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Duman C, Di Marco B, Nevedomskaya E, Ulug B, Lesche R, Christian S, Alfonso J. Targeting fatty acid oxidation via Acyl-CoA binding protein hinders glioblastoma invasion. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:296. [PMID: 37120445 PMCID: PMC10148872 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The diffuse nature of Glioblastoma (GBM) tumors poses a challenge to current therapeutic options. We have previously shown that Acyl-CoA Binding Protein (ACBP, also known as DBI) regulates lipid metabolism in GBM cells, favoring fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Here we show that ACBP downregulation results in wide transcriptional changes affecting invasion-related genes. In vivo experiments using patient-derived xenografts combined with in vitro models demonstrated that ACBP sustains GBM invasion via binding to fatty acyl-CoAs. Blocking FAO mimics ACBPKD-induced immobility, a cellular phenotype that can be rescued by increasing FAO rates. Further investigation into ACBP-downstream pathways served to identify Integrin beta-1, a gene downregulated upon inhibition of either ACBP expression or FAO rates, as a mediator for ACBP's role in GBM invasion. Altogether, our findings highlight a role for FAO in GBM invasion and reveal ACBP as a therapeutic vulnerability to stall FAO and subsequent cell invasion in GBM tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Duman
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Di Marco
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Berk Ulug
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Lesche
- Bayer Research & Innovation Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NUVISAN ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Julieta Alfonso
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Yot P, Paul I, Alabarse F, Thessieu C, Wang S, Christian S, Guillaume M. Pore architecture of the MIL-53(Al) mechanically controlled to intelligently modulate CO 2 adsorption. Acta Cryst Sect A 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322095067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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3
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Doherty L, Sangpo T, Tsvetkov P, Davis J, Dianati N, Schwede W, Zimmermann K, Evans L, Amatucci A, Seidel H, Kamburov A, Akcay G, Golub T, Eheim A, Burkhardt N, Eis K, Christian S, Rees M, Roth J. Abstract 2682: Small molecule targeting the lipoic acid post-translational modification impacts proliferation of colorectal and PIK3CA-mutant cell lines. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To identify novel therapeutic targets, we utilize the PRISM platform, a multiplexed cell line viability technology of 500 solid tumor cell lines and correlate responses to functional genomic and baseline genetic data. We describe ESD0140656, a small molecule with selective anti-proliferative effect on colorectal and PIK3CA-mutant cell lines. Response to ESD0140656 is correlated to sensitivity to CRISPR/Cas9 KO of components of the protein lipoylation pathway and OGDH complex members, which catalyze a step of the TCA cycle. Lipoylation is a rare post-translational modification attached to just four enzymes in humans, including the OGDH complex. Knockout of the protein that transfers lipoic acid to these four enzymes (LIPT1) sensitizes cells to ESD0140656, and ESD0140656 treatment leads to reduction of lipoic acid in cells. These results suggest ESD0140656 targets the lipoylation pathway and may represent a novel therapeutic angle for colorectal and PIK3CA-mutant tumors.
Citation Format: Laura Doherty, Tenzin Sangpo, Peter Tsvetkov, John Davis, Navid Dianati, Wolfgang Schwede, Katja Zimmermann, Laura Evans, Aldo Amatucci, Henrik Seidel, Atanas Kamburov, Gizem Akcay, Todd Golub, Ashley Eheim, Nils Burkhardt, Knut Eis, Sven Christian, Matt Rees, Jennifer Roth. Small molecule targeting the lipoic acid post-translational modification impacts proliferation of colorectal and PIK3CA-mutant cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2682.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Knut Eis
- 2Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
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Corsello SM, Zhang H, Rupaimoole R, Schulze VK, Lemos C, Handing KB, Orsi DL, Shekhar M, Sack U, Christian S, Bone W, Humeidi R, Colgan W, Hoyt S, Cherniack A, Schroder J, Kaulfuss S, Brzezinka K, von Ahsen O, Mengel A, Hillig RC, Suelzle D, Mortier J, Harrington C, Nagari R, Wierzbinska J, Chiang D, Beckmann G, Olive M, Udeshi N, Apffel A, Carr S, Lienau P, Lechner C, Boemer U, Caliman A, McKinney D, Wagner F, Mumberg D, Bauser M, Haegebarth A, Eis K, Eheim A, Golub TR. Abstract 3588: Discovery of potent and selective CSNK1A1 inhibitors for solid tumor therapy. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CSNK1A1 is a serine/threonine kinase involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell division, beta catenin signaling, and TP53 activation. Inhibition of CSNK1A1 has previously been validated as a therapeutic strategy in hematologic malignancy, and degradation of CSNK1A1 protein is the downstream mechanism of action for lenalidomide in 5q- myelodysplasia (Krönke, et al. Nature. 2015.). However, lenalidomide is inactive in most solid tumor models, thus limiting the study of CSNK1A1 inhibition in other contexts. Analysis of genetic loss-of-function data from the Cancer Dependency Map reveals multiple sensitive models, including lineage-specific enrichment in colorectal and gastric cancer. In an academic-industry collaboration, we a) developed first-in-class potent and selective ATP-competitive CSNK1A1 small molecule inhibitors with preclinical anti-cancer efficacy in vivo, and b) identified FAM83 expression as a key determinant of inhibitor sensitivity.
We identified a tetrahydro-pyrrolopyridinone scaffold that was subsequently optimized to yield BAY-888 (CSNK1A1 IC50 4 nM @ 10 μM ATP; 63 nM @ 1 mM ATP) and BAY-204 (CSNK1A1 IC50 2 nM @ 10 μM ATP; 12 nM @ 1 mM ATP). The crystal structure of CSNK1A1 in complex with BAY-888 confirmed compound binding in the ATP binding pocket. Across the PRISM barcoded cell line panel of more than 500 solid tumor cell lines, inhibitors phenocopy the CSNK1A1 shRNA knockdown profile. To determine downstream mediators of CSNK1A1 inhibitor sensitivity, we performed co-IP mass spectrometry following CSNK1A1 pulldown and global phosphoproteomic assays following inhibitor treatment. We identified multiple interacting proteins that are also phosphorylation targets, including FAM83 family members. FAM83 was recently reported to mediate the subcellular localization of CSNK1A1 (Fulcher, et al. Sci Signal. 2018.). Excitingly, the baseline expression of FAM83B and FAM83H correlates with inhibitor and shRNA cell line sensitivity. Modulation of FAM83H expression altered CSNK1A1 localization and sensitivity to CSNK1A1 inhibition.
BAY-888 and BAY-204 are orally bioavailable and were evaluated in multiple murine cell line xenograft models. We observed promising efficacy in DLBCL (TMD8) in vivo as well as in multiple FAM83-high solid tumor models, including colorectal (HCT116 and HT29), gastric (IM95), and urothelial cancer (KU19-19). We identified RPS6 phosphorylation as one of the PD biomarkers correlating with efficacy in vivo. In summary, CSNK1A1 is a promising target with anti-tumor efficacy and achievable therapeutic index in preclinical models of FAM83-high solid tumors.
Citation Format: Steven M. Corsello, Huajia Zhang, Rajesha Rupaimoole, Volker K. Schulze, Clara Lemos, Kasia B. Handing, Douglas L. Orsi, Mrinal Shekhar, Ulrike Sack, Sven Christian, Wilhelm Bone, Ranad Humeidi, William Colgan, Stephanie Hoyt, Andrew Cherniack, Jens Schroder, Stefan Kaulfuss, Krzysztof Brzezinka, Oliver von Ahsen, Anne Mengel, Roman C. Hillig, Detlev Suelzle, Jeremie Mortier, Caitlin Harrington, Rohith Nagari, Justyna Wierzbinska, Derek Chiang, Georg Beckmann, Meagan Olive, Namrata Udeshi, Annie Apffel, Steven Carr, Philip Lienau, Christian Lechner, Ulf Boemer, Alisha Caliman, David McKinney, Florence Wagner, Dominik Mumberg, Marcus Bauser, Andrea Haegebarth, Knut Eis, Ashley Eheim, Todd R. Golub. Discovery of potent and selective CSNK1A1 inhibitors for solid tumor therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3588.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huajia Zhang
- 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wilhelm Bone
- 4Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meagan Olive
- 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Annie Apffel
- 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Steven Carr
- 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | - Ulf Boemer
- 4Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mowat J, Ehrmann AHM, Christian S, Sperl C, Menz S, Günther J, Hillig RC, Bauser M, Schwede W. Identification of the Highly Active, Species Cross-Reactive Complex I Inhibitor BAY-179. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:348-357. [PMID: 35300083 PMCID: PMC8919281 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key regulators of energy supply and cell death. Generation of ATP within mitochondria occurs through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a process which utilizes the four complexes (complex I-IV) of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Certain oncogenic mutations (e.g., LKB1 or mIDH) can further enhance the reliance of cancer cells on OXPHOS for their energetic requirements, rendering cells sensitive to complex I inhibition and highlighting the potential value of complex I as a therapeutic target. Herein, we describe the discovery of a potent, selective, and species cross-reactive complex I inhibitor. A high-throughput screen of the Bayer compound library followed by hit triaging and initial hit-to-lead activities led to a lead structure which was further optimized in a comprehensive lead optimization campaign. Focusing on balancing potency and metabolic stability, this program resulted in the identification of BAY-179, an excellent in vivo suitable tool with which to probe the biological relevance of complex I inhibition in cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Mowat
- Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Carolyn Sperl
- Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Menz
- Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcus Bauser
- Pharmaceuticals R&D, Bayer AG, 13342 Berlin, Germany
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Kaulfuss S, Janzer A, Siemeister G, Borowicz R, Jaensch K, Gutberlet K, Schlenz R, Triller A, Eheim A, Jeffers M, Christian S. Abstract 2077: Activity of DHODH inhibitor BAY2402234 in subcutaneous and intracranial models of SCLC. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: BAY2402234 is a potent and specific orally administered inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) which showed anti-tumor activity in preclinical models of AML and is under clinical evaluation in myeloid malignancies (NCT03404726). Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly metastatic malignancy (the brain being a frequent metastatic site), which carries a dismal clinical prognosis. Previous preclinical research indicated that SCLC was particularly sensitive to DHODH inhibition, and in the current investigation the activity of BAY2402234 in this tumor indication was evaluated.
