pollinium, the pollinium of Asclepiadoideae has reduced deposition of sporopollenin in the inner walls but an increase in the outer pollinium wall, thus making the inner walls more reduced and simplified, and the outer walls more solid. The adaptive characters of the pollen wall structure and the cohesion mechanism suggest that the pollinium of Hoya carnosa is a derived form of pollen aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rao-Zhen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- No. 3 High School of Xiangyang City, Xiangyang, China
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jing-Ping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Krátká M, Šmerda J, Lojdová K, Bureš P, Zedek F. Holocentric Chromosomes Probably Do Not Prevent Centromere Drive in Cyperaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:642661. [PMID: 33679859 PMCID: PMC7933567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.642661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Centromere drive model describes an evolutionary process initiated by centromeric repeats expansion, which leads to the recruitment of excess kinetochore proteins and consequent preferential segregation of an expanded centromere to the egg during female asymmetric meiosis. In response to these selfish centromeres, the histone protein CenH3, which recruits kinetochore components, adaptively evolves to restore chromosomal parity and counter the detrimental effects of centromere drive. Holocentric chromosomes, whose kinetochores are assembled along entire chromosomes, have been hypothesized to prevent expanded centromeres from acquiring a selective advantage and initiating centromere drive. In such a case, CenH3 would be subjected to less frequent or no adaptive evolution. Using codon substitution models, we analyzed 36 CenH3 sequences from 35 species of the holocentric family Cyperaceae. We found 10 positively selected codons in the CenH3 gene [six codons in the N-terminus and four in the histone fold domain (HFD)] and six branches of its phylogeny along which the positive selection occurred. One of the positively selected codons was found in the centromere targeting domain (CATD) that directly interacts with DNA and its mutations may be important in centromere drive suppression. The frequency of these positive selection events was comparable to the frequency of positive selection in monocentric clades with asymmetric female meiosis. Taken together, these results suggest that preventing centromere drive is not the primary adaptive role of holocentric chromosomes, and their ability to suppress it likely depends on their kinetochore structure in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - František Zedek
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Nogueira FM, Nogueira PVF, Vanzela ALL, Rocha DM. Ultrastructural analysis of Rhynchospora ovules: The first record of Cyperaceae megagametophyte on transmission electron microscope. Micron 2020; 140:102962. [PMID: 33099208 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis are unusual in sedges (Cyperaceae), the third largest monocotyledonous family, as three microspores are aborted in favor of a single functional microspore. However, studies using light microscopy show that megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis occur normally. Nevertheless, the lack of ultrastructural details limits our knowledge of female gametophyte development in this family. Given the importance of morphological studies of reproductive structures, ovules and megagametophytes of Rhynchospora pubera were analyzed under transmission electron microscopy for the first time. Overall, ovules presented features similar to those described for the family, but ultrastructural details revealed an absence of a clear boundary between the egg cell and the central cell cytoplasm. Most interestingly, antipodal and nucellar cells showed several signs of vacuolar cell death, which suggest that programmed autolysis in sporogenous and gametophytic tissue is common in gametophyte development in the Cyperaceae. This may be related to the reproductive success of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Nogueira
- Laboratory of Algae and Plants of Amazonia (LAPAM), Federal University of Oeste do Pará (UFOPA) Campus Oriximiná, Rodovia PA-254, 257, Oriximiná, PA, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Vinicius F Nogueira
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (LMEM), State University of Londrina (UEL), 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - André Luís Laforga Vanzela
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity (LCDV), State University of Londrina (UEL), 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Danilo Massuia Rocha
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular and Genetics (DEBIOGEM), State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Carlos Cavalcanti Avenue 4748, 84030-900, PR, Brazil; Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity (LCDV), State University of Londrina (UEL), 86057-970, PR, Brazil.
