1
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Murugesan P, Begum H, Tangutur AD. Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation proteins as IDs for pancreatic cancer: Role in pancreatic cancer initiation, development and prognosis. Gene 2023; 853:147092. [PMID: 36464175 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A family of inhibitors of cell differentiation or DNA-binding proteins, known as ID proteins (ID1-4), function as mighty transcription factors in various cellular processes, such as inhibiting differentiation, promoting cell-cycle progression, senescence, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis in cancer. Pancreatic cancer represents the deadliest cancer with the lowest survival rate of 10% due to the diagnosis at an advanced fatal stage and therapeutic resistance. Modestly, the only curative option for this lethal cancer is surgery but is done in less than 15-20% of patients because of the locally aggressive and early metastatic nature. Finding the earliest biomarkers and targeting the various hallmarks of pancreatic cancer can improve the treatment and survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Therefore, herein in this review, we explore in depth the potential roles of ID proteins function in hallmarks of pancreatic cancer, signaling pathways, and its oncogenic and tumor-suppressive effects. Hence, understanding the roles of dysregulated ID proteins would provide new insights into its function in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyasamy Murugesan
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Habeebunnisa Begum
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Anjana Devi Tangutur
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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2
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Huang CC, Liu CY, Huang CJ, Hsu YC, Lien HH, Wong JU, Tai FC, Ku WH, Hung CF, Lin JT, Huang CS, Chiang HS. Deciphering Genetic Alterations of Taiwanese Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma through Targeted Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1579. [PMID: 35163506 PMCID: PMC8835797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is the 8th leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Taiwan, and its incidence is increasing. The development of PAC involves successive accumulation of multiple genetic alterations. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis and heterogeneity of PAC may facilitate personalized treatment for PAC and identify therapeutic agents. We performed tumor-only next-generation sequencing (NGS) with targeted panels to explore the molecular changes underlying PAC patients in Taiwan. The Ion Torrent Oncomine Comprehensive Panel (OCP) was used for PAC metastatic lesions, and more PAC samples were sequenced with the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hot Spot (CHP) v2 panel. Five formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) metastatic PAC specimens were successfully assayed with OCP, and KRAS was the most prevalent alteration, which might contraindicate the use of anti-EGFR therapy. One PAC patient harbored a FGFR2 p. C382R mutation, which might benefit from FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. An additional 38 samples assayed with CHP v2 showed 100 hotspot variants, collapsing to 54 COSMID IDs. The most frequently mutated genes were TP53, KRAS, and PDGFRA (29, 23, 10 hotspot variants), impacting 11, 23, and 10 PAC patients. Highly pathogenic variants, including COSM22413 (PDGFRA, FATHMM predicted score: 0.88), COSM520, COSM521, and COSM518 (KRAS, FATHMM predicted score: 0.98), were reported. By using NGS with targeted panels, somatic mutations with therapeutic potential were identified. The combination of clinical and genetic information is useful for decision making and precise selection of targeted medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Huang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Cathay General Hospital SiJhih, New Taipei 221, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chun Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Heng-Hui Lien
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (H.-H.L.); (F.-C.T.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-Uei Wong
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei 243, Taiwan;
| | - Feng-Chuan Tai
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (H.-H.L.); (F.-C.T.)
| | - Wen-Hui Ku
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Taipei Institute of Pathology, Taipei 10374, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan;
| | - Jaw-Town Lin
- Digestive Medicine Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Shui Huang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (H.-H.L.); (F.-C.T.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Han-Sun Chiang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan;
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3
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Gu Y, Ji Y, Jiang H, Qiu G. Clinical Effect of Driver Mutations of KRAS, CDKN2A/P16, TP53, and SMAD4 in Pancreatic Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 24:777-788. [PMID: 33347393 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of driver mutations in the KRAS, CDKN2A/P16, TP53, and SMAD4 genes in pancreatic cancer to aid in the design of therapeutic strategies. Search Strategy: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Springer, and Cochrane library to identify eligible studies published between January 1990 and June 2018 that reported an association between driver mutations in these genes and survival data. Inclusion Criteria: Articles which passed the primary screen were further scrutinized for the presence of all the following items: (1) cohort studies or case-control studies, evaluating the relationship between driver mutations and cancer; (2) cancer diagnoses clearly proved; and (3) hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were characterized by sufficient information. Data Extraction and Analysis: Selection of included articles, data extraction, and methodological quality assessments were, respectively, conducted by two authors. Results: The meta-analysis was composed of 17 studies on the P53, 8 on SMAD4, 7 on CDKN2A/P16, and 2 on KRAS, containing 3373 samples. Our pooled results demonstrated that the patients with overexpression of the P53 (HR = 1.249, 95% CI = 1.003-1.554, p = 0.047), SMAD4 (HR = 1.397, 95% CI = 1.015-1.922, p = 0.040), CDKN2A/P16 (HR = 0.916, 95% CI = 0.583-1.439, p = 0.704), and KRAS (HR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.27-2.22, p < 0.001) mutations all had poorer overall survival. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis supports the use of driver mutations in the P53, SMAD4, and KRAS genes as prognostic markers for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Gu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Yayun Ji
- Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Xianyang Central Hospital, Xianyang City, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Medical Imaging Department, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing City, China
| | - Ganbin Qiu
- Medical Imaging Department, Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing City, China
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4
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Yoon KA, Woo SM, Kim YH, Kong SY, Lee MK, Han SS, Kim TH, Lee WJ, Park SJ. Comprehensive Cancer Panel Sequencing Defines Genetic Diversity and Changes in the Mutational Characteristics of Pancreatic Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Treatment. Gut Liver 2020; 13:683-689. [PMID: 30970447 PMCID: PMC6860036 DOI: 10.5009/gnl18355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. This study assessed the genetic diversity among patients with PDA and compared their mutational profiles before and after treatment. Methods Tumors and matched blood samples were obtained from 22 PDA patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. The somatic mutations were analyzed with comprehensive cancer gene panel (CCP). In addition, the biopsy samples obtained at diagnosis and the surgically resected samples after treatment were compared for seven patients. The CCP provided formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sample-compatible multiplexed target selection for 409 genes implicated in cancer. Results Assessments of the MLH1, MLH3, MSH2, and PMS2 genes showed that the four patients with the highest relative burdens of mutations harbored somatic mutations in at least three of these genes. Genes in the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (KMT2) family, such as KMT2D, KMT2A, and KMT2C, were frequently mutated in tumor samples. Survival was worse in patients with ARID1A gene mutations than those without ARID1A gene mutations. Mutation patterns were compared between tissue samples before and after neoadjuvant treatment in seven patients who underwent surgical resection. The allelic fraction of mutations in KRAS codon 12 was lower in the surgically resected samples than in the endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy samples of six patients. The number of mutant alleles of the histone lysine methyltransferase gene WHSC1 also decreased after treatment. Conclusions These results indicate that tumor tissue from PDA patients is genetically diverse and suggest that ARID1A mutations may be a potential prognostic marker for PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Ah Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Myung Woo
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kong
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Han
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Lee
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Jae Park
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Cancers that appear morphologically similar often have dramatically different clinical features, respond variably to therapy and have a range of outcomes. Compelling evidence now demonstrates that differences in the molecular pathology of otherwise indistinguishable cancers substantially impact the clinical characteristics of the disease. Molecular subtypes now guide preclinical and clinical therapeutic development and treatment in many cancer types. The ability to predict optimal therapeutic strategies ahead of treatment improves overall patient outcomes, minimizing treatment-related morbidity and cost. Although clinical decision making based on histopathological criteria underpinned by robust data is well established in many cancer types, subtypes of pancreatic cancer do not currently inform treatment decisions. However, accumulating molecular data are defining subgroups in pancreatic cancer with distinct biology and potential subtype-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities, providing the opportunity to define a de novo clinically applicable molecular taxonomy. This Review summarizes current knowledge concerning the molecular subtyping of pancreatic cancer and explores future strategies for using a molecular taxonomy to guide therapeutic development and ultimately routine therapy with the overall goal of improving outcomes for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Bailey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - David K Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia.
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Lukosiute-Urboniene A, Jasukaitiene A, Silkuniene G, Barauskas V, Gulbinas A, Dambrauskas Z. Human antigen R mediated post-transcriptional regulation of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:205-219. [PMID: 30670910 PMCID: PMC6337016 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the association of human antigen R (HuR) and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP1, IAP2) and prognosis in pancreatic cancer.
METHODS Protein and mRNA expression levels of IAP1, IAP2 and HuR in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) were compared with normal pancreatic tissue. The correlations among IAP1/IAP2 and HuR as well as their respective correlations with clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests were used for survival analysis. Immunoprecipitation assay was performed to demonstrate HuR binding to IAP1, IAP2 mRNA. PANC1 cells were transfected with either anti-HuR siRNA or control siRNA for 72 h and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot analysis was carried out.
RESULTS RT-PCR analysis revealed that HuR, IAP1, IAP2 mRNA expression were accordingly 3.3-fold, 5.5-fold and 8.4 higher in the PDAC when compared to normal pancreas (P < 0.05). Expression of IAP1 was positively strongly correlated with HuR expression (P < 0.05, r = 0.783). Western blot analysis confirmed RT-PCR results. High IAP1 expression, tumor resection status, T stage, lymph-node metastases, tumor differentiation grade, perineural and lymphatic invasion were identified as significant factors for shorter survival in PDAC patients (P < 0.05). Immunohistological analysis showed that HuR was mainly expressed in the ductal cancer cell’s nucleus and less so in cytoplasm. RNA immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed IAP1 and IAP2 post-transcriptional regulation by HuR protein. Following siHuR transfection, IAP1 mRNA and protein levels were decreased, however IAP2 expression levels were increased.