Experimental Procedures: A variety of in vivo models derived from human SCLC samples were evaluated: (1) cell-line derived xenograft (CDX) subcutaneous models; (2) a CDX intracranial model; and (3) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) subcutaneous models. As is typical for SCLC, most of these models harbored mutations in both p53 and Rb1. BAY2402234 was administered orally either once daily or on an intermittent schedule (4 days on/3 days off). Standard-of-care (SoC) therapies were included in some experiments. Tumor tissue and plasma were collected for pharmacodynamic analyses.
Results: In subcutaneous CDX models, BAY2402234 exhibited robust anti-tumor activity, including tumor regressions in some models. Strong anti-tumor activity was also observed in various subcutaneous PDX models, including activity in a model resistant to SoC therapy. In an intracranial tumor model, BAY2402234 significantly enhanced survival compared to the vehicle-treated cohort. Both dosing schedules tested were well-tolerated and highly active. Pharmacodynamic analyses to quantify the level of target inhibition observed in the various models are ongoing.
Conclusions: The results of this investigation confirm and extend previous preclinical results and indicate that BAY2402234 may represent a novel treatment for SCLC, including patients with brain metastases.
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Citation Format: Stefan Kaulfuss, Andreas Janzer, Gerhard Siemeister, Renan Borowicz, Katrin Jaensch, Katrin Gutberlet, Ricarda Schlenz, Andrea Triller, Ashley Eheim, Michael Jeffers, Sven Christian. Activity of DHODH inhibitor BAY2402234 in subcutaneous and intracranial models of SCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2077.
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Eaton JK, Furst L, Ruberto RA, Moosmayer D, Hilpmann A, Ryan MJ, Zimmermann K, Cai LL, Niehues M, Badock V, Kramm A, Chen S, Hillig RC, Clemons PA, Gradl S, Montagnon C, Lazarski KE, Christian S, Bajrami B, Neuhaus R, Eheim AL, Viswanathan VS, Schreiber SL. Selective covalent targeting of GPX4 using masked nitrile-oxide electrophiles. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:497-506. [PMID: 32231343 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently described glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) as a promising target for killing therapy-resistant cancer cells via ferroptosis. The onset of therapy resistance by multiple types of treatment results in a stable cell state marked by high levels of polyunsaturated lipids and an acquired dependency on GPX4. Unfortunately, all existing inhibitors of GPX4 act covalently via a reactive alkyl chloride moiety that confers poor selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we report our discovery that masked nitrile-oxide electrophiles, which have not been explored previously as covalent cellular probes, undergo remarkable chemical transformations in cells and provide an effective strategy for selective targeting of GPX4. The new GPX4-inhibiting compounds we describe exhibit unexpected proteome-wide selectivity and, in some instances, vastly improved physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties compared to existing chloroacetamide-based GPX4 inhibitors. These features make them superior tool compounds for biological interrogation of ferroptosis and constitute starting points for development of improved inhibitors of GPX4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Santoro V, Kovalenko I, Vriens K, Christen S, Bernthaler A, Haegebarth A, Fendt SM, Christian S. SLC25A32 sustains cancer cell proliferation by regulating flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD) metabolism. Oncotarget 2020; 11:801-812. [PMID: 32166001 PMCID: PMC7055544 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC25A32 is a member of the solute carrier 25 family of mitochondrial transporters. SLC25A32 transports tetrahydrofolate (THF) as well as FAD into mitochondria and regulates mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and redox balance. While it is known that cancer cells require one-carbon and FAD-dependent mitochondrial metabolism to sustain cell proliferation, the role of SLC25A32 in cancer cell growth remains unexplored. Our results indicate that the SLC25A32 gene is highly amplified in different tumors and that amplification correlates with increased mRNA expression and reduced patients´ survival. siRNA-mediated knock-down and CRISPR-mediated knock-out of SLC25A32 in cancer cells of different origins, resulted in the identification of cell lines sensitive and resistant to SLC25A32 inhibition. Mechanistically, tracing of deuterated serine revealed that SLC25A32 knock-down does not affect the mitochondrial/cytosolic folate flux as measured by Liquid Chromatography coupled Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Instead, SLC25A32 inhibition results in a respiratory chain dysfunction at the FAD-dependent complex II enzyme, induction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH), which impairs cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatment further sensitizes cells to ROS-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation upon SLC25A32 knock-down. Treatment of cells with the FAD precursor riboflavin and with GSH rescues cancer cell proliferation upon SLC25A32 down-regulation. Our results indicate that the reduction of mitochondrial FAD concentrations by targeting SLC25A32 has potential clinical applications as a single agent or in combination with approved cancer drugs that lead to increased oxidative stress and reduced tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya Kovalenko
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Berlin 13353, Germany.,Current address: University of Michigan, Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Kim Vriens
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Stefan Christen
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Gradl SN, Mueller T, Ferrara S, Sheikh SE, Janzer A, Zhou HJ, Friberg A, Guenther J, Schaefer M, Stellfeld T, Eis K, Kroeber M, Nguyen D, Merz C, Niehues M, Stoeckigt D, Christian S, Zimmermann K, Lejeune P, Bruening M, Meyer H, Puetter V, Scadden DT, Sykes DB, Seidel H, Eheim A, Michels M, Haegebarth A, Bauser M. Abstract 2: Discovery of BAY 2402234 by phenotypic screening: A human Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor in clinical trials for the treatment of myeloid malignancies. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
DHODH is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines and recent studies have renewed interest in this old anti-cancer target. Here, we disclose the discovery of 4-triazolosalicylamides as inhibitors of DHODH and their structure activity relationship (SAR). The hit cluster was discovered during a phenotypic high throughput screen (HTS) of 2.5 million compounds where proliferation of H460 lung cancer cells was used as read-out. DHODH was successfully identified as the molecular target by comparing the activity profile of the hits in a panel of cell lines to a set of inhibitors with known pharmacological activity. The hit compounds showed good cellular potency but had undesirable DMPK properties. Interestingly, the compounds are non-ionizable in contrast to many other DHODH inhibitors and show no potency shift from biochemical to cellular assays. Structural modifications lead to compounds with sub-nanomolar potency in cellular assays and increased metabolic stability enabling the proof of concept in vivo xenograft experiments. Further optimization guided by lipophilicity efficiency and identification of metabolic hot spots resulted in molecules with low clearance and improved solubility. BAY 2402234 was selected as the clinical candidate after side by side comparison of a number of promising compounds. It shows great oral bioavailability, target engagement in all preclinical species tested, induces differentiation in AML models, and has excellent activity in a variety of leukemia models. A clinical phase I study has been initiated in patients with myeloid malignancies. (NCT03404726)
Citation Format: Stefan N. Gradl, Thomas Mueller, Steven Ferrara, Sherif El Sheikh, Andreas Janzer, Han-Jie Zhou, Anders Friberg, Judith Guenther, Martina Schaefer, Timo Stellfeld, Knut Eis, Michael Kroeber, Duy Nguyen, Claudia Merz, Michael Niehues, Detlef Stoeckigt, Sven Christian, Katja Zimmermann, Pascal Lejeune, Michael Bruening, Hanna Meyer, Vera Puetter, David T. Scadden, David B. Sykes, Henrik Seidel, Ashley Eheim, Martin Michels, Andrea Haegebarth, Marcus Bauser. Discovery of BAY 2402234 by phenotypic screening: A human Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor in clinical trials for the treatment of myeloid malignancies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Knut Eis
- 1Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Duy Nguyen
- 1Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Merz
- 1Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanna Meyer
- 1Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Puetter
- 1Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Henrik Seidel
- 1Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashley Eheim
- 1Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcus Bauser
- 1Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Berlin, Germany
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Eheim A, Christian S, Meyer H, Stoeckigt D, Merz C, Zimmermann K, Bauser M, Haegebarth A, Ferrara S, Sykes DB, Scadden DT, Gradl S, Janzer A. Abstract 3597: BAY 2402234: Preclinical evaluation of a novel, selective dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
DLBCL is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is an aggressive and fast growing tumor with two major molecular subtypes: germinal center (GCB) and activated B-cell like (ABC). While the majority of patients are 60 years or older, DLBCL can occur at any age.
