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Salins N, Hughes S, Preston N. Oncologists' palliative care referral behaviour: testing utility of social exchange theory as an explanatory framework. BMC Palliat Care 2024; 23:183. [PMID: 39048941 PMCID: PMC11267831 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-024-01517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults and children with cancer are referred to palliative care infrequently or late. Oncologists often gatekeep these referrals. Social exchange theory is used to explain physician referral behaviour in various clinical settings. Its utility in a cancer palliative care setting is not known. METHODS We used Karl Popper's hypothetico-deductive approach to test the hypothesis. The hypothesis was that social exchange theory is a helpful framework for explaining oncologists' palliative care referral behaviour in a cancer setting. The utility of the theoretical framework was tested against the empiric findings of a systematic review and original research. RESULTS Most components of social exchange theory known to explain physician referral behaviour like beliefs about the provider or service, emotions triggered during the professional engagement, its symbolism and stigma, the complexity of the referral task, efforts needed to achieve it, its cost, benefit, and value were similar in a cancer setting. Empirical findings suggest that oncologists provided strategies and solutions to better palliative care integration instead of comparing their existing engagement with potential alternatives and choosing them. CONCLUSION Social exchange theory was found to be helpful in explaining oncologists' palliative care referral behaviour. To further develop the social exchange theory based on the data used to test it, it is recommended to include feedback and solutions as a component of the theoretical framework alongside a comparison level for alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Salins
- Department of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Sean Hughes
- Division of Health Research, Health Innovation One, Sir John Fisher Drive, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4AT, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Preston
- Division of Health Research, Health Innovation One, Sir John Fisher Drive, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4AT, United Kingdom
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Salins N, Hughes S, Preston N. Presuppositions, cost–benefit, collaboration, and competency impacts palliative care referral in paediatric oncology: a qualitative study. Palliat Care 2022; 21:215. [DOI: 10.1186/s12904-022-01105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Although a significant proportion of children with cancer need palliative care, few are referred or referred late, with oncologists and haematologists gatekeeping the referral process. We aimed to explore the facilitators and barriers to palliative care referral.
Methods
Twenty-two paediatric oncologists and haematologists were purposively recruited and interviewed. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Findings were interpreted using the critical realist paradigm.
Results
Four themes were generated. 1) Oncologists expressed concern about the competency of palliative care teams. Palliative care often symbolised therapeutic failure and abandonment, which hindered referral. Trustworthy palliative care providers had clinical competence, benevolence, and knowledge of oncology and paediatrics. 2) Making a palliative care referral was associated with stigma, navigating illness-related factors, negative family attitudes and limited resources, impeding palliative care referral. 3) There were benefits to palliative care referral, including symptom management and psychosocial support for patients. However, some could see interactions with the palliative care team as interference hindering future referrals. 4) Suggested strategies for developing an integrated palliative care model include evident collaboration between oncology and palliative care, early referral, rebranding palliative care as symptom control and an accessible, knowledgeable, and proactive palliative care team.
Conclusion
Presuppositions about palliative care, the task of making a referral, and its cost-benefits influenced referral behaviour. Early association with an efficient rebranded palliative care team might enhance integration.
