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Baldini E, Presutti D, Favoriti P, Santini S, Papoff G, Tuccilli C, Carletti R, Di Gioia C, Lori E, Ferent IC, Gagliardi F, Catania A, Pironi D, Tripodi D, D’Andrea V, Sorrenti S, Ruberti G, Ulisse S. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor WX-340 on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073724. [PMID: 35409084 PMCID: PMC8999125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system is associated with tumor invasion, neo-angiogenesis, and metastatic spread, and has been shown to positively correlate with a poor prognosis in several cancer types, including thyroid carcinomas. In recent years, several uPA inhibitors were found to have anticancer effects in preclinical studies and in some phase II clinical trials, which prompted us to evaluate uPA as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients affected by the most aggressive form of thyroid cancer, the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of WX-340, a highly specific and selective uPA inhibitor, on two ATC-derived cell lines, CAL-62 and BHT-101. The results obtained indicated that WX-340 was able to reduce cell adhesion and invasiveness in a dose-dependent manner in both cell lines. In addition, WX-340 increased uPA receptor (uPAR) protein levels without affecting its plasma membrane concentration. However, this compound was unable to significantly reduce ATC growth in a xenograft model, indicating that uPA inhibition alone may not have the expected therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enke Baldini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Dario Presutti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Pasqualino Favoriti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Simonetta Santini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Giuliana Papoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Chiara Tuccilli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Raffaella Carletti
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Cira Di Gioia
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Eleonora Lori
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Iulia Catalina Ferent
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Federica Gagliardi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Antonio Catania
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniele Pironi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Domenico Tripodi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Vito D’Andrea
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Salvatore Sorrenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Giovina Ruberti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Surgical Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (P.F.); (C.T.); (E.L.); (I.C.F.); (F.G.); (A.C.); (D.P.); (D.T.); (V.D.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Papillary Thyroid Cancer Prognosis: An Evolving Field. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215567. [PMID: 34771729 PMCID: PMC8582937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Over the last couple of decades, the prognostic stratification systems of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients have been revised several times in an attempt to achieve a tailored clinical management reflecting the single patients’ needs. Such revisions are likely to continue in the near future, since the prognostic value of a number of promising clinicopathological features and new molecular biomarkers are being evaluated. Here, we will review the current staging systems of thyroid cancer patients and discuss the most relevant clinicopathological parameters and new molecular markers that are potentially capable of refining the prognosis. Abstract Over the last few years, a great advance has been made in the comprehension of the molecular pathogenesis underlying thyroid cancer progression, particularly for the papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), which represents the most common thyroid malignancy. Putative cancer driver mutations have been identified in more than 98% of PTC, and a new PTC classification into molecular subtypes has been proposed in order to resolve clinical uncertainties still present in the clinical management of patients. Additionally, the prognostic stratification systems have been profoundly modified over the last decade, with a view to refine patients’ staging and being able to choose a clinical approach tailored on single patient’s needs. Here, we will briefly discuss the recent changes in the clinical management of thyroid nodules, and review the current staging systems of thyroid cancer patients by analyzing promising clinicopathological features (i.e., gender, thyroid auto-immunity, multifocality, PTC histological variants, and vascular invasion) as well as new molecular markers (i.e., BRAF/TERT promoter mutations, miRNAs, and components of the plasminogen activating system) potentially capable of ameliorating the prognosis of PTC patients.