Despite a cure rate of around 50% the need for novel therapies remains high, especially for relapsed/refractory DLBCL patients not eligible for stem cell transplant.
DHODH is a key enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis converting dihydroorotate to orotate. We recently discovered its role in AML differentiation (Sykes et al 2016, Cell) and we are investigating the novel DHODH inhibitor BAY 2402234 in an ongoing phase I study in myeloid malignancies (NCT03404726). Further screening of non-leukemia cancer types identified DLBCL as highly responsive to DHODH inhibition in preclinical studies.
Here, we disclose for the first time the functional preclinical characterization of BAY 2402234 in DLBCL. BAY 2402234 is a selective low-nanomolar inhibitor of human DHODH enzymatic activity. In vitro it potently inhibits proliferation of DLBCL cell lines in the sub-nanomolar to low-nanomolar range. The anti-proliferative effects can be rescued by uridine supplementation which bypasses DHODH via the salvage pathway and demonstrates the on-target specificity of the inhibitor. In vivo, BAY 2402234 exhibits strong in vivo anti-tumor efficacy in monotherapy in subcutaneous models derived from patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and cell lines representing various DLBCL subtypes, including GCB and ABC. Dose dependent target engagement and drug exposure of BAY 2402234 could be observed by increases in plasma dihydroorotate levels and unbound plasma drug levels after treatment with the inhibitor.
Based on preclinical data presented herein we plan to start clinical investigations of BAY 2402234 in patients with DLBCL in early 2019.
Citation Format: Ashley Eheim, Sven Christian, Hanna Meyer, Detlef Stoeckigt, Claudia Merz, Katja Zimmermann, Marcus Bauser, Andrea Haegebarth, Steven Ferrara, David B. Sykes, David T. Scadden, Stefan Gradl, Andreas Janzer. BAY 2402234: Preclinical evaluation of a novel, selective dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3597.
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Christian S, Merz C, Evans L, Gradl S, Seidel H, Friberg A, Eheim A, Lejeune P, Brzezinka K, Zimmermann K, Ferrara S, Meyer H, Lesche R, Stoeckigt D, Bauser M, Haegebarth A, Sykes DB, Scadden DT, Losman JA, Janzer A. The novel dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor BAY 2402234 triggers differentiation and is effective in the treatment of myeloid malignancies. Leukemia 2019; 33:2403-2415. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Christian S, Somerville M, Huculak C, Atallah J. Practice Variation among an International Group of Genetic Counselors on when to Offer Predictive Genetic Testing to Children at Risk of an Inherited Arrhythmia or Cardiomyopathy. J Genet Couns 2018; 28:10.1007/s10897-018-0293-x. [PMID: 30132189 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-018-0293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cascade predictive genetic testing is available for many families as a means to identify individuals at risk of long QT syndrome (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The general issue of offering predictive genetic testing to minors has been an area of ethical debate among genetic counselors and other healthcare professionals for many years. An online questionnaire was circulated to four international genetic counseling associations to assess the views of cardiac genetic counselors regarding when to offer predictive genetic testing to children at risk of LQTS, CPVT, HCM, and ARVC. Analysis was both quantitative and qualitative. The study sample comprised 98 respondents. The majority reported that they offer predictive genetic testing before 5 years of age to children at risk of LQTS (83%) and CVPT (75%) and before 10 years of age to children at risk of HCM (66%) or ARVC (70%). Influencing factors included country of practice, clinical setting, and years of experience. The rationale provided for when to offer predictive genetic testing is encompassed by the ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and informed consent. In conclusion, significant practice variation exists among cardiac genetic counselors regarding predictive genetic testing for children at risk of an inherited cardiomyopathy. These variations call for more research in the area to assist with the development of evidence-based guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christian
- Department of Medical Genetic, University of Alberta, 826 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - M Somerville
- Department of Medical Genetic, University of Alberta, 826 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - C Huculak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J Atallah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Janzer A, Gradl S, Christian S, Zimmermann K, Merz C, Meyer H, Stellfeld T, Guenther J, Stoeckigt D, Seidel H, Lejeune P, Bruening M, Eheim A, Mueller T, Lesche R, Michels M, Haegebarth A, Bauser M, Sheikh SE, Ferrara S, Sykes D, Scadden D. Abstract DDT02-04: BAY 2402234: A novel, selective dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor for the treatment of myeloid malignancies. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-ddt02-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common acute leukemia in adults, is an aggressive hematologic malignancy resulting in bone marrow failure with a poor outcome; overall survival is approximately 25% at five years. Treatment options, in particular for the elderly population, are limited. Induction chemotherapy of cytarabine and an anthracycline (7+3) remains unchanged standard of care since its introduction in the early 1970s and there is a high medical need for new therapies (Yates et al. Cancer Chemother Rep 1973). DHODH is a key enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis converting dihydroorotate to orotate. Using a HOXA9 driven phenotypic screen to overcome differentiation arrest in myeloid cells, we have recently identified DHODH as a surprising novel target to overcome differentiation blockade in AML (Sykes et al. Cell 2016). Differentiation therapy already showed its enormous clinical benefit potential in the small subset of patients diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) following treatment with all-trans retinoic acid with five-year survival exceeding 85% and should be considered the ultimate therapeutic goal for all AML subsets (Lo-Coco et al. NEJM 2013). Here, we disclose for the first time the structure and functional characterization of the novel DHODH inhibitor BAY 2402234. BAY 2402234 is a selective low-nanomolar inhibitor of human DHODH enzymatic activity. In vitro, it potently inhibits proliferation of AML cell lines in the sub-nanomolar to low-nanomolar range. BAY 2402234 induces differentiation of AML cell lines also in a sub-nanomolar to low-nanomolar range, demonstrating the anticipated mode of action in cellular mechanistic assays. In vivo, BAY 2402234 exhibits strong in vivo anti-tumor efficacy in monotherapy in several subcutaneous and disseminated AML xenografts as well as AML patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Target engagement of the novel DHODH inhibitor BAY 2402234 can be observed by increase of tumoral and plasma dihydroorotate levels after treatment with the inhibitor. Consistent with the in vitro data BAY 2402234 induces AML differentiation in vivo as detected by upregulation of differentiation cell surface markers in xenograft and PDX models after treatment with the inhibitor. Furthermore, differentiation-associated transcriptomic changes were evident following a single administration of BAY 2402234 in vivo. The start of clinical investigations of BAY 2402234 is planned for early 2018.
Citation Format: Andreas Janzer, Stefan Gradl, Sven Christian, Katja Zimmermann, Claudia Merz, Hanna Meyer, Timo Stellfeld, Judith Guenther, Detlef Stoeckigt, Henrik Seidel, Pascale Lejeune, Michael Bruening, Ashley Eheim, Thomas Mueller, Ralf Lesche, Martin Michels, Andrea Haegebarth, Marcus Bauser, Sherif El Sheikh, Steven Ferrara, David Sykes, David Scadden. BAY 2402234: A novel, selective dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor for the treatment of myeloid malignancies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr DDT02-04.