CONCLUSION HuR mediated overexpression of IAP1 significantly correlates with poor outcomes and early progression of pancreatic cancer. Further studies are needed to assess the underlying mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- ELAV-Like Protein 1/genetics
- ELAV-Like Protein 1/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/metabolism
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausra Lukosiute-Urboniene
- Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Aldona Jasukaitiene
- Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Giedre Silkuniene
- Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Vidmantas Barauskas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Antanas Gulbinas
- Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
- Department of Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
| | - Zilvinas Dambrauskas
- Institute for Digestive System Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
- Department of Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas 50161, Lithuania
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7
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Pham HNT, Sakoff JA, Bond DR, Vuong QV, Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ. In vitro antibacterial and anticancer properties of Helicteres hirsuta Lour. leaf and stem extracts and their fractions. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2125-2133. [PMID: 30209740 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Helicteres hirsuta Lour. (H. hirsuta) has been considered as a herbal medicine for the treatment of malaria and diabetes but limited studies have been conducted on its anticancer and antibacterial properties. In this study, the in vitro antibacterial and anticancer properties of the leaf and stem extracts and their two sub-fractions (aqueous and saponin-enriched butanol fractions) prepared from H. hirsuta were elucidated. MTT and CCK-8 assays were employed to assess their in vitro anticancer properties against various cancer cell lines. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined. The results revealed that the saponin-enriched fractions from H. hirsuta leaves and stems showed the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli (MIC values of 2.50 and 5.00 mg/mL, respectively) and S. lugdunensis (MIC values of 0.35 and 0.50 mg/mL, respectively). Importantly, these saponin-enriched fractions possessed strong anticancer activity in vitro towards a range of cancer cell lines including MIA PaCa-2 (pancreas); A2780 (ovarian); H460 (lung); A431 (skin); Du145 (prostate); HT29 (colon); MCF-7 (breast); SJ-G2, U87, SMA (glioblastoma) and BE2-C (neuroblastoma) at low doses (GI50 values of 0.36-11.17 µg/mL). They especially revealed potent anti-pancreatic cancer activity in vitro against MIA PaCa-2, BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1 cells with IC50 values of 1.80-6.43 µg/mL. This finding provides scientific evidence of the cytotoxic activity of the extracts prepared from H. hirsuta leaves and stems, and suggests further studies to isolate active compounds for development of new anticancer agents from these plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ngoc Thuy Pham
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Brush Road, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia. .,Faculty of Food Technology, Nha Trang University, No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam.
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Danielle R Bond
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Quan Van Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Brush Road, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Michael C Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Brush Road, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Brush Road, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia.
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8
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Ho J, Li X, Zhang L, Liang Y, Hu W, Yau JCW, Chan H, Gin T, Chan MTV, Tse G, Wu WKK. Translational genomics in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A review with re-analysis of TCGA dataset. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 55:70-77. [PMID: 29705685 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Malignancy of the pancreas is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with the highest case-fatality of all cancers. Nevertheless, the lack of sensitive biomarkers and presence of biological heterogeneity precludes its early detection and effective treatment. The recent introduction of next-generation sequencing allows characterization of multiple driver mutations at genome- and exome-wide levels. Sequencing of DNA and RNA from circulating tumour cells has also opened an exciting era of non-invasive procedures for tumour detection and prognostication. This massively-parallel sequencing technology has uncovered the previously obscure molecular mechanisms, providing clues for better stratification of patients and identification of druggable targets for the disease. Identification of active oncogenic pathways and gene-gene interactions may reveal oncogene addiction and synthetic lethality. Relevant findings can be extrapolated to develop targeted and personalized therapeutic interventions. In addition to known mutational events, the role of chromosomal rearrangements in pancreatic neoplasms is gradually uncovered. Coupled with bioinformatics pipelines and epidemiological analyses, a better framework for risk stratification and prognostication of pancreatic cancer will be possible in the near future. In this review, we discuss how translational genomic studies facilitate our understanding of pathobiology, and development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with emphases on whole genome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, and liquid biopsies. We have also re-analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset to look for genetic features associated with altered survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 00060, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yonghao Liang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnny C W Yau
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tony Gin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Felsenstein M, Hruban RH, Wood LD. New Developments in the Molecular Mechanisms of Pancreatic Tumorigenesis. Adv Anat Pathol 2018; 25:131-142. [PMID: 28914620 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease with a dismal prognosis in dire need of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The past decade has witnessed an explosion of data on the genetic alterations that occur in pancreatic cancer, as comprehensive next-generation sequencing analyses have been performed on samples from large cohorts of patients. These studies have defined the genomic landscape of this disease and identified novel candidates whose mutations contribute to pancreatic tumorigenesis. They have also clarified the genetic alterations that underlie multistep tumorigenesis in precursor lesions and provided insights into clonal evolution in pancreatic neoplasia. In addition to these important insights into pancreatic cancer biology, these large scale genomic studies have also provided a foundation for the development of novel early detection strategies and targeted therapies. In this review, we discuss the results of these comprehensive sequencing studies of pancreatic neoplasms, with a particular focus on how their results will impact the clinical care of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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10