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Tanaka Y, Araki K, Tanaka S, Miyagawa Y, Suzuki H, Kamide D, Tomifuji M, Uno K, Kimura E, Yamashita T, Ueda Y, Shiotani A. Sentinel Lymph Node-Targeted Therapy by Oncolytic Sendai Virus Suppresses Micrometastasis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in an Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1430-1438. [PMID: 31171582 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In clinical N0 (cN0) cases with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a treatment selection is still controversial: elective neck dissection or watchful waiting. We focused on sentinel lymph node (SLN)-targeted therapy using the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-dependent oncolytic Sendai virus "BioKnife." The objectives of this study were to investigate BioKnife migration into SLNs and elucidate its antitumor effect on lymph node metastases (LNM). We established an orthotopic nude mouse model of HNSCC, with LNM being frequently induced. We inoculated HSC-3-M3, human highly metastatic tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells, in the tongue of the nude mice, and after 2 weeks, we injected BioKnife into the primary tumor. We tracked BioKnife migration into the SLNs by immunostaining, RT-PCR, and an in vivo imaging system. We also examined its antitumor effects and mechanisms through serial section analysis of lymph nodes. GFP reporter expression was clearly visible in the lymph nodes of virus groups, which corresponded to SLNs. Relative GFP mRNA was significantly increased in both the tongues and lymph nodes in the virus groups compared with that in the control group (P < 0.05). Serial section analysis showed that BioKnife infected cancer cells and exhibited significant antitumor effect against LNM compared with the control groups (P < 0.05). We detected apoptosis in LNM infected by BioKnife. BioKnife migrated into SLNs after its injection into the primary tumor and effectively suppressed LNM, suggesting that SLN-targeted therapy using BioKnife has great potential to provide a novel and promising alternative to elective neck dissection in cN0 patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Araki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kamide
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tomifuji
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Uno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eiko Kimura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuji Ueda
- ID Pharma Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shiotani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Miyagawa Y, Araki K, Yamashita T, Tanaka S, Tanaka Y, Tomifuji M, Ueda Y, Yonemitsu Y, Shimada H, Shiotani A. Induction of cell fusion/apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in orthotopic mouse model by urokinase‐specific oncolytic Sendai virus. Head Neck 2019; 41:2873-2882. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Miyagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Koji Araki
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryKitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Masayuki Tomifuji
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Yasuji Ueda
- Section of Gene Medicine, R&D CenterID Pharma Co., Ltd. Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yonemitsu
- R&D Laboratory for Innovative Biotherapeutics Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of SurgeryToho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihiro Shiotani
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
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Tanaka Y, Araki K, Tanaka S, Miyagawa Y, Suzuki H, Kamide D, Tomifuji M, Uno K, Harada E, Yamashita T, Ueda Y, Inoue M, Shiotani A. Oncolytic Sendai virus‐induced tumor‐specific immunoresponses suppress “simulated metastasis” of squamous cell carcinoma in an immunocompetent mouse model. Head Neck 2019; 41:1676-1686. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Koji Araki
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Daisuke Kamide
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Masayuki Tomifuji
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Kosuke Uno
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Eiko Harada
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryKitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan
| | | | | | - Akihiro Shiotani
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Tokorozawa Japan
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Ordookhani A, Motazedi A, Burman KD. Thrombosis in Thyroid Cancer. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2018; 16:e57897. [PMID: 29696039 PMCID: PMC5903374 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.57897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of studies on venous thromboembolism (VTE) and thyroid cancer is very scarce and existing data are contradictory. This paper reviews VTE in thyroid cancer. METHODS The following words were used for a comprehensive literature review using MEDLINE database: Blood coagulation factors; thyroid hormones; blood coagulation tests; venous thromboembolism; receptors thyroid hormone; hemostasis; fibrinolysis; bleeding; blood coagulation disorders; thyroid neoplasms; Thyroid cancer, papillary; Thyroid cancer, follicular; Thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic; Thyroid cancer, Hurthle cell; Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma; venous thrombosis; Pulmonary embolism; Blood coagulation factors. The studies, which include any changes in hemostasis and thyroid cancer were included and reviewed. RESULTS Although few studies have shown a possible increase in VTE occurrence in thyroid cancer in patients ≥ 60 years old and in proximity to cancer diagnosis, other studies could not find any difference compared to general population. New thyroid cancer classification excluding common subtype(s) with benign nature, may affect the results of the future studies on association of VTE and thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS Prospective studies on the occurrence of VTE in various types and severities of thyroid cancer and in different age groups are warranted, as the results would affect clinical practice on the necessity of usage of anticoagulants in some thyroid cancer groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ordookhani
- MD, Endocrine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Providence Hospital, Washington, DC, 20017
| | - Abbas Motazedi
- MD, Endocrine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Providence Hospital, Washington, DC, 20017
| | - Kenneth D. Burman
- MD, Endocrine Section, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, 20010