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14
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Rios Garcia M, Steinbauer B, Srivastava K, Singhal M, Mattijssen F, Maida A, Christian S, Hess-Stumpp H, Augustin HG, Müller-Decker K, Nawroth PP, Herzig S, Berriel Diaz M. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1-Dependent Protein Acetylation Controls Breast Cancer Metastasis and Recurrence. Cell Metab 2017; 26:842-855.e5. [PMID: 29056512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast tumor recurrence and metastasis represent the main causes of cancer-related death in women, and treatments are still lacking. Here, we define the lipogenic enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 as a key player in breast cancer metastasis. ACC1 phosphorylation was increased in invading cells both in murine and human breast cancer, serving as a point of convergence for leptin and transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling. ACC1 phosphorylation was mediated by TGFβ-activated kinase (TAK) 1, and ACC1 inhibition was indispensable for the elevation of cellular acetyl-CoA, the subsequent increase in Smad2 transcription factor acetylation and activation, and ultimately epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis induction. ACC1 deficiency worsened tumor recurrence upon primary tumor resection in mice, and ACC1 phosphorylation levels correlated with metastatic potential in breast and lung cancer patients. Given the demonstrated effectiveness of anti-leptin receptor antibody treatment in halting ACC1-dependent tumor invasiveness, our work defines a "metabolocentric" approach in metastatic breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Rios Garcia
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Steinbauer
- Core Facility Tumor Models, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kshitij Srivastava
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahak Singhal
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frits Mattijssen
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adriano Maida
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Christian
- Division Tumor Metabolism and Hypoxia, Bayer Health Care, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Hess-Stumpp
- Division Tumor Metabolism and Hypoxia, Bayer Health Care, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Müller-Decker
- Core Facility Tumor Models, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Mauricio Berriel Diaz
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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15
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Nielsen N, Kondratska K, Ruck T, Hild B, Kovalenko I, Schimmelpfennig S, Welzig J, Sargin S, Lindemann O, Christian S, Meuth SG, Prevarskaya N, Schwab A. TRPC6 channels modulate the response of pancreatic stellate cells to hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1567-1577. [PMID: 28849300 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by a massive fibrosis (desmoplasia), which is primarily caused by activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). This leads to a hypoxic tumor microenvironment further reinforcing the activation of PSCs by stimulating their secretion of growth factors and chemokines. Since many of them elicit their effects via G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), we tested whether TRPC6 channels, effector proteins of many G-protein-coupled receptor pathways, are required for the hypoxic activation of PSCs. Thus far, the function of ion channels in PSCs is virtually unexplored. qPCR revealed TRPC6 channels to be one of the most abundant TRPC channels in primary cultures of murine PSCs. TRPC6 channel function was assessed by comparing PSCs from TRPC6-/- mice and wildtype (wt) littermates. Cell migration, Ca2+ signaling, and cytokine secretion were analyzed as readout for PSC activation. Hypoxia was induced by incubating PSCs for 24 h in 1% O2 or chemically with dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). PSCs migrate faster in response to hypoxia. Due to reduced autocrine stimulation, TRPC6-/- PSCs fail to increase their rate of migration to the same level as wt PSCs under hypoxic conditions. This defect could not be overcome by the stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor. In line with these results, calcium influx is increased in wt but not TRPC6-/- PSCs under hypoxia. We conclude that TRPC6 channels of PSCs are major effector proteins in an autocrine stimulation pathway triggered by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Nielsen
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kateryna Kondratska
- Inserm, U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A10, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hild
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ilya Kovalenko
- Bayer-Pharma AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Sandra Schimmelpfennig
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Welzig
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Sargin
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Otto Lindemann
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A10, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- Inserm, U-1003, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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16
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Gruenewald S, Sperl C, Steigemann P, Walter A, Zacharias S, Eberspaecher U, Neuhaus R, Zorn L, Schwede W, Thede K, Christian S. Abstract 4989: 3D spheroid screen yields SCD1 pathway inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With three-dimensional growth conditions, multicellular tumor spheroids reproduce several parameters of the tumor microenvironment, including oxygen and nutrient gradients, characteristic of poorly vascularized tumor regions. 3D high content screening (HCS) identified compounds that selectively kill tumor cells in the inner core of tumor cell spheroids by targeting the Stearoyl CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD1) pathway. SCD1 catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the production of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Cancer cells are dependent on higher levels of MUFAs compared to normal cells and SCD1 is highly expressed in multiple tumor types. Changes in the MUFA / SFA (saturated fatty acid) ratio alters lipid biosynthesis and thus triggers cellular (ER) stress and induces the Unfolded Protein Response. Although the lead compound was very effective in vitro, it had unfavorable PK and physical chemistry properties, including low permeability and solubility and very high lipophilicity. This led to insufficient oral bioavailability, which could be overcome by optimization of PK and physical chemistry properties. Here, we report on the in vitro/in vivo effects of our 3D HCS compounds which showed high potency in the 3D spheroid inner core death assay with T47D breast cancer cells. In this in vitro model compound-induced inner core cell death is enhanced by SCD1 substrates palmitic or stearic acid and rescued by the SCD1 products palmitoleic or oleic acid. Furthermore, the effects can be reproduced in 2D cultures, which become increasingly sensitive to inhibition by our 3D HCS compounds with decreasing FBS concentration in the culture medium and this effect can also be rescued by addition of MUFAs but not of palmitic acid. Mode of action analysis showed that our compounds reduced palmitoleoyl- or oleoyl-CoA levels and simultaneously increased saturated fatty acyl-CoAs of palmitate or stearate in several cell lines as well as in vivo. In the sensitive T47D cells, the compounds induced expression of stress response genes and genes related to lipid metabolism. While these results support the SCD1 pathway as target for our 3D HCS compounds, we also observed striking differences to published SCD1 inhibitors suggesting a new cancer target beyond SCD1. Thus, further validation of our inhibitors in vitro and in vivo will be required, but these results suggest that 3D spheroid cultures may be a valuable tool for elucidation of new drug targets for cancer therapy.
Citation Format: Sylvia Gruenewald, Carolyn Sperl, Patrick Steigemann, Alexander Walter, Sylvia Zacharias, Uwe Eberspaecher, Roland Neuhaus, Ludwig Zorn, Wolfgang Schwede, Kai Thede, Sven Christian. 3D spheroid screen yields SCD1 pathway inhibitors for the treatment of cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4989. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4989
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17
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Mowat J, Christian S, Sperl C, Ehrmann A, Menz S, Guenther J, Hillig R, Bauser M, Haegebarth A, Schwede W. Abstract 3248: Identification and optimization of a highly active, cross reactive Complex-1 inhibitor. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mitochondria are key regulators of both energy supply and apoptotic cell death. The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) consists of four enzyme complexes that transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen. During electron transfer, the ETC pumps protons into the inter-membrane space, generating a gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that is used by Complex V to drive ATP synthesis. Recent publications have shown that tumor cells harboring specific mutations (LKB1, mIDH and others) are more sensitive to Complex I inhibition, potentially providing an opportunity for selectively targeting tumor cells.
Based on a high throughput screen (HTS), we identified new, albeit moderately active, lead structures with cross reactivity between mouse and human Complex 1. SAR elaboration of the lead structure allowed for optimization of the potency, although compounds still suffered from low metabolic stability. Further improvement of the in vitro and in vivo PK properties finally permitted in vivo animal studies. Herein, we report for the first time the preclinical profile and structure of a highly active, optimized, human/mouse cross-reactive Complex I inhibitor that allowed for the further investigation into the therapeutic potential of Complex I inhibition in cancer.