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Rocha DM, Marques A, Andrade CGTJ, Guyot R, Chaluvadi SR, Pedrosa-Harand A, Houben A, Bennetzen JL, Vanzela ALL. Developmental programmed cell death during asymmetric microsporogenesis in holocentric species of Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5391-5401. [PMID: 27492982 PMCID: PMC5049389 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Cyperaceae family exhibit an asymmetric microsporogenesis that results in the degeneration of three out of four meiotic products. Efforts have been made previously to describe the resulting structure, named the pseudomonad, but mechanisms concerning the establishment of cell domains, nuclear development, and programmed cell death are largely unknown. Using the Rhynchospora genus as a model, evidence for cell asymmetry, cytoplasmic isolation, and programmed cell death was obtained by a combination of electron microscopic, cytochemical, immunocytochemical, in situ hybridization, and flow cytometric methods. Degenerative cells were identified at the abaxial region, with the cytoskeleton marking their delimitation from the functional domain after meiosis. After attempting to initiate cell division with an unreplicated genome and abnormal spindle assembly, these cells exhibited a gradual process of cytoplasmic contraction associated with hypermethylation of cytosines and differential loss of DNA. These results indicate that the asymmetric tetrad establishes a functional cell, where one nucleus is preferentially selected to survive. Degenerative haploid cells are then eliminated in a multistep process associated with mitotic disorder, non-random elimination of repetitive DNA, vacuolar cell death, and DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Rocha
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
| | - André Marques
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Celia G T J Andrade
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis, Pro-PPG, State University of Londrina, 86051990, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Romain Guyot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IPME, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | | | - Andrea Pedrosa-Harand
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Andreas Houben
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | | | - André L L Vanzela
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Diversity, Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Paraná, Brazil
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Gorelick R, Carpinone J, Derraugh LJ. No universal differences between female and male eukaryotes: anisogamy and asymmetrical female meiosis. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Root Gorelick
- Department of Biology; Carleton University; 1125 Raven Road Ottawa Ontario K1S 5B6 Canada
- School of Mathematics & Statistics and Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies; Carleton University; 1125 Raven Road Ottawa Ontario K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Jessica Carpinone
- Department of Biology; Carleton University; 1125 Raven Road Ottawa Ontario K1S 5B6 Canada
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Bureš P, Zedek F. Holokinetic drive: centromere drive in chromosomes without centromeres. Evolution 2014; 68:2412-20. [PMID: 24758327 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Similar to how the model of centromere drive explains the size and complexity of centromeres in monocentrics (organisms with localized centromeres), our model of holokinetic drive is consistent with the divergent evolution of chromosomal size and number in holocentrics (organisms with nonlocalized centromeres) exhibiting holokinetic meiosis (holokinetics). Holokinetic drive is proposed to facilitate chromosomal fission and/or repetitive DNA removal (or any segmental deletion) when smaller homologous chromosomes are preferentially inherited or chromosomal fusion and/or repetitive DNA proliferation (or any segmental duplication) when larger homologs are preferred. The hypothesis of holokinetic drive is supported primarily by the negative correlation between chromosome number and genome size that is documented in holokinetic lineages. The supporting value of two older cross-experiments on holokinetic structural heterozygotes (the rush Luzula elegans and butterflies of the genus Antheraea) that indicate the presence of size-preferential homolog transmission via female meiosis for holokinetic drive is discussed, along with the further potential consequences of holokinetic drive in comparison with centromere drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bureš
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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San Martin JAB, de Jesus Andrade CGT, Mastroberti AA, de Araújo Mariath JE, Vanzela ALL. Asymmetric cytokinesis guide the development of pseudomonads in Rhynchospora pubera (Cyperaceae). Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:203-12. [PMID: 23348893 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The late stages of microsporogenesis in the family Cyperaceae are marked by the formation of an asymmetrical tetrad, degeneration of three of the four nuclei resulting from meiosis and the formation of pseudomonads. In order to understand the cytological changes involved in the development of pseudomonads, a combination of 11 different techniques (conventional staining, cytochemistry procedures, immunofluorescence, FISH and transmission electron microscopy: TEM) were used to study the later stages of microsporogenesis in Rhynchospora pubera. The results demonstrated the occurrence of two cytoplasmic domains in the pseudomonads, one functional and the other degenerative, which are physically and asymmetrically separated by cell plate with an endomembrane system rich in polysaccharides. Other changes associated with endomembrane behaviour were observed, such as a large number of lipid droplets, vacuoles containing electron-dense material and concentric layers of endoplasmic reticulum. Concomitant with the isolation of degenerative nuclei, the tapetal cells also showed evidence of degeneration, indicating that both tissues under programmed cell death (PCD), as indicated by immunofluorescence and TEM procedures. The results are significant because they associate cellular polarisation and asymmetry with different cytoplasmic domains, and hence open new possibilities for studying cellular compartmentalisation and PCD.
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