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Xiang Y, Li Q, Huang D, Tang X, Wang L, Shi Y, Zhang W, Yang T, Xiao C, Wang J. Preparation and antitumor effect of a toxin-linked conjugate targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and urokinase plasminogen activator. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:160-8. [PMID: 25125500 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214547154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant signaling activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a common characteristic of many tumors, including lung cancer. Accordingly, VEGFR and uPA have emerged as attractive targets for tumor. KDR (Flk-1/VEGFR-2), a member of the VEGFR family, has been recognized as an important target for antiangiogenesis in tumor. In this study, a recombinant immunotoxin was produced to specifically target KDR-expressing tumor vascular endothelial cells and uPA-expressing tumor cells and mediate antitumor angiogenesis and antitumor effect. Based on its potent inhibitory effect on protein synthesis, Luffin-beta (Lβ) ribosome-inactivating protein was selected as part of a recombinant fusion protein, a single-chain variable fragment against KDR (KDRscFv)-uPA cleavage site (uPAcs)-Lβ-KDEL (named as KPLK). The KDRscFv-uPAcs-Lβ-KDEL (KPLK) contained a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against KDR, uPAcs, Lβ, and the retention signal for endoplasmic reticulum proteins KDEL (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu). The KPLK-expressing vector was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the KPLK protein was isolated with nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis test demonstrated KPLK was effectively expressed. Result of in vitro cell viability assay on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) H460 cell line (uPA-positive cell) revealed that KPLK significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and accumulated cells in S and G2/M phases, but the normal cell line (human submandibular gland cell) was unaffected. These effects were enhanced when uPA was added to digest KPLK to release Lβ. For in vivo assay of KPLK, subcutaneous xenograft tumor model of nude mice were established with H460 cells. Growth of solid tumors was significantly inhibited in animals treated with KPLK up to 21 days, tumor weights were decreased, and the expression of angiogenesis marker CD31 was downregulated; meanwhile, the apoptosis-related protein casspase-3 was upregulated. These results suggested that the recombinant KPLK may have therapeutic applications on tumors, especially uPA-overexpressing ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qiying Li
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dehong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xianjun Tang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Chunyan Xiao
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemo-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jianghong Wang
- Center of Endoscopy Examination & Therapy, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, China
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Baldini E, Sorrenti S, Tuccilli C, Prinzi N, Coccaro C, Catania A, Filippini A, Bononi M, De Antoni E, D'Armiento M, Ulisse S. Emerging molecular markers for the prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Int J Surg 2014; 12 Suppl 1:S52-6. [PMID: 24862669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial thyroid cancers are represented by the differentiated papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas which, following dedifferentiation, are thought to give rise to the highly aggressive and incurable anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Although derived from the same cell type, the different thyroid tumors show specific histological features, biological behavior and degree of differentiation as a consequence of different genetic alterations. Over the last few years, our knowledge regarding the molecular alterations underlying thyroid cell malignant transformation and cancer progression has considerably increased; however, the prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients still relies on high-risk clinic-pathological variables. In particular, the actual staging systems provides only a rough prediction for cancer mortality and risk of recurrences, including in each risk group patients with highly different tumor-specific progression, disease-free interval and survival time. In order to improve DTC patient's risk stratification, both the European and the American Thyroid Associations proposed practical guidelines to integrate the actual staging systems with additional clinical features such as the tumor histological variant, the results of post-ablative whole body scan and the serum thyroglobulin levels. Despite that, patients within the same risk group still show a very heterogeneous behavior in terms of disease-free interval. As a consequence, the identification of new prognostic molecular biomarkers able to testify tumor aggressiveness is highly required. Here we'll review recently characterized new molecular markers potentially able to ameliorate the prognosis in DTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enke Baldini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Tuccilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Natalie Prinzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Coccaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Catania
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Filippini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bononi
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Antoni
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimino D'Armiento
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Mekkawy AH, Pourgholami MH, Morris DL. Involvement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer: an overview. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:918-56. [PMID: 24549574 DOI: 10.1002/med.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are several studies supporting the role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system in cancer. The association of uPA to its receptor triggers the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. This process is regulated by the uPA inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2). Plasmin promotes degradation of basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as activation of ECM latent matrix metalloproteases. Degradation and remodeling of the surrounding tissues is crucial in the early steps of tumor progression by facilitating expansion of the tumor mass, release of tumor growth factors, activation of cytokines as well as induction of tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Hence, many tumors showed a correlation between uPA system component levels and tumor aggressiveness and survival. Therefore, this review summarizes the structure of the uPA system, its contribution to cancer progression, and the clinical relevance of uPA family members in cancer diagnosis. In addition, the review evaluates the significance of uPA system in the development of cancer-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Research Laboratories, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