Citation Format: Jeffrey Mowat, Sven Christian, Carolyn Sperl, Alexander Ehrmann, Stephan Menz, Judith Guenther, Roman Hillig, Marcus Bauser, Andrea Haegebarth, Wolfgang Schwede. Identification and optimization of a highly active, cross reactive Complex-1 inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3248. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3248
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Janzer A, Sykes D, Gradl S, Ferrara S, Christian S, Merz C, Seidel H, Bernthaler A, Lesche R, Wawer M, Scadden DT. Abstract 3086: Inhibitors of the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, overcome the differentiation blockade in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The prognosis for adults diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains poor, with a five-year survival of only 25%. This prognosis is even more dismal in older patients who are not well enough to receive standard induction chemotherapy. Speaking to the need for new therapies is the fact that our therapeutic backbone - a combination of cytarabine and an anthracycline - remains unchanged since 1973. The promise of differentiation therapy was realized in the small subset of patients diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Here, treatment in the form of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide inverted the survival curve; where APL was once the worst form of myeloid leukemia, it now carries the best prognosis, with a five-year survival exceeding 85%. The goal of this study was thus to develop differentiation therapy for patients with non-promyelocytic AML with the question: “Can we identify small molecules that overcome myeloid differentiation arrest?” A phenotypic differentiation screen in a HOXA9 driven leukemia model followed by target deconvolution, identified DHODH as an unexpected target for overcoming differentiation arrest in AML. We used 2 potent small molecule inhibitors of DHODH to validate this initial finding: Brequinar, a known DHODH inhibitor and an in house compound BAY DHODHi. In several in vitro experiments we demonstrated induction of AML differentiation in a dose dependent fashion. Interestingly, these effects could be completely rescued by addition of uridine, confirming target specificity. Treating mice in multiple genetically diverse AML in vivo models with a DHODH inhibitor led to tumor growth reduction and AML differentiation. Expression analysis of leukemia cells explanted from mice xenografts treated with a DHODH inhibitor demonstrate an early onset of differentiation markers indicating a direct role of DHODH with the onset of differentiation in vivo. The mechanism for selective vulnerability of leukemia cells to DHODH inhibition remains under investigation. Despite the observation that DHODH is expressed in all cells, normal and malignant, mice can tolerate DHODH inhibitor therapy for more than 100 days without weight-loss or other concerning side-effects. Thus, our pre-clinical studies point towards DHODH as a new metabolic target in the differentiation treatment of AML. Hopefully, small molecule DHODH inhibitors will provide a much-needed differentiation therapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
Citation Format: Andreas Janzer, David Sykes, Stefan Gradl, Steven Ferrara, Sven Christian, Claudia Merz, Henrik Seidel, Andreas Bernthaler, Ralf Lesche, Mathias Wawer, David T. Scadden. Inhibitors of the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, overcome the differentiation blockade in acute myeloid leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3086. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3086
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Klutzny S, Lesche R, Keck M, Kaulfuss S, Schlicker A, Christian S, Sperl C, Neuhaus R, Mowat J, Steckel M, Riefke B, Prechtl S, Parczyk K, Steigemann P. Functional inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase by Fluphenazine triggers hypoxia-specific tumor cell death. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2709. [PMID: 28358364 PMCID: PMC5386533 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to lagging or insufficient neo-angiogenesis, hypoxia is a feature of most solid tumors. Hypoxic tumor regions contribute to resistance against antiproliferative chemotherapeutics, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Targeting cells in hypoxic tumor areas is therefore an important strategy for cancer treatment. Most approaches for targeting hypoxic cells focus on the inhibition of hypoxia adaption pathways but only a limited number of compounds with the potential to specifically target hypoxic tumor regions have been identified. By using tumor spheroids in hypoxic conditions as screening system, we identified a set of compounds, including the phenothiazine antipsychotic Fluphenazine, as hits with novel mode of action. Fluphenazine functionally inhibits acid sphingomyelinase and causes cellular sphingomyelin accumulation, which induces cancer cell death specifically in hypoxic tumor spheroids. Moreover, we found that functional inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase leads to overactivation of hypoxia stress-response pathways and that hypoxia-specific cell death is mediated by the stress-responsive transcription factor ATF4. Taken together, the here presented data suggest a novel, yet unexplored mechanism in which induction of sphingolipid stress leads to the overactivation of hypoxia stress-response pathways and thereby promotes their pro-apoptotic tumor-suppressor functions to specifically kill cells in hypoxic tumor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Klutzny
- Drug Discovery, Bayer AG, Berlin 13353, Germany.,Department of Bioanalytics, Institute for Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Lesche
- Drug Discovery, Bayer AG, Berlin 13353, Germany
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20
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Adam MG, Matt S, Christian S, Hess-Stumpp H, Haegebarth A, Hofmann TG, Algire C. SIAH ubiquitin ligases regulate breast cancer cell migration and invasion independent of the oxygen status. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3734-47. [PMID: 26654769 PMCID: PMC4825722 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven-in-absentia homolog (SIAH) proteins are evolutionary conserved RING type E3 ubiquitin ligases responsible for the degradation of key molecules regulating DNA damage response, hypoxic adaptation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Many studies suggest a tumorigenic role for SIAH2. In breast cancer patients SIAH2 expression levels correlate with cancer aggressiveness and overall patient survival. In addition, SIAH inhibition reduced metastasis in melanoma. The role of SIAH1 in breast cancer is still ambiguous; both tumorigenic and tumor suppressive functions have been reported. Other studies categorized SIAH ligases as either pro- or antimigratory, while the significance for metastasis is largely unknown. Here, we re-evaluated the effects of SIAH1 and SIAH2 depletion in breast cancer cell lines, focusing on migration and invasion. We successfully knocked down SIAH1 and SIAH2 in several breast cancer cell lines. In luminal type MCF7 cells, this led to stabilization of the SIAH substrate Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain protein 3 (PHD3) and reduced Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) protein levels. Both the knockdown of SIAH1 or SIAH2 led to increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation, with comparable effects. These results point to a tumor promoting role for SIAH1 in breast cancer similar to SIAH2. In addition, depletion of SIAH1 or SIAH2 also led to decreased cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. SIAH knockdown also controlled microtubule dynamics by markedly decreasing the protein levels of stathmin, most likely via p27(Kip1). Collectively, these results suggest that both SIAH ligases promote a migratory cancer cell phenotype and could contribute to metastasis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gordian Adam
- a Cellular Senescence Group ; German Cancer Research Center DKFZ ; Heidelberg , Germany.,b GTRG Oncology II; GDD; Bayer Pharma AG ; Berlin , Germany
| | - Sonja Matt
- a Cellular Senescence Group ; German Cancer Research Center DKFZ ; Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sven Christian
- b GTRG Oncology II; GDD; Bayer Pharma AG ; Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas G Hofmann
- a Cellular Senescence Group ; German Cancer Research Center DKFZ ; Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Carolyn Algire
- b GTRG Oncology II; GDD; Bayer Pharma AG ; Berlin , Germany
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Kovalenko I, Glasauer A, Schöckel L, Sauter DRP, Ehrmann A, Sohler F, Hägebarth A, Novak I, Christian S. Identification of KCa3.1 Channel as a Novel Regulator of Oxidative Phosphorylation in a Subset of Pancreatic Carcinoma Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160658. [PMID: 27494181 PMCID: PMC4975431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents the most common form of pancreatic cancer with rising incidence in developing countries and overall 5-year survival rates of less than 5%. The most frequent mutations in PDAC are gain-of-function mutations in KRAS as well as loss-of-function mutations in p53. Both mutations have severe impacts on the metabolism of tumor cells. Many of these metabolic changes are mediated by transporters or channels that regulate the exchange of metabolites and ions between the intracellular compartment and the tumor microenvironment. In the study presented here, our goal was to identify novel transporters or channels that regulate oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) in PDAC in order to characterize novel potential drug targets for the treatment of these cancers. We set up a Seahorse Analyzer XF based siRNA screen and identified previously described as well as novel regulators of OxPhos. The siRNA that resulted in the greatest change in cellular oxygen consumption was targeting the KCNN4 gene, which encodes for the Ca2+-sensitive K+ channel KCa3.1. This channel has not previously been reported to regulate OxPhos. Knock-down experiments as well as the use of a small molecule inhibitor confirmed its role in regulating oxygen consumption, ATP production and cellular proliferation. Furthermore, PDAC cell lines sensitive to KCa3.1 inhibition were shown to express the channel protein in the plasma membrane as well as in the mitochondria. These differences in the localization of KCa3.1 channels as well as differences in the regulation of cellular metabolism might offer opportunities for targeted therapy in subsets of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Kovalenko
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Glasauer
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Schöckel
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel R. P. Sauter
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Ehrmann
- Drug Discovery, Lead Discovery / Cell Biology, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Sohler
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Bioinformatics, Bayer Pharma AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hägebarth
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Christian
- Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Groups / Onc II, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Christian S, Algire C, Schwede W, Mowat JS, Ehrmann A, Menz S, Bauser M, Haegebarth A. Abstract 223: Comparison of human-specific versus cross-reactive Complex I inhibitor for in vivo tumor efficacy. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mitochondria are both key regulators of energy supply and apoptotic cell death. The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) consists of four enzyme complexes that transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen. During electron transfer, the ETC (Complex I to IV) pumps protons into the inter-membrane space, generating a gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that is used by Complex V to drive ATP synthesis. Recent publications have shown that tumor cells harboring specific mutations (LKB1, mIDH and others) are more sensitive to Complex I inhibition, compared to cells that do not have these mutations. We have identified an optimized human/mouse cross-reactive Complex I inhibitor that allows profiling of Complex I inhibitors in pharmacological models. We have pursued different approaches based on the literature, an unbiased screen and in-house results generated with the human-specific Complex I inhibitor BAY 872243 to identify sensitive in vivo tumor models. However, using the cross-reactive Complex I inhibitor we were unable to identify sensitive models apart from weakly sensitive LKB1-deficient tumors (A549, G361) when animals were treated at maximum tolerated dose (MTD). In addition, all approaches for combination therapy failed to improve efficacy in vivo. Direct comparison of human-specific Complex I inhibitor BAY 87-2243 and cross-reactive inhibitor BAY179 in a sensitive LKB1-deficient melanoma model, G361, demonstrated that inhibition of Complex I specifically in the tumor is a valid approach as it results in tumor growth inhibition of ∼50%. However, cross-reactive compounds do not reach exposures at MTD to generate comparable effects.
Citation Format: Sven Christian, Carolyn Algire, Wolfgang Schwede, Jeffrey S. Mowat, Alexander Ehrmann, Stephan Menz, Marcus Bauser, Andrea Haegebarth. Comparison of human-specific versus cross-reactive Complex I inhibitor for in vivo tumor efficacy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 223.