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Rauch S, Rakic M, Hengartner H, Elger B, Rost M. Access to paediatric oncology centres in Switzerland: Disparities across rural-urban and Swiss-foreigners cohorts. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2022; 31:e13679. [PMID: 35942909 PMCID: PMC9788087 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In face of disparities in access to cancer care, it has been proposed to measure accessibility and to explore policy strategies for mitigating inequality of access. We aimed to determine the accessibility of Swiss paediatric oncology centres. METHODS We employed spatial accessibility analysis, calculating driving time to nearest facility. Four data types were used: disaggregated population data, administrative data, street network data and addresses of centres. Besides analysing general accessibility, we compared access of urban versus rural areas and of Swiss citizens versus foreign residents and evaluated designating a new centre to improve accessibility. RESULTS Overall, 97.4% could reach the nearest centre within 120 min (95.0% < 90 min, 86.5% < 60 min, 48.5% < 30 min). Accessibility could most effectively be improved by a new centre in Sion (city in the southwest of Switzerland). Access in urban areas was better than in rural areas. In urban areas, access of European Union/European Free Trade Association (EU/EFTA) and non-European residents was better than access of Swiss citizens and residents from non-EU European countries. CONCLUSION Access is satisfactory. However, our study presents high-resolution insights which could serve as points of leverage for policymakers to mitigate inequalities by designating a new centre and to evaluate potential benefits of centralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rauch
- Institute of Geography and GeologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Milenko Rakic
- Institute for Biomedical EthicsUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Bernice Elger
- Institute for Biomedical EthicsUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Michael Rost
- Institute for Biomedical EthicsUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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Abstract
Purpose of this Review The purpose of this review is to describe the evolution of palliative care in paediatric oncology, the needs of children and their families in a paediatric oncology setting, palliative care referral practices in paediatric oncology, outcomes of palliative care referral in paediatric oncology and models of palliative care in paediatric oncology. Recent Findings Cancer constitutes 5.2% of the palliative care needs in children. Approximately, 90% of children with cancer lives in low and middle-income countries, constituting 84% of the global burden of childhood cancers. Children in low and middle-income countries have low cure rates and high death rates making palliative care relevant in a paediatric oncology setting. Children with cancer experience pain and physical symptoms, low mood, anxiety, and fear. They feel less resilient, experience low self-worth, and have challenges coping with the illness. The families lead very stressful lives, navigating the hospital environment, and dealing with uncertainties of the future. Palliative care referral in children with cancer improves physical symptoms, emotional support, and quality of life. It enables communication between families and health care providers. It improves end-of-life care support to children and their families and facilitates less invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions at the end of life. Worldwide children with cancer are infrequently referred to palliative care and referred late in the illness trajectory. Most of the children referred to palliative care receive some form of cancer-directed therapy in their last days. Children in low and low-middle income countries are less likely to access palliative care due to a lack of awareness amongst paediatric oncologists about palliative care and the reduced number of services providing palliative care. A three-tier model is proposed to provide palliative care in paediatric oncology, where most children with palliative care needs are managed by paediatric oncologists and a smaller number with complex physical and psychosocial needs are managed by paediatric palliative care specialists. There are several palliative care models in paediatric oncology practised globally. However, no one model was considered better or superior, and the choice of model depended on the need, preferences identified, and available resources. Summary Children with cancer are sparingly referred to palliative care and referred late and oncologists and haematologists gatekeep the referral process. Knowledge on palliative care referral in paediatric oncology settings might enhance collaboration between paediatric oncology and paediatric palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Salins
- Department of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Sean Hughes
- Division of Health Research, Health Innovation One, Lancaster University, Sir John Fisher Drive, Lancaster, LA1 4AT UK
| | - Nancy Preston
- Division of Health Research, Health Innovation One, Lancaster University, Sir John Fisher Drive, Lancaster, LA1 4AT UK
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Pacurari N, De Clercq E, Dragomir M, Colita A, Wangmo T, Elger BS. Challenges of paediatric palliative care in Romania: a focus groups study. BMC Palliat Care 2021; 20:178. [PMID: 34794399 PMCID: PMC8598931 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-021-00871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of palliative care facilities for children vary considerably among the European member states. In Romania, a country where health expenditure is among the lowest in Europe, palliative care has been mainly provided by charitable organizations. Despite the high number of children needing palliative care, there is scant literature and research available on paediatric palliative care in Romania. The study explores the viewpoints of various paediatric oncology providers with regard to paediatric palliative care provision in Romania. METHODS Four mixed focus groups were conducted at four university-affiliated paediatric oncology centres located in three distinct Romanian regions (Bucuresti-llfov, Nord-Est and Nord-Vest). The focus groups were analyzed using thematic coding. RESULTS For many healthcare professionals, emotional burden inherent to the profession; unhealthy work-life balance and understaffing were among the biggest barriers to the successful integration of pediatric palliative care. The lack of staff was attributed to a shortage of financial resources, and to the persisting cultural stigma surrounding palliative care and oncology. Also political turmoil was identified as an important obstacle to palliative care implementation. CONCLUSION Significant barriers persist limiting the broader implementation of pediatric palliative care in Romania. In order to render palliative care in pediatric oncology more sustainable, more attention should be paid to the mental health care of healthcare professionals working in this field, to the development of mobile palliative care services and to the emigration of skilled medical staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Pacurari
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland
| | - Eva De Clercq
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland.