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Mengele K, Napieralski R, Magdolen V, Reuning U, Gkazepis A, Sweep F, Brünner N, Foekens J, Harbeck N, Schmitt M. Characteristics of the level-of-evidence-1 disease forecast cancer biomarkers uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:947-62. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Horvatic Herceg G, Herceg D, Kralik M, Kulic A, Bence-Zigman Z, Tomic-Brzac H, Bracic I, Kusacic-Kuna S, Prgomet D. Urokinase plasminogen activator and its inhibitor type-1 as prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 149:533-40. [PMID: 23835563 DOI: 10.1177/0194599813496374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prognostic value of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor, type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), in differentiated thyroid cancer. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING University hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Cytosolic concentrations of uPA and PAI-1 were determined in 105 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and normal matched tissues using an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). RESULTS Both uPA and PAI-1 concentrations were significantly higher in differentiated thyroid tumors (uPA = 0.509 ± 0.767 and PAI-1 = 6.337 ± 6.415 ng/mg) compared to normal tissues (uPA = 0.237 ± 0.051, P < .001; PAI-1 = 2.368 ± 0.418 ng/mg, P < .001). uPA and PAI-1 were significantly higher if extrathyroidal invasion (uPA, P = .015; PAI-1, P < .001) or distant metastasis (PAI-1 P < .001) was present, as well as in tumors whose size exceeded 1 cm in diameter (uPA, P = .002; PAI-1, P = .001). Survival analysis revealed the significant impact of both uPA and PAI-1 on progression-free survival (PFS) (82.22 vs 49.478 months for patients with low and high uPA, respectively, P < .001; 87.068 vs 44.964 months for patients with low and high PAI-1, respectively, P < .001). Univariate analysis showed that gender, tumor size, tumor grade, extrathyroid invasion, local lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, uPA, and PAI-1 were significant predictors of PFS. However, multivariate analysis identified only distant metastasis and tumor tissue uPA and PAI-1 as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that high uPA and PAI-1 levels represent independent unfavorable prognostic factors in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Horvatic Herceg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ulisse S, Baldini E, Sorrenti S, Barollo S, Prinzi N, Catania A, Nesca A, Gnessi L, Pelizzo MR, Mian C, De Vito C, Calvanese A, Palermo S, Persechino S, De Antoni E, D'Armiento M. In papillary thyroid carcinoma BRAFV600E is associated with increased expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator and its cognate receptor, but not with disease-free interval. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:780-6. [PMID: 22702340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT It has been suggested that patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) harbouring the BRAF(V600E) mutation have a worse prognosis. We showed in PTC that high levels of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its cognate receptor (uPAR) inversely correlate with disease-free interval (DFI). OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of BRAF(V600E) on the expression of uPA and uPAR and to evaluate the prognostic relevance of BRAF(V600E) alone or in combination with uPA and uPAR. DESIGN/SETTING/PATIENTS/INTERVENTION: The case study included 91 patients with PTC. All patients underwent thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy. Follow-up was available for 75 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The BRAF(V600E) mutation was analysed by sequencing and mutant allele-specific PCR amplification; uPA and uPAR expression by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS BRAF(V600E) was found in 44 of the 91 patients and associated with older age, but not with high-risk clinicopathological features. Urokinase PA and uPAR mRNA levels were higher in tumour tissues by 9·51 ± 1·30 and 4·64 ± 0·44 fold, respectively, compared to normal matched tissues, being significantly higher in BRAF(V600E) -positive patients. In vitro induction of BRAF(V600E) in PCCL3 cells caused a significant increase in both uPA and uPAR mRNAs. Higher levels of uPA and uPAR correlated with lymph node metastases, TNM stage and disease recurrences. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analyses demonstrated that uPA and uPAR were associated with shorter DFI, while the BRAF(V600E) was not. CONCLUSION In PTC, BRAF(V600E) induces uPA and uPAR expression. The latter, but not BRAF(V600E) , associates with advanced stages and shorter DFI. If confirmed in larger case studies, they may represent reliable prognostic markers for more accurate risk stratification and postoperative decision-making in patients with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Schmitt M, Mengele K, Napieralski R, Magdolen V, Reuning U, Gkazepis A, Sweep F, Brünner N, Foekens J, Harbeck N. Clinical utility of level-of-evidence-1 disease forecast cancer biomarkers uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 10:1051-67. [PMID: 21080821 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic and/or predictive value of the cancer biomarkers, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor [PAI]-1), determined by ELISA in tumor-tissue extracts, was demonstrated for several cancer types in numerous clinically relevant retrospective or prospective studies, including a multicenter breast cancer therapy trial (Chemo-N0). Consequently, for the first time ever for any cancer biomarker for breast cancer, uPA and PAI-1 have reached the highest level of evidence, level-of-evidence-1. At present, two other breast cancer therapy trials, NNBC-3 and Plan B, also incorporating uPA and PAI-1 as treatment-assignment tools are in effect. Furthermore, small synthetic molecules targeting uPA are currently in Phase II clinical trials in patients afflicted with advanced cancer of the ovary, breast or pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schmitt
- Frauenklinik der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Germany.