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Golan T, Milella M, Ackerstein A, Berger R. The changing face of clinical trials in the personalized medicine and immuno-oncology era: report from the international congress on clinical trials in Oncology & Hemato-Oncology (ICTO 2017). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:192. [PMID: 29282151 PMCID: PMC5745625 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the oncology community has witnessed major advances in the understanding of cancer biology and major breakthroughs in several different therapeutic areas, from solid tumors to hematological malignancies; moreover, the advent of effective immunotherapy approaches, such as immune-checkpoint blockade, is revolutionizing treatment algorithms in almost all oncology disease areas. As knowledge evolves and new weapons emerge in the “war against cancer”, clinical and translational research need to adapt to a rapidly changing environment to effectively translate novel concepts into sustainable and accessible therapeutic options for cancer patients. With this in mind, translational cancer researchers, oncology professionals, treatment experts, CRO and industry leaders, as well as patient representatives gathered in London, 16-17 March 2017, for The International Congress on Clinical Trials in Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (ICTO2017), to discuss the changing face of oncology clinical trials in the new era of personalized medicine and immuno-oncology. A wide range of topics, including clinical trial design in immuno-oncology, biomarker-oriented drug development paths, statistical design and endpoint selection, challenges in the design and conduct of personalized medicine clinical trials, risk-based monitoring, financing and reimbursement, as well as best operational practices, were discussed in an open, highly interactive format, favoring networking among all relevant stakeholders. The most relevant data, approaches and issues emerged and discussed during the conference are summarized in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Golan
- Oncology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Emek HaEla St 1, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michele Milella
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Aliza Ackerstein
- Oncology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Emek HaEla St 1, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ranaan Berger
- Oncology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Emek HaEla St 1, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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11
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Thillai K, Lam H, Sarker D, Wells CM. Deciphering the link between PI3K and PAK: An opportunity to target key pathways in pancreatic cancer? Oncotarget 2017; 8:14173-14191. [PMID: 27845911 PMCID: PMC5355171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of personalised therapies has ushered in a new and exciting era of cancer treatment for a variety of solid malignancies. Yet pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has failed to benefit from this paradigm shift, remaining notoriously refractory to targeted therapies. Chemotherapy is the cornerstone of management but can offer only modest survival benefits of a few months with 5-year survival rates rarely exceeding 3%. Despite these disappointing statistics, significant strides have been made towards understanding the complex biology of pancreatic cancer, with deep genomic sequencing identifying novel genetic aberrations and key signalling pathways. The PI3K-PDK1-AKT pathway has received great attention due to its prominence in carcinogenesis. However, efforts to target several components of this network have resulted in only a handful of drugs demonstrating any survival benefit in solid tumors; despite promising pre-clinical results. p-21 activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a gene that is recurrently amplified or overexpressed in PDAC and both PAK4 and related family member PAK1, have been linked to aberrant RAS activity, a common feature in pancreatic cancer. As regulators of PI3K, PAKs have been highlighted as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss the biology of pancreatic cancer and the close interaction between PAKs and the PI3K pathway. We also suggest proposals for future research that may see the development of effective targeted therapies that could finally improve outcomes for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruthikah Thillai
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hoyin Lam
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Debashis Sarker
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M Wells
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Li BQ, Wang L, Li J, Zhou L, Zhang TP, Guo JC, Zhao YP. Surgeons' knowledge regarding the diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:395. [PMID: 28599648 PMCID: PMC5466735 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is rare but highly malignant. Studies have shown that surgeons’ knowledge closely links to the correct diagnosis and treatment outcomes of pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to survey current surgeons’ knowledge regarding pancreatic cancer. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 705 surgeons who attended the 2011 China Surgical Week’s meeting in Beijing. A questionnaire regarding the risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic cancer was used. Surgeons’ answers were analyzed and compared among different regions, levels of hospital, and professional ranks. Results Most surgeons had a correct knowledge toward the risk factors, diagnosis, and management of pancreatic cancer. However, several knowledge gaps were identified. They include “The association between type 2 diabetes and pancreatic cancer”, “The most common histologic type of pancreatic neoplasm”, “the typical clinical symptoms of pancreatic cancer”, “The accuracy of ultrasound in screening pancreatic cancer”, “Enhanced CT in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer”, and “Which is more superior between MRI and CT in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer”. We also found that overall surgeons’ responses did not depend on their geographic locations, but on hospital levels and professional ranks. Surgeons working at level three hospitals had better knowledge than others in certain areas and resident surgeons had fewer correct answers in some areas. Conclusions Although most surgeons have a good knowledge in most areas related to the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer in China, certain knowledge gaps exist, particularly among trainees and those from low level hospitals. Continuing medical education programs to improve these knowledge gaps should be implemented. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2345-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Qi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tai-Ping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Chao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yu-Pei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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13
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Słotwiński R, Słotwińska SM. Diagnostic value of selected markers and apoptotic pathways for pancreatic cancer. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 41:392-403. [PMID: 28450803 PMCID: PMC5382885 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer occupies the fourth place as a cause of death from cancer, and the mortality rate is similar to the number of newly detected cases. Due to the late diagnosis, only 5-6% of patients with pancreatic cancer survive for five years. Given that early diagnosis is critical for improving patients' survival rates, there is an urgent need for the discovery and validation of new biomarkers with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to help diagnose pancreatic cancer early. Detection of serum tumor markers (CA19-9, CEA, CA125 and CA242) is conducive to the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The combination of miR-16, miR-196a and CA19-9 plasma level was more effective, especially in early tumor screening. Furthermore, recent studies reported that mainly miR-21, miR-155 and miR-196 were dysregulated in IPMN (intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms) and PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia) lesions, suggesting their usefulness as early biomarkers of these diseases. The reduced rate of apoptosis plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis, and it is one of the most important characteristics acquired by pancreatic cancer cells, which protects them from attack by the immune system and reduces the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment. This review summarizes the data concerning the clinical utility of selected biomarkers in pancreatic cancer patients. The review mainly focuses on the genetic aspects of signaling pathway disorders associated with apoptosis in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Słotwiński