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Wenzel C, Christian S, Algire C, Schwede W, Neuhaus R, Guenther J, Liu N, Raese S, Parczyk K, Prechtl S, Steigemann P. Abstract 317: 3D high-content screening for the identification of compounds that target cells in dormant tumor spheroid regions. Tumour Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Algire C, Ehrmann A, Christian S, Neuhaus R, Menz S, Schwede W, Haerter M, Haegebarth A. Abstract 1126: Differential effects of metformin and phenformin vs. other complex 1 inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biguanides, such as metformin and phenformin, are currently under investigation for their potential use as anti-neoplastic therapy. Recent publications suggest that both metformin and phenformin exert effects through inhibition of Complex 1 in the electron transport chain. We investigated the effects of metformin and phenformin compared to rotenone, in vitro, and known Complex 1 inhibitor BAY 872243, in vitro and in vivo.
As expected, rotenone and BAY 872243 showed strong inhibition of Complex I in cell-based and enzymatic assays with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The high affinity binding to Complex I was also reflected by induction of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) with EC50 values in the nanomolar range. In contrast, the biguanides neither inhibited Complex I in cell-based and biochemical assays, nor led to an induction of ROS at concentrations up to 300 μM.
In vivo exposure analysis shows that at the maximal tolerated dose (100 mg/kg QD i.p for phenformin and 350 mg/kg i.p QD for metformin), neither metformin nor phenformin had plasma exposure levels over the IC50 for proliferation in vitro. Recent reports have suggested that biguanides, via the inhibition of Complex 1 and subsequent reduction in oxygen consumption, can be used to re-oxygenate tumor areas prior to radiation therapy. Pimonidazole staining demonstrated that metformin and phenformin effectively eliminated hypoxic regions in NCI-H460 xenografts in a time course dependent manner that reflected the exposure. In contrast to the biguanides, BAY 87-2243 effectively eliminated hypoxic regions up to 24 hours post compound administration. Finally, both phenformin and metformin had minimal effects on inhibition of tumor growth, even in LKB1-deleted xenografts which have been reported to be especially sensitive to biguanides. In conclusion, our in vitro experiments on the mode of action of biguanides raise questions as whether the in vivo effects on hypoxic tumor regions are related to direct inhibition of Complex I.
Citation Format: Carolyn Algire, Alexander Ehrmann, Sven Christian, Roland Neuhaus, Stephan Menz, Wolfgang Schwede, Michael Haerter, Andrea Haegebarth. Differential effects of metformin and phenformin vs. other complex 1 inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1126. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1126
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Blumenschein P, Lilley M, Bakal JA, Christian S. Evaluating stakeholder's perspective on referred out genetic testing in Canada: a discrete choice experiment. Clin Genet 2015; 89:133-8. [PMID: 25827301 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expanding number and increasing utility of clinical genetic tests is creating a growing burden on the Canadian healthcare system. Administrators are faced with the challenge of determining which genetic tests should be publicly funded. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was utilized to assess the importance stakeholders place on five attributes of a genetic test. One hundred ninety individuals completed the DCE questions. Analysis of the data revealed that medical benefit of a test had the greatest impact on a respondent's decision to select a test for funding. The detection rate of the test ranked second in importance followed by severity of the condition, aim of the test, and cost. With limited resources available for referred out molecular genetic testing within a public healthcare setting such as Canada's, funding guidelines are critical. Our findings provide further evidence for the value of a decision-making framework and the relative importance of specific test attributes within such a framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Blumenschein
- Genetic Laboratory Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - M Lilley
- Genetic Laboratory Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - J A Bakal
- Patient Health Outcomes Research and Clinical Effectiveness Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - S Christian
- Genetic Laboratory Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
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Christian S, Blumenschein P, Lilley M. An assessment of Canadian systems for triaging referred out genetic testing. Clin Genet 2014; 88:90-4. [PMID: 25065508 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The field of genetics is evolving rapidly, significantly expanding the number of clinically useful genetic tests. The cost of genetic testing has created an increasing burden on public health care budgets. In Canada, funding bodies have responded by developing independent systems. Key individuals in each province and territory participated in a semi-structured interview regarding the process in their jurisdiction to approve funding for referred out genetic testing and their decision-making criteria. Two themes were identified: the importance of clinical utility in decision-making and the utilization of genetic specialists as gate keepers. Allocation of a specific budget appears to be associated with some fiscal responsibility. Collaboration between provincial and territorial bodies may lead to a more unified approach across Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christian
- Genetic Laboratory Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - P Blumenschein
- Genetic Laboratory Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - M Lilley
- Genetic Laboratory Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Perset M, Christian S. Un exercice de la médecine. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2014.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Roux C, Christian S. L’ergonomie, mieux la connaître pour mieux l’utiliser. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2014.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schönenberg M, Christian S, Gaußer AK, Mayer SV, Hautzinger M, Jusyte A. Addressing perceptual insensitivity to facial affect in violent offenders: first evidence for the efficacy of a novel implicit training approach. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1043-1052. [PMID: 23809680 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although impaired recognition of affective facial expressions has been conclusively linked to antisocial behavior, little is known about the modifiability of this deficit. This study investigated whether and under which circumstances the proposed perceptual insensitivity can be addressed with a brief implicit training approach. METHOD Facial affect recognition was assessed with an animated morph task, in which the participants (44 male incarcerated violent offenders and 43 matched controls) identified the onset of emotional expressions in animated morph clips that gradually changed from neutral to one of the six basic emotions. Half of the offenders were then implicitly trained to direct attention to salient face regions (attention training, AT) using a modified dot-probe task. The other half underwent the same protocol but the intensity level of the presented expressions was additionally manipulated over the course of training sessions (sensitivity to emotional expressions training, SEE training). Subsequently, participants were reassessed with the animated morph task. RESULTS Facial affect recognition was significantly impaired in violent offenders as compared with controls. Further, our results indicate that only the SEE training group exhibited a pronounced improvement in emotion recognition. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that perceptual insensitivity to facial affect can be addressed by an implicit training that directs attention to salient regions of a face and gradually decreases the intensity of the emotional expression. Future studies should focus on the potential of this intervention to effectively increase empathy and inhibit violent behavior in antisocial individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schönenberg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Christian
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - A-K Gaußer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - S V Mayer
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Hautzinger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Jusyte
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Wenzel C, Riefke B, Gründemann S, Krebs A, Christian S, Prinz F, Osterland M, Golfier S, Räse S, Ansari N, Esner M, Bickle M, Pampaloni F, Mattheyer C, Stelzer EH, Parczyk K, Prechtl S, Steigemann P. 3D high-content screening for the identification of compounds that target cells in dormant tumor spheroid regions. Exp Cell Res 2014; 323:131-143. [PMID: 24480576 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells in poorly vascularized tumor regions need to adapt to an unfavorable metabolic microenvironment. As distance from supplying blood vessels increases, oxygen and nutrient concentrations decrease and cancer cells react by stopping cell cycle progression and becoming dormant. As cytostatic drugs mainly target proliferating cells, cancer cell dormancy is considered as a major resistance mechanism to this class of anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, substances that target cancer cells in poorly vascularized tumor regions have the potential to enhance cytostatic-based chemotherapy of solid tumors. With three-dimensional growth conditions, multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) reproduce several parameters of the tumor microenvironment, including oxygen and nutrient gradients as well as the development of dormant tumor regions. We here report the setup of a 3D cell culture compatible high-content screening system and the identification of nine substances from two commercially available drug libraries that specifically target cells in inner MCTS core regions, while cells in outer MCTS regions or in 2D cell culture remain unaffected. We elucidated the mode of action of the identified compounds as inhibitors of the respiratory chain and show that induction of cell death in inner MCTS core regions critically depends on extracellular glucose concentrations. Finally, combinational treatment with cytostatics showed increased induction of cell death in MCTS. The data presented here shows for the first time a high-content based screening setup on 3D tumor spheroids for the identification of substances that specifically induce cell death in inner tumor spheroid core regions. This validates the approach to use 3D cell culture screening systems to identify substances that would not be detectable by 2D based screening in otherwise similar culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wenzel
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Riefke
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Gründemann
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Krebs
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Christian
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Prinz
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Osterland
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Golfier
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Räse
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Milan Esner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, High-Throughput Technology Development Studio (TDS), Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Bickle
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, High-Throughput Technology Development Studio (TDS), Dresden, Germany
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Mattheyer
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst H Stelzer
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karsten Parczyk
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Prechtl
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Steigemann
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Christian S, Sivanandam V, Strerath M, Apeler H, Hess-Stumpp H, Augustin HG. Abstract 4953: Stromal endosialin modulates the proinflammatory tumor microenvironment and is crucial for the growth of orthotopic pancreatic tumors. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Endosialin (CD248), a transmembrane protein expressed in stromal fibroblasts and activated pericytes during embryonic development, is expressed in human carcinomas. Although its function is unknown, due to its highly specific expression pattern endosialin represents a promising anti-tumor target. To unravel the role of endosialin during tumor progression and metastasis, we employed systematic loss-of-function approaches in stromal fibroblasts in vitro as well as in subcutaneous and orthotopic tumors in vivo. These experiments revealed an important role of endosialin in regulating fibroblast proliferation and in orchestrating an inflammatory response by modulating the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL6) in stromal fibroblasts. The proinflammatory environment created by activated fibroblasts is thought to support tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Experiments in endosialin-deficient mice confirmed an important role of endosialin in tumor progression in highly stroma-recruiting orthotopic pancreatic tumor models. Finally, lung metastases were dramatically decreased in endosialin-deficient mice supporting a role of a proinflammatory tumor stroma in tumor dissemination. Taken together, our experiments identify endosialin as an important modulator of stromal responses that are crucial for tumor progression and metastasis. Endosialin may therefore represent a novel target for development of anticancer therapies for solid tumors.