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14
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Ulisse S, Baldini E, Sorrenti S, Barollo S, Gnessi L, Catania A, Pellizzo MR, Nardi F, Mian C, De Antoni E, D'Armiento M, Frati L. High expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator and its cognate receptor associates with advanced stages and reduced disease-free interval in papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:504-8. [PMID: 21106716 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The urokinase plasminogen activating system is implicated in neoplastic progression, and high tissue levels of urokinase plasminogen activating system components correlate with poor prognosis in various human cancers. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the prognostic relevance of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its cognate receptor (uPAR), and the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in human papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). DESIGN The expression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 genes was analyzed in PTC and normal matched tissues by quantitative RT-PCR. The case study consisted of 99 patients (21 males and 78 females) affected by PTC including 77 classical, 15 follicular, four tall cell, and three oncocytic variants. Forty-one patients had lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis. All the patients underwent thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy followed by thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Follow-up data were available for 76 patients up to 64 months. RESULTS The uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in PTC compared with normal matched tissues by 9.63 ± 1,29-, 4.82 ± 0.45-, and 5.64 ± 0.71-fold, respectively. The increased expression of uPA and uPAR correlated statistically with advanced pT and N status. The uPA was also significantly associated with advanced tumor node metastasis stages. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant association of uPA and uPAR levels with reduced patient disease-free interval (DFI), and this association was stronger in stage I patients. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that in PTC the increased gene expression of uPA and uPAR is associated with tumor invasiveness, advanced stages, and shorter DFI, suggesting their prognostic relevance. These observations warrant further investigation in larger patient populations with longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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15
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Vriens MR, Moses W, Weng J, Peng M, Griffin A, Bleyer A, Pollock BH, Indelicato DJ, Hwang J, Kebebew E. Clinical and molecular features of papillary thyroid cancer in adolescents and young adults. Cancer 2011; 117:259-67. [PMID: 20824721 PMCID: PMC3462813 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age disparities in thyroid cancer incidence and outcome among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with thyroid cancer are under reported. In this study, the authors compared the molecular and clinical features of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in AYAs with the same features among patients in other age groups. METHODS One thousand eleven patients underwent initial treatment for PTC at the University of California at San Francisco. Patients were subdivided into 2 age groups: ages 15 to 39 years (the AYA group) and aged ≥40 years. Demographic, clinical, and survival data in the cohort also were compared with data from the National Cancer Instsitute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. In a subset of the study cohort, the primary tumors were analyzed by genome-wide expression analyses, genotyping for common somatic mutations, and pathway-specific gene expression arrays between the age groups. RESULTS The percentage of women and the lymph node metastasis rate were significantly higher in the AYA group. In the AYA group, the rate of distant metastasis was lower. Disease-free survival and median overall survival were significantly higher in the AYA group. The better survival in AYA patients also was apparent in the national SEER data. An unsupervised cluster analysis of gene expression data revealed no distinct clustering by age in 96 PTC samples. The frequency and type of somatic mutations in the primary tumors did not differ significantly between age groups (the AYA group vs the group aged ≥40 years). Six genes (extracellular matrix protein 1 [ECM1], v-erb-2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 [ERBB2], urinary plasminogen activator [UPA], 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 2 [PFKFB2], meis homeobox 2 [MEIS2], and carbonic anhydrase II [CA2]) had significant differential expression between age groups. CONCLUSIONS The extent of disease at presentation and the survival of patients with PTC differed between AYAs and older patients. The current results indicated that these differences may be caused by several candidate genes and that these genes are expressed differentially and may play an important role in tumor cell biology. However, no distinct gene expression profiles exist for patients with PTC that distinguish between AYAs and patients aged ≥40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno R Vriens
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Willieford Moses
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Julie Weng
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Miao Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Ann Griffin
- Cancer Registry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | | | - Brad H Pollock
- Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio
| | - Daniel J. Indelicato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, and the University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Jimmy Hwang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
- Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
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Kashat L, So AKC, Masui O, Wang XS, Cao J, Meng X, Macmillan C, Ailles LE, Siu KWM, Ralhan R, Walfish PG. Secretome-based identification and characterization of potential biomarkers in thyroid cancer. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5757-69. [PMID: 20873772 DOI: 10.1021/pr100529t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In search of thyroid cancer biomarkers, proteins secreted by thyroid cancer cell lines, papillary-derived TPC-1 and anaplastic-derived CAL62, were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of 46 high-confidence identifications, 6 proteins were considered for verification in thyroid cancer patients' tissue and blood. The localization of two proteins, nucleolin and prothymosin-α (PTMA), was confirmed in TPC-1 and CAL62 cells by confocal microscopy and immunohistochemically in xenografts of TPC-1 cells in NOD/SCID/γ mice and human thyroid cancers (48 tissues). Increased nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of PTMA was observed in anaplastic compared to papillary and poorly differentiated carcinomas. Nuclear expression of nucleolin was observed in all subtypes of thyroid carcinomas, along with faint cytoplasmic expression in anaplastic cancers. Importantly, PTMA, nucleolin, clusterin, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, enolase 1, and biotinidase were detected in thyroid cancer patients' sera, warranting future analysis to confirm their potential as blood-based thyroid cancer markers. In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential of secretome analysis of thyroid cancer cell lines to identify novel proteins that can be independently verified in cell lines, xenografts, tumor tissues, and blood samples of thyroid cancer patients. These observations support their potential utility as minimally invasive biomarkers for thyroid carcinomas and their application in management of these diseases upon future validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Kashat
- Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nowicki TS, Kummer NT, Iacob C, Suslina N, Schaefer S, Schantz S, Shin E, Moscatello AL, Tiwari RK, Geliebter J. Inhibition of uPAR and uPA reduces invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:1383-90. [PMID: 20578104 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS We analyzed the expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and normal thyroid tissue and examined in vitro how uPA and uPAR contribute to an invasive/metastatic phenotype, and the functional consequences of inhibiting this system. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review of PTC patients, followed by prospective study using previously obtained patient tissue and PTC cellular models. METHODS uPA and uPAR RNA and protein levels were analyzed in PTC patient tissue samples, PTC and normal thyroid tissue culture cells, and conditioned media (CM) using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and/or Western blotting. The plasminogen-activating ability of CM was examined using dark-quenched casein fluorimetry and casein-plasminogen gel zymography. The invasive potentials of the PTC and normal thyroid epithelial cell lines were assessed using an in vitro cellular invasion/migration system. RESULTS uPA and uPAR RNA and protein levels were increased in PTC patient samples and PTC cells relative to controls. uPA and uPAR RNA were also significantly higher in patients with metastatic disease. Casein-plasminogen zymography and Western blotting demonstrated increased active uPA secreted by PTC cells compared with normal thyroid cells. Fluorimetric assays revealed that the PTC cells' CM was able to activate plasminogen, resulting in measurable casein hydrolysis. This casein hydrolysis was prevented by the addition of several specific uPA inhibitors. Finally, the in vitro invasion phenotypes of PTC cells were augmented by the addition of plasminogen, and this augmentation was reversed by inhibitory anti-uPA and anti-uPAR antibodies. CONCLUSIONS These data provide new functional evidence of the uPA/uPAR system's role in PTC invasion/metastasis and demonstrate the attractiveness of uPA and uPAR as molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Nowicki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Ruggeri RM, Campennì A, Baldari S, Trimarchi F, Trovato M. What is New on Thyroid Cancer Biomarkers. Biomark Insights 2008; 3:237-252. [PMID: 19578508 PMCID: PMC2688342 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer harbours in about 5% of thyroid nodules. The majority of them are well-differentiated cancers originating from the follicular epithelium, and are subdivided into papillary and follicular carcinomas. Undifferentiated carcinomas and medullary thyroid carcinomas arising from C cells are less common. Although most thyroid nodules are benign, distinguishing thyroid cancer from benign lesions is crucial for an appropriate treatment and follow-up. The fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) allows the diagnosis of nature of thyroid nodules in the majority of cases. However, FNAC has some limitations, particularly in the presence of follicular lesions which can appear dubious in rare instances even at histology. In an effort to improve diagnostic accuracy and offer new prognostic criteria, several immunohistochemical and molecular markers have been proposed. However, most of them have to be validated on large series before being used in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria M Ruggeri
- Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento Clinico-Sperimentale di Medicina e Farmacologia
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