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Kovalenko I, Glasauer A, Schöckel L, Sauter DRP, Ehrmann A, Sohler F, Hägebarth A, Novak I, Christian S. Identification of KCa3.1 Channel as a Novel Regulator of Oxidative Phosphorylation in a Subset of Pancreatic Carcinoma Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160658. [PMID: 27494181 PMCID: PMC4975431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents the most common form of pancreatic cancer with rising incidence in developing countries and overall 5-year survival rates of less than 5%. The most frequent mutations in PDAC are gain-of-function mutations in KRAS as well as loss-of-function mutations in p53. Both mutations have severe impacts on the metabolism of tumor cells. Many of these metabolic changes are mediated by transporters or channels that regulate the exchange of metabolites and ions between the intracellular compartment and the tumor microenvironment. In the study presented here, our goal was to identify novel transporters or channels that regulate oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) in PDAC in order to characterize novel potential drug targets for the treatment of these cancers. We set up a Seahorse Analyzer XF based siRNA screen and identified previously described as well as novel regulators of OxPhos. The siRNA that resulted in the greatest change in cellular oxygen consumption was targeting the KCNN4 gene, which encodes for the Ca2+-sensitive K+ channel KCa3.1. This channel has not previously been reported to regulate OxPhos. Knock-down experiments as well as the use of a small molecule inhibitor confirmed its role in regulating oxygen consumption, ATP production and cellular proliferation. Furthermore, PDAC cell lines sensitive to KCa3.1 inhibition were shown to express the channel protein in the plasma membrane as well as in the mitochondria. These differences in the localization of KCa3.1 channels as well as differences in the regulation of cellular metabolism might offer opportunities for targeted therapy in subsets of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Kovalenko
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Glasauer
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Schöckel
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel R. P. Sauter
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Ehrmann
- Drug Discovery, Lead Discovery / Cell Biology, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Sohler
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Bioinformatics, Bayer Pharma AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hägebarth
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Christian
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Nalbantoglu S, Abu-Asab M, Tan M, Zhang X, Cai L, Amri H. Study of Clinical Survival and Gene Expression in a Sample of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Parsimony Phylogenetic Analysis. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:442-7. [PMID: 27428255 PMCID: PMC4968342 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the rapidly growing forms of pancreatic cancer with a poor prognosis and less than 5% 5-year survival rate. In this study, we characterized the genetic signatures and signaling pathways related to survival from PDAC, using a parsimony phylogenetic algorithm. We applied the parsimony phylogenetic algorithm to analyze the publicly available whole-genome in silico array analysis of a gene expression data set in 25 early-stage human PDAC specimens. We explain here that the parsimony phylogenetics is an evolutionary analytical method that offers important promise to uncover clonal (driver) and nonclonal (passenger) aberrations in complex diseases. In our analysis, parsimony and statistical analyses did not identify significant correlations between survival times and gene expression values. Thus, the survival rankings did not appear to be significantly different between patients for any specific gene (p > 0.05). Also, we did not find correlation between gene expression data and tumor stage in the present data set. While the present analysis was unable to identify in this relatively small sample of patients a molecular signature associated with pancreatic cancer prognosis, we suggest that future research and analyses with the parsimony phylogenetic algorithm in larger patient samples are worthwhile, given the devastating nature of pancreatic cancer and its early diagnosis, and the need for novel data analytic approaches. The future research practices might want to place greater emphasis on phylogenetics as one of the analytical paradigms, as our findings presented here are on the cusp of this shift, especially in the current era of Big Data and innovation policies advocating for greater data sharing and reanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Nalbantoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Laboratory of Immunology, Section of Immunopathology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ming Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Ling Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Hakima Amri
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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16
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Zhang SQ, Catenacci DVT. How can next-generation diagnostics aid pancreatic adenocarcinoma treatment? Future Oncol 2016; 12:585-8. [PMID: 26831761 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Daniel V T Catenacci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Zhao H, Wang Q, Wang X, Zhu H, Zhang S, Wang W, Wang Z, Huang J. Correlation Between RAB27B and p53 Expression and Overall Survival in Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2016; 45:204-10. [PMID: 26418905 PMCID: PMC4714634 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES RAB27B is a member of the Rab family GTPases involved in vesicle trafficking, and p53 has recently been implicated in regulating the exosome secretion pathway. Because exosome secretion plays an important role in modulating tumor microenvironment and invasive growth, we hypothesized that RAB27B and p53 expression might be associated with the aggressive behavior in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, one of the most deadly human malignancies. METHODS We determined protein expression of RAB27B and p53 in 260 pancreatic tissues (186 malignant and 74 normal or benign) by immunohistochemistry analysis on tissue microarray and their correlation with patients' clinical parameters and overall survival. RESULTS We found that a high RAB27B protein expression (RAB27B) was significantly associated with perineural and vascular invasion, as well as distant metastasis. Patients with a high RAB27B expression had significantly poorer overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses. A significant correlation between RAB27B and p53 expression was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that RAB27B expression is an independent prognostic marker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and suggest that RAB27B-regulated exosome secretion pathway represents a novel therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- From the *Departments of Interventional Radiology, †General Surgery, ‡Laboratory Medicine, and §Pathology, and ∥Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- From the *Departments of Interventional Radiology, †General Surgery, ‡Laboratory Medicine, and §Pathology, and ∥Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- From the *Departments of Interventional Radiology, †General Surgery, ‡Laboratory Medicine, and §Pathology, and ∥Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- From the *Departments of Interventional Radiology, †General Surgery, ‡Laboratory Medicine, and §Pathology, and ∥Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- From the *Departments of Interventional Radiology, †General Surgery, ‡Laboratory Medicine, and §Pathology, and ∥Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- From the *Departments of Interventional Radiology, †General Surgery, ‡Laboratory Medicine, and §Pathology, and ∥Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- From the *Departments of Interventional Radiology, †General Surgery, ‡Laboratory Medicine, and §Pathology, and ∥Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- From the *Departments of Interventional Radiology, †General Surgery, ‡Laboratory Medicine, and §Pathology, and ∥Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periampullary cancers (PACs) include the following 4 traditional anatomic subtypes: pancreatic, ampullary, biliary, or duodenal cancers. This review was performed to highlight recent advances in the genomic and molecular understanding of each PAC subtype and the advances in chemotherapeutic and molecular trials in these cancer subtypes. RESULTS Recent advances have highlighted differences in the genomic and molecular features within each PAC subtype. Ampullary cancers can now be further defined accurately into their intestinal and pancreatobiliary subtypes using histomolecular profiling. K-ras mutation, which occurs in most pancreatic cancers, is found to occur less frequently in ampullary (42%-52%), biliary (22%-23%), and duodenal cancers (32%-35%), suggesting crucial differences in targetable mutations in these cancer subtypes.Ampullary cancers of intestinal subtype and duodenal cancers seem to share similarities with colorectal cancer, given that they respond to similar chemotherapeutic regimens. This has potential implications for clinical trials and treatment selection, where PACs are often considered together. CONCLUSIONS Future trials should be designed in view of our increased understanding of the different anatomic and histomolecularly profiled subtypes of PAC cancers, which respects their individual molecular characteristics, phenotype, and response to treatment.
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19
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Dungl DA, Maginn EN, Stronach EA. Preventing Damage Limitation: Targeting DNA-PKcs and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26579492 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00240] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment, and its efficacy is dependent on the generation of DNA damage, with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Inappropriate or aberrant activation of the DNA damage response network is associated with resistance to platinum, and defects in DNA repair pathways play critical roles in determining patient response to chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer, tumor cell defects in homologous recombination - a repair pathway activated in response to double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) - are most commonly associated with platinum-sensitive disease. However, despite initial sensitivity, the emergence of resistance is frequent. Here, we review strategies for directly interfering with DNA repair pathways, with particular focus on direct inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), another DSB repair pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a core component of NHEJ and it has shown considerable promise as a chemosensitization target in numerous cancer types, including ovarian cancer where it functions to promote platinum-induced survival signaling, via AKT activation. The development of pharmacological inhibitors of DNA-PKcs is on-going, and clinic-ready agents offer real hope to patients with chemoresistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Dungl
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
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20
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Dungl DA, Maginn EN, Stronach EA. Preventing Damage Limitation: Targeting DNA-PKcs and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26579492 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00240]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment, and its efficacy is dependent on the generation of DNA damage, with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Inappropriate or aberrant activation of the DNA damage response network is associated with resistance to platinum, and defects in DNA repair pathways play critical roles in determining patient response to chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer, tumor cell defects in homologous recombination - a repair pathway activated in response to double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) - are most commonly associated with platinum-sensitive disease. However, despite initial sensitivity, the emergence of resistance is frequent. Here, we review strategies for directly interfering with DNA repair pathways, with particular focus on direct inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), another DSB repair pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a core component of NHEJ and it has shown considerable promise as a chemosensitization target in numerous cancer types, including ovarian cancer where it functions to promote platinum-induced survival signaling, via AKT activation. The development of pharmacological inhibitors of DNA-PKcs is on-going, and clinic-ready agents offer real hope to patients with chemoresistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Dungl
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
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21
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Dungl DA, Maginn EN, Stronach EA. Preventing Damage Limitation: Targeting DNA-PKcs and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015; 5:240. [PMID: 26579492 PMCID: PMC4620694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment, and its efficacy is dependent on the generation of DNA damage, with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Inappropriate or aberrant activation of the DNA damage response network is associated with resistance to platinum, and defects in DNA repair pathways play critical roles in determining patient response to chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer, tumor cell defects in homologous recombination – a repair pathway activated in response to double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) – are most commonly associated with platinum-sensitive disease. However, despite initial sensitivity, the emergence of resistance is frequent. Here, we review strategies for directly interfering with DNA repair pathways, with particular focus on direct inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), another DSB repair pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a core component of NHEJ and it has shown considerable promise as a chemosensitization target in numerous cancer types, including ovarian cancer where it functions to promote platinum-induced survival signaling, via AKT activation. The development of pharmacological inhibitors of DNA-PKcs is on-going, and clinic-ready agents offer real hope to patients with chemoresistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Dungl
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
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22
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Takai E, Yachida S. Genomic alterations in pancreatic cancer and their relevance to therapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:250-258. [PMID: 26483879 PMCID: PMC4606179 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i10.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal cancer type, for which there are few viable therapeutic options. But, with the advance of sequencing technologies for global genomic analysis, the landscape of genomic alterations in pancreatic cancer is becoming increasingly well understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of genomic alterations in 12 core signaling pathways or cellular processes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which is the most common type of malignancy in the pancreas, including four commonly mutated genes and many other genes that are mutated at low frequencies. We also describe the potential implications of these genomic alterations for development of novel therapeutic approaches in the context of personalized medicine.