| | - Monica Dragomir
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, The Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Colita
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tenzin Wangmo
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland
| | - Bernice S Elger
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland
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Rost M, Mihailov E. In the name of the family? Against parents' refusal to disclose prognostic information to children. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2021; 24:421-432. [PMID: 33847853 PMCID: PMC8349339 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-021-10017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parents frequently attempt to shield their children from distressing prognostic information. Pediatric oncology providers sometimes follow parental request for non-disclosure of prognostic information to children, invoking what we call the stability of the family argument. They believe that if they inform the child about terminal prognosis despite parental wishes, cohesion and family structure will be severely hampered. In this paper, we argue against parental request for non-disclosure. Firstly, we present the stability of the family argument in more detail. We, then, set out the (conceptual, legal, systemic) entitativity of the family and the kind of value the stability of the family argument assumes, before we set on to critically evaluate the argument. Our analysis shows that disclosure of prognostic information to children does not necessarily destabilize the family to a greater extent than non-disclosure. In fact, a systemic perspective suggests that mediated disclosure is more likely to result in a (long-term) stability of the family than non-disclosure. It is in the interest of the family to resist the initial aversive reaction to delivering bad news. In the final part, we draw a set of recommendations on how to facilitate decision-making in face of parental request for non-disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rost
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistr. 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Emilian Mihailov
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistr. 28, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Centre in Applied Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Cheng BT, Wangmo T. Palliative care utilization in hospitalized children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28013. [PMID: 31612605 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that palliative care (PC) is associated with increased quality of life in children with cancer. Despite increasing recommendations in support of PC to improve pediatric oncology care, little is known about its patterns of use. METHODS We analyzed the 2005-2011 National Inpatient Sample, a representative, cross-sectional sample of US hospital admissions. Our study cohort comprised 10 960 hospitalizations of children with cancer and high in-hospital mortality risk. Survey-weighted regression models were constructed to determine associations of person- and hospital-level characteristics with PC involvement and healthcare costs. RESULTS Overall, 4.4% of hospitalizations included PC involvement. In regression models invoking stepwise variable selection, a shorter length of stay (PC vs no PC; mean: 23.9 vs 32.6 days), solid cancer (solid vs hematologic vs brain cancer; PC use: 7.4% vs 2.8% vs 5.5%), and older age (PC vs no PC; mean: 10.2 vs 8.9 years) were associated with PC use. PC utilization was also associated with lower overall and daily hospital costs. CONCLUSIONS One in 20 pediatric inpatients with cancer and high mortality risk receives PC, with differential utilization by socio-economic groups. These results have significant implications for public health resource allocation and the delivery of pediatric PC as high-value care. Future research should focus on the development of new tools to help physicians assess when PC is appropriate for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tenzin Wangmo
- Institute of Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Rost M, De Clercq E, Rakic M, Wangmo T, Elger B. Barriers to Palliative Care in Pediatric Oncology in Switzerland: A Focus Group Study. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2019; 37:35-45. [DOI: 10.1177/1043454219871082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: For children with cancer, early integration of pediatric palliative care in conjunction with curative treatments is recommended. In Switzerland, pediatric palliative care is mostly provided by an interdisciplinary primary oncology team that is mainly composed of nurses. However, only a small fraction of children receive pediatric palliative care and only a minority of them in a timely manner. The main aim was to identify barriers to the provision of pediatric palliative care in Swiss pediatric oncology. Method: This qualitative study consisted of five focus groups. In total, 29 pediatric oncology providers participated (13 nurses, 11 physicians, 4 psycho-oncologists, 1 social worker). Data were analyzed employing applied thematic analysis. Results: Analysis revealed eleven barriers: lack of financial resources, lack of prejob education regarding pediatric palliative care, lack of awareness in politics and policy making, absence of a well-established nationwide bridging care system, insufficient psychosocial and professional supervision for staff, understaffing, inadequate infrastructure of hospitals, asymmetry of factual and emotional knowledge between parents and providers, cultural aspects, irrational parental hopes, and “the unspoken.” Discussion: Awareness should be raised for pediatric palliative care (in particular in demarcation from palliative care in adults) among politics and policy makers which could lead to increased financial resources that, in turn, could be used to improve bridging care, hospital’s infrastructure, and team support. More flexibility for care determining factors is needed, for example, with respect to convening team meetings, short-termed staffing, and reimbursement at the interface between inpatient and outpatient services.