Citation Format: Sven Christian, Vijaysahankar Sivanandam, Michael Strerath, Heiner Apeler, Holger Hess-Stumpp, Hellmut G. Augustin. Stromal endosialin modulates the proinflammatory tumor microenvironment and is crucial for the growth of orthotopic pancreatic tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4953. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4953
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Lilley M, Christian S, Blumenschein P, Chan S, Somerville M. A centralized approach to out-of-province genetic testing leads to cost savings: the Alberta experience. Clin Genet 2013; 84:373-7. [PMID: 23252955 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Genetic Resource Center (GRC) is a centralized process for requesting genetic testing that is not available within the province (Alberta, Canada). In order to assess potential cost savings associated with this process, all applications received by the GRC in 2010 were reviewed, and cost savings were recorded for statistical analysis. Seven areas of cost savings were identified: (i) negotiated pricing, (ii) laboratory selection, (iii) testing setup in-province, (iv) duplicate testing, (v) inappropriate testing, (vi) sequential testing and (vii) testing offered within the province.The total test cost of the 615 applications submitted in 2010 without the GRC process would have been $766,783 (Canadian dollars). A total cost savings of $112,201 was achieved through the GRC, which represents 15% of the total cost of requested testing ($112,201/$766,783). This is the first study to examine areas of cost savings for genetic testing sent out-of-province. The greatest cost savings resulted from the areas of laboratory selection and negotiated pricing. A centralized process to manage out-of-province genetic test requests results in consistency in testing and significant cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lilley
- Genetic Laboratory Services, Alberta Health Services, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Shi H, Wen J, LI Z, Elsayed M, Kamal K, LI Z, Wen J, Shi H, El Shal A, Youssef D, Caubet C, Lacroix C, Benjamin B, Bandin F, Bascands JL, Monsarrat B, Decramer S, Schanstra J, Laetitia DB, Ulinski T, Aoun B, Ozdemir K, Dincel N, Sozeri B, Mir S, Dincel N, Berdeli A, Mir S, Akyigit F, Mizerska-Wasiak M, Panczyk-Tomaszewska M, Szymanik-Grzelak H, Roszkowska-Blaim M, Jamin A, Dehoux L, Monteiro RC, Deschenes G, Bouts A, Davin JC, Dorresteijn E, Schreuder M, Lilien M, Oosterveld M, Kramer S, Gruppen M, Pintos-Morell G, Ramaswami U, Parini R, Rohrbach M, Kalkum G, Beck M, Carter M, Antwi S, Callegari J, Kotanko P, Levin NW, Rumjon A, Macdougall IC, Turner C, Booth CJ, Goldsmith D, Sinha MD, Camilla R, Camilla R, Loiacono E, Donadio ME, Conrieri M, Bianciotto M, Bosetti FM, Peruzzi L, Conti G, Bitto A, Amore A, Coppo R, Mizerska-Wasiak M, Roszkowska-Blaim M, Maldyk J, Chou HH, Chiou YY, Bochniewska V, Jobs K, Jung A, Fallahzadeh Abarghooei MH, Zare J, Sedighi Goorabi V, Derakhshan A, Basiratnia M, Fallahzadeh Abarghooei MA, Hosseini Al-Hashemi G, Fallahzadeh Abarghooei F, Kluska-Jozwiak A, Soltysiak J, Lipkowska K, Silska M, Fichna P, Skowronska B, Stankiewicz W, Ostalska-Nowicka D, Zachwieja J, Girisgen L, Sonmez F, Yenisey C, Kis E, Cseprekal O, Kerti A, Szabo A, Salvi P, Benetos A, Tulassay T, Reusz G, Makulska I, Szczepanska M, Drozdz D, Zwolnska D, Sozeri B, Berdeli A, Mir S, Tolstova E, Anis L, Ulinski T, Alber B, Edouard B, Gerard C, Seni K, Dunia Julienne Hadiza T, Christian S, Benoit T, Francois B, Adama L, Rosenberg A, Munro J, Murray K, Wainstein B, Ziegler J, Singh-Grewal D, Boros C, Adib N, Elliot E, Fahy R, Mackie F, Kainer G, Polak-Jonkisz D, Zwolinska D, Laszki-Szczachor K, Zwolinska D, Janocha A, Rusiecki L, Sobieszczanska M, Garzotto F, Ricci Z, Clementi A, Cena R, Kim JC, Zanella M, Ronco C, Polak-Jonkisz D, Zwolinska D, Purzyc L, Zwolinska D, Makulska I, Szczepanska M, Peco-Antic A, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Paripovic D, Scekic G, Milosevski-Lomic G, Bogicevic D, Spasojevic-Dimitrijeva B, Hassan R, El-Husseini A, Sobh M, Ghoneim M, Harambat J, Bonthuis M, Van Stralen KJ, Ariceta G, Battelino N, Jahnukainen T, Sandes AR, Combe C, Jager KJ, Verrina E, Schaefer F, Espindola R, Bacchetta J, Cochat P, Stefanis C, Leroy S, Leroy S, Fernandez-Lopez A, Nikfar R, Romanello C, Bouissou F, Gervaix A, Gurgoze M, Bressan S, Smolkin V, Tuerlinkx D, Stefanidis C, Vaos G, Leblond P, Gungor F, Gendrel D, Chalumeau M, Rumjon A, Macdougall IC, Turner C, Rawlins D, Booth CJ, Simpson JM, Sinha MD, Arnaud G, Arnaud G, Anne M, Stephanie T, Flavio B, Veronique FB, Stephane D, Mumford L, Marks S, Ahmad N, Maxwell H, Tizard J, Vidal E, Amigoni A, Varagnolo M, Benetti E, Ghirardo G, Brugnolaro V, Murer L, Aoun B, Christine G, Alber B, Ulinski T, Aoun B, Decramer S, Bandin F, Ulinski T, Degi A, Degi A, Kerti A, Kis E, Cseprekal O, Szabo AJ, Reusz GS, Ghirardo G, Vidoni A, Vidal E, Benetti E, Ramondo G, Miotto D, Murer L. Paediatric nephrology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Xu W, Liu L, Brown NJ, Christian S, Hornby D. Quantum dot-conjugated anti-GRP78 scFv inhibits cancer growth in mice. Molecules 2012; 17:796-808. [PMID: 22249409 PMCID: PMC6268310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (Qdots) have recently been shown to offer significant advantages over conventional fluorescent probes to image and study biological processes. The stability and low toxicity of QDs are well suited for biological applications. Despite this, the potential of Qdots remains limited owing to the inefficiency of existing delivery methods. By conjugating Qdots with small antibody fragments targeting membrane-bound proteins, such as GRP78, we demonstrate here that the Quantum dot- Anti-GRP78 scFv (Qdot-GRP78) retains its immunospecificity and its distribution can be monitored by visualization of multi-color fluorescence imaging both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover we demonstrate here for the first time that Qdot-GRP78 scFv bioconjugates can be efficiently internalized by cancer cells, thus upregulate phophosphate-AKT-ser473 and possess biological anti-tumour activity as shown by inhibition of breast cancer growth in a xenograft model. This suggests that nanocarrier-conjugated scFvs can be used as a therapeutic antibody for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Krebs Institute, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; (L.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Lizhi Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Krebs Institute, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; (L.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Nicola J. Brown
- Academic Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK;
| | - Sven Christian
- Bayer Pharma AG, BSP-GDD-GTR-TD-TR2W, Aprather Weg 18a, 2096 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - David Hornby
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Krebs Institute, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; (L.L.); (D.H.)