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23
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Genomic profiling guides the choice of molecular targeted therapy of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 363:1-6. [PMID: 25890222 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the worst five-year survival rate of all malignancies due to its aggressive progression and resistance to therapy. Current therapies are limited to gemcitabine-based chemotherapeutics, surgery, and radiation. The current trend toward "personalized genomic medicine" has the potential to improve the treatment options for pancreatic cancer. Gene identification and genetic alterations like single nucleotide polymorphisms and mutations will allow physicians to predict the efficacy and toxicity of drugs, which could help diagnose pancreatic cancer, guide neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment, and evaluate patients' prognosis. This article reviews the multifaceted roles of genomics and pharmacogenomics in pancreatic cancer.
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24
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Wang Q, Ni Q, Wang X, Zhu H, Wang Z, Huang J. High expression of RAB27A and TP53 in pancreatic cancer predicts poor survival. Med Oncol 2014; 32:372. [PMID: 25428385 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RAB27A is a member of Rab family GTPases involved in cellular vesicle trafficking, and TP53 has recently been implicated in regulating the exosome secretion pathway. Because exosome secretion plays an important role in modulating tumor microenvironment and invasive growth, we hypothesized that RAB27A and TP53 expression might be associated with aggressive behavior in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most deadly human malignancies. We determined protein expression of RAB27A and TP53 in 265 pancreatic tissues (186 carcinomas and 79 normal or benign tissues) by immunohistochemistry analysis on tissue microarray and found their expression was correlated with patients' clinical parameters and overall survival. We found that RAB27A and TP53 protein expression was significantly higher in cancerous tissues compared to normal and benign tissues. High RAB27A protein expression (RAB27A+) was significantly associated with tumor stage and vascular invasion. No correlation between RAB27A and TP53 expression was observed. Patients with high RAB27A expression and high TP53 expression had a poor overall survival. Our data indicate that RAB27A expression is an independent prognostic marker for PDAC, and RAB27A-regulated exosome secretion pathway may represent a novel therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer .
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
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25
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Gurbuz N, Ashour AA, Alpay SN, Ozpolat B. Down-regulation of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors inhibits proliferation, clonogenicity and invasion of human pancreatic cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105245. [PMID: 25170871 PMCID: PMC4149367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is characterized by extensive local tumor invasion, metastasis and early systemic dissemination. The vast majority of pancreatic cancer (PaCa) patients already have metastatic complications at the time of diagnosis, and the death rate of this lethal type of cancer has increased over the past decades. Thus, efforts at identifying novel molecularly targeted therapies are priorities. Recent studies have suggested that serotonin (5-HT) contributes to the tumor growth in a variety of cancers including prostate, colon, bladder and liver cancer. However, there is lack of evidence about the impact of 5-HT receptors on promoting pancreatic cancer. Having considered the role of 5-HT-1 receptors, especially 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D subtypes in different types of malignancies, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in PaCa growth and progression and analyze their potential as cytotoxic targets. We found that knockdown of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors expression, using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), induced significant inhibition of proliferation and clonogenicity of PaCa cells. Also, it significantly suppressed PaCa cells invasion and reduced the activity of uPAR/MMP-2 signaling and Integrin/Src/Fak-mediated signaling, as integral tumor cell pathways associated with invasion, migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Moreover, targeting 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors down-regulates zinc finger ZEB1 and Snail proteins, the hallmarks transcription factors regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), concomitantly with up-regulating of claudin-1 and E-Cadherin. In conclusion, our data suggests that 5-HT1B– and 5-HT1D–mediated signaling play an important role in the regulation of the proliferative and invasive phenotype of PaCa. It also highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting of 5-HT1B/1D receptors in the treatment of PaCa, and opens a new avenue for biomarkers identification, and valuable new therapeutic targets for managing pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun Gurbuz
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ahmed A Ashour
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Neslihan Alpay
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America; Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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26
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Tang SC, Chen YC. Novel therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10825-10844. [PMID: 25152585 PMCID: PMC4138462 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has become the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the last two decades. Only 3%-15% of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer had 5 year survival rate. Drug resistance, high metastasis, poor prognosis and tumour relapse contributed to the malignancies and difficulties in treating pancreatic cancer. The current standard chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer is gemcitabine, however its efficacy is far from satisfactory, one of the reasons is due to the complex tumour microenvironment which decreases effective drug delivery to target cancer cell. Studies of the molecular pathology of pancreatic cancer have revealed that activation of KRAS, overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2, inactivation of p16INK4A and loss of p53 activities occurred in pancreatic cancer. Co-administration of gemcitabine and targeting the molecular pathological events happened in pancreatic cancer has brought an enhanced therapeutic effectiveness of gemcitabine. Therefore, studies looking for novel targets in hindering pancreatic tumour growth are emerging rapidly. In order to give a better understanding of the current findings and to seek the direction in future pancreatic cancer research; in this review we will focus on targets suppressing tumour metastatsis and progression, KRAS activated downstream effectors, the relationship of Notch signaling and Nodal/Activin signaling with pancreatic cancer cells, the current findings of non-coding RNAs in inhibiting pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, brief discussion in transcription remodeling by epigenetic modifiers (e.g., HDAC, BMI1, EZH2) and the plausible therapeutic applications of cancer stem cell and hyaluronan in tumour environment.