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De Clercq E, Rost M, Rakic M, Ansari M, Brazzola P, Wangmo T, Elger BS. The conceptual understanding of pediatric palliative care: a Swiss healthcare perspective. BMC Palliat Care 2019; 18:55. [PMID: 31296209 PMCID: PMC6625075 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-019-0438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health care providers’ perception of pediatric palliative care might negatively influence timely implementation. The aim of the study was to examine understanding of and attitudes towards pediatric palliative care from the perspective of health care providers working in pediatric oncology in Switzerland to promote the timely implementation of pediatric palliative care. Methods Five mixed focus groups were conducted with 29 health care providers (oncologists, nurses, psychologists, and social workers) at five Swiss pediatric oncology group centers. The focus group interviews were analyzed using thematic coding. Results Most participants associated pediatric palliative care with non-curative treatment. They regularly reported difficulties in addressing palliative care services to families due to the strong stigma surrounding this term. They also thought that the notion of palliative care is very much linked to a policy context, and difficult to reconcile with children’s everyday life. To overcome these obstacles many participants used synonyms such as comfort or supportive care. A few providers insisted on the need of using palliative care and reported the importance of positive “word of mouth”. Conclusions The use of synonyms might be a pragmatic approach to overcome initial barriers to the implementation of palliative care in pediatrics. However, this tactic might ultimately prove to be ineffective as these terms might acquire the same negative connotations as palliative care. Positive word-of-mouth by satisfied families and healthcare providers might be a more sustainable way to advocate for pediatric palliative care than replacing it with a euphemistic term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva De Clercq
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Rost
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Milenko Rakic
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Ansari
- Division of General Pediatrics Pediatric Oncohematology Unit, Hopitaux Universitaires de Geneve Hopital des enfants, Rue Willy Donzé 6, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierluigi Brazzola
- Ospedale Regionale di Bellinzona e Valli, Pediatria Bellinzona, Via Ospedale 12, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tenzin Wangmo
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernice S Elger
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Cheng BT, Rost M, De Clercq E, Arnold L, Elger BS, Wangmo T. Palliative care initiation in pediatric oncology patients: A systematic review. Cancer Med 2018; 8:3-12. [PMID: 30525302 PMCID: PMC6346252 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palliative care (PC) aims to improve quality of life for patients and their families. The World Health Organization and American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that PC starts at diagnosis for children with cancer. This systematic review describes studies that reported PC timing in the pediatric oncology population. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases. Studies that reported time of PC initiation were independently screened and reviewed by 2 researchers. Studies describing pilot initiatives, published prior to 1998, not written in English, or providing no empirical time information on PC were excluded. Extracted data included sample characteristics and timing of PC discussion and initiation. Of 1120 identified citations, 16 articles met the inclusion criteria and comprised the study cohort. Overall, 54.5% of pediatric oncology patients received any palliative service prior to death. Data revealed PC discussion does not occur until late in the illness trajectory, and PC does not begin until close to time of death. Despite efforts to spur earlier initiation, many pediatric oncology patients do not receive any palliative care service, and those who do, predominantly receive it near the time of death. Delays occur both at first PC discussion and at PC initiation. Efforts for early PC integration must recognize the complex determinants of PC utilization across the illness timeline. This systematic review examines the timing of palliative care initiation in pediatric oncology patients to assess the state of palliative care integration. Many pediatric oncology patients do not receive any palliative service, and those who do, typically receive it late in the illness trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Cheng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Rost
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva De Clercq
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Louisa Arnold
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernice S Elger
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tenzin Wangmo
- Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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