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27
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA) are extremely aggressive cancers and currently available therapies are only minimally effective in treating this disease. Tackling this devastating cancer has been a major challenge to the scientific and medical communities, in part due to its intense therapeutic resistance. One of the aspects of this tumor that contributes to its aggressive behavior is its altered cellular metabolism. Indeed, PDA cells seem to possess the ability to adapt their metabolism to the particular environment to which they are exposed, including utilizing diverse fuel sources depending on their availability. Moreover, PDA tumors are efficient at recycling various metabolic substrates through activation of different salvage pathways such as autophagy and macropinocytosis. Together, these diverse metabolic adaptations allow PDA cells to survive and thrive in harsh environments that may lack nutrients and oxygen. Not surprisingly, given its central role in the pathogenesis of this tumor, oncogenic Kras plays a critical role in much of the metabolic reprogramming seen in PDA. In this review, we discuss the metabolic landscape of PDA tumors, including the molecular underpinnings of the key regulatory nodes, and describe how such pathways can be exploited for future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristovão Marques Sousa
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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28
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Eser S, Schnieke A, Schneider G, Saur D. Oncogenic KRAS signalling in pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:817-22. [PMID: 24755884 PMCID: PMC4150259 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is almost universally fatal. The annual number of deaths equals the number of newly diagnosed cases, despite maximal treatment. The overall 5-year survival rate of <5% has remained stubbornly unchanged over the last 30 years, despite tremendous efforts in preclinical and clinical science. There is unquestionably an urgent need to further improve our understanding of pancreatic cancer biology, treatment response and relapse, and to identify novel therapeutic targets. Rigorous research in the field has uncovered genetic aberrations that occur during PDAC development and progression. In most cases, PDAC is initiated by oncogenic mutant KRAS, which has been shown to drive pancreatic neoplasia. However, all attempts to target KRAS directly have failed in the clinic and KRAS is widely assumed to be undruggable. This has led to intense efforts to identify druggable critical downstream targets and nodes orchestrated by mutationally activated KRAS. This includes context-specific KRAS effector pathways, synthetic lethal interaction partners and KRAS-driven metabolic changes. Here, we review recent advances in oncogenic KRAS signalling and discuss how these might benefit PDAC treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eser
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany [2] German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Schnieke
- Livestock Biotechnology, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann Str. 1., 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - G Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - D Saur
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany [2] German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Maginn EN, de Sousa CH, Wasan HS, Stronach EA. Opportunities for translation: targeting DNA repair pathways in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:45-54. [PMID: 24727386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the poorest prognosis neoplasms. It is typified by high levels of genomic aberrations and copy-number variation, intra-tumoural heterogeneity and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Improved therapeutic options, ideally targeted against cancer-specific biological mechanisms, are urgently needed. Although induction of DNA damage and/or modulation of DNA damage response pathways are associated with the activity of a number of conventional PDAC chemotherapies, the effectiveness of this approach in the treatment of PDAC has not been comprehensively reviewed. Here, we review chemotherapeutic agents that have shown anti-cancer activity in PDAC and whose mechanisms of action involve modulation of DNA repair pathways. In addition, we highlight novel potential targets within these pathways based on the emerging understanding of PDAC biology and their exploitation as targets in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - Camila H de Sousa
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Harpreet S Wasan
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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30
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Colvin EK, Scarlett CJ. A historical perspective of pancreatic cancer mouse models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 27:96-105. [PMID: 24685616 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an inherently aggressive disease with an extremely poor prognosis and lack of effective treatments. Over the past few decades, much has been uncovered regarding the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer and the underlying genetic alterations necessary for tumour initiation and progression. Much of what we know about pancreatic cancer has come from mouse models of this disease. This review focusses on the development of genetically engineered mouse models that phenotypically and genetically recapitulate human pancreatic cancer, as well as the increasing use of patient-derived xenografts for preclinical studies and the development of personalised medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Colvin
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- Pancreatic Cancer Research, Nutrition, Food and Health Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia.
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