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Olbrich S, Christian S, Schönknecht P, Himmerich H, Hegerl U. P-514 - Wakefulness regulation and the prediction of antidepressant treatment in major depression. Eur Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(12)74681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Holt JW, Fishbaugh KE, Byrne S, Christian S, Tanaka K, Russell PS, Herkenhoff KE, Safaeinili A, Putzig NE, Phillips RJ. The construction of Chasma Boreale on Mars. Nature 2010; 465:446-9. [PMID: 20505721 DOI: 10.1038/nature09050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wieland M, Becker R, Vijayshankar S, Mogler C, Besemfelder E, Christian S, Augustin HG. Abstract 539: Endosialin (TEM1) is a tumor stroma marker and receptor for the metastasis-related Mac-2 binding protein. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Endosialin is a heavily sialylated C-type lectin. It is a single transmembrane molecule that was identified by two independent studies as an angiogenic endothelial specific marker. However, recent high resolution confocal expression studies by our and other laboratories have revealed that Endosialin is not expressed by endothelial cells but instead by angiogenic blood vessel associated pericytes. Detailed tissue array-based expression profiling validated Endosialin as an oncofetal gene product of the mesenchymal lineage that is hardly detectable in normal tissues but abundantly expressed by tumor vessel-associated pericytes and tumor stromal fibroblasts (myofibroblasts). As such, Endosialin was not just identified as a marker of activated pericytes but based on its exclusive tumor-associated expression also as a novel therapeutic tumor stroma target. Cytokine induction experiments identified Endosialin as a major downstream target of TGFß stimulation. Cellular siRNA-based loss-of-function experiments unravelled a role of Endosialin in the regulation of mesenchymal cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. These findings prompted experiments aimed at identifying the extracellular ligand of Endosialin. Using Endosialin-Fc as an affinity probe, the metastasis associated molecule Mac-2BP/90K was identified as high affinity extracellular Endosialin ligand. As Endosialin, Mac-2BP/90K displays an exclusive tumor progression associated expression pattern. However, in contrast to the stromal expression of Endosialin, Mac-2BP/90K is strictly expressed by the tumor cell compartment. The mutually exclusive expression pattern suggests a repulsive interaction between Endosialin and Mac-2BP/90K which was confirmed in cellular experiments. Ongoing experiments are aimed at mechanistically studying the role of the Endosialin - Mac-2BP/90K interaction in controlling the crosstalk between the tumor cell and the stromal cell compartments during tumor progression and metastasis.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 539.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wieland
- 1German Cancer Research Center & Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fogal V, Sugahara KN, Ruoslahti E, Christian S. Cell surface nucleolin antagonist causes endothelial cell apoptosis and normalization of tumor vasculature. Angiogenesis 2009; 12:91-100. [PMID: 19225898 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-009-9137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleolin is specifically transported to the surface of proliferating endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to its well defined functions in the nucleus and cytoplasm, the function of cell surface nucleolin is poorly defined. We have previously identified the nucleolin-binding antibody NCL3 that specifically binds to cell surface nucleolin on angiogenic blood vessels in vivo and is internalized into the cell. Here, we show that NCL3 inhibits endothelial tube formation in vitro as well as angiogenesis in the matrigel plaque assay and subcutaneous tumor models in vivo. Intriguingly, the specific targeting of proliferating endothelial cells by NCL3 in subcutaneous tumor models leads to the normalization of the tumor vasculature and as a result to an increase in tumor oxygenation. Treatment of endothelial cells with anti-nucleolin antibody NCL3 leads to a decrease of mRNA levels of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 and as a consequence induces endothelial cell apoptosis as evidenced by PARP cleavage. These data reveal a novel mode of action for anti-angiogenic therapy and identify cell surface nucleolin as a novel target for combinatorial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fogal
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Helfrich I, Edler L, Sucker A, Thomas M, Christian S, Schadendorf D, Augustin HG. Angiopoietin-2 levels are associated with disease progression in metastatic malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1384-92. [PMID: 19228739 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The blood vessel-destabilizing Tie2 ligand angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) acts in concert with the vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor system to control vessel assembly during tumor progression. We hypothesized that circulating soluble Ang-2 (sAng-2) may be involved in melanoma progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Serum samples (n=98) from melanoma patients (American Joint Committee on Cancer stages I-IV), biopsies of corresponding patients, and human melanoma cell lines were analyzed for expression of Ang-2 and S100beta. Multiple sera of a subcohort of 33 patients were tested during progression from stage III to IV. Small interfering RNA-based loss-of-function experiments were done to assess effects of Ang-2 on melanoma cells. RESULTS Circulating levels of sAng-2 correlate with tumor progression in melanoma patients (P<0.0001) and patient survival (P=0.007). Analysis of serum samples during the transition from stage III to IV identified an increase of sAng-2 up to 400%. Comparative analyses revealed a 56% superiority of sAng-2 as predictive marker over the established marker S100beta. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-PCR confirmed the prominent expression of Ang-2 by tumor-associated endothelial cells but identified Ang-2 also as a secreted product of melanoma cells themselves. Corresponding cellular experiments revealed that human melanoma-isolated tumor cells were Tie2 positive and that Ang-2 acted as an autocrine regulator of melanoma cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS The experiments establish sAng-2 as a biomarker of melanoma progression and metastasis correlating with tumor load and overall survival. The identification of an autocrine angiopoietin/Tie loop controlling melanoma migration and invasion warrants further functional experiments and validate the angiopoietin/Tie system as a promising therapeutic target for human melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Helfrich
- Joint Research Division of Vascular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Becker R, Lenter MC, Vollkommer T, Boos AM, Pfaff D, Augustin HG, Christian S. Tumor stroma marker endosialin (Tem1) is a binding partner of metastasis-related protein Mac-2 BP/90K. FASEB J 2008; 22:3059-67. [PMID: 18490383 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor development involves complex bidirectional interactions between tumor cells and host stromal cells. Endosialin (Tem1) has been identified as a highly O-glycosylated transmembrane glycoprotein, which is specifically expressed by tumor vessel-associated pericytes and stromal fibroblasts of a wide range of human tumors. Recent experiments in endosialin-deficient mice have unraveled a critical role of endosialin in site-specific tumor progression and metastasis. To molecularly understand the mechanisms of endosialin function, we aimed to identify extracellular endosialin ligands and identified Mac-2 BP/90K as a specific interaction partner. Detailed biochemical analyses identified a C-terminal fragment of Mac-2 BP/90K, which was shown to contain binding sites for galectin-3, and collagens as the structures responsible for endosialin binding. Subsequent expression analysis of Mac-2 BP/90K in vivo revealed weak or no expression in most normal tissues and strong up-regulation in tumor cells of human neoplastic tissues. Intriguingly, the expression patterns of Mac-2 BP/90K and endosialin were mutually exclusive in all human tissues. Correspondingly, loss-of-function adhesion experiments of Mac-2 BP/90K-expressing tumor cells on endosialin-expressing fibroblasts revealed a repulsive outcome of the Mac-2 BP/90K interaction. Taken together, the experiments identify a novel repulsive interaction between endosialin on stromal fibroblasts and Mac-2 BP/90K on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Becker
- Joint Research Division Vascular Biology of the Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Alajati A, Laib AM, Weber H, Boos AM, Bartol A, Ikenberg K, Korff T, Zentgraf H, Obodozie C, Graeser R, Christian S, Finkenzeller G, Stark GB, Héroult M, Augustin HG. Spheroid-based engineering of a human vasculature in mice. Nat Methods 2008; 5:439-45. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sini P, Samarzija I, Baffert F, Littlewood-Evans A, Schnell C, Theuer A, Christian S, Boos A, Hess-Stumpp H, Foekens JA, Setyono-Han B, Wood J, Hynes NE. Inhibition of Multiple Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors (VEGFR) Blocks Lymph Node Metastases but Inhibition of VEGFR-2 Is Sufficient to Sensitize Tumor Cells to Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1581-92. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Christian S, Winkler R, Helfrich I, Boos AM, Besemfelder E, Schadendorf D, Augustin HG. Endosialin (Tem1) is a marker of tumor-associated myofibroblasts and tumor vessel-associated mural cells. Am J Pathol 2008; 172:486-94. [PMID: 18187565 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endosialin (Tem1) has been identified by two independent experimental approaches as an antigen of tumor-associated endothelial cells, and it has been claimed to be the most abundantly expressed tumor endothelial antigen, making it a prime candidate for vascular targeting purposes. Recent experiments have challenged the endothelial expression of endosialin and suggested an expression by activated fibroblasts and pericytes. Thus, clarification of the controversial cellular expression of endosialin is critically important for an understanding of its role during tumor progression and its validation as a potential therapeutic target. We have therefore performed extensive expression profiling analyses of endosialin. The experiments unambiguously demonstrate that endosialin is expressed by tumor-associated myofibroblasts and mural cells and not by endothelial cells. Endosialin expression is barely detectable in normal human tissues with moderate expression only detectable in the stroma of the colon and the prostate. Corresponding cellular experiments confirmed endosialin expression by mesenchymal cells and indicated that it may in fact be a marker of mesenchymal stem cells. Silencing endosialin expression in fibroblasts strongly inhibited migration and proliferation. Collectively, the experiments validate endosialin as a marker of tumor-associated myofibroblasts and tumor vessel-associated mural cells. The data warrant further functional analysis of endosialin during tumor progression and its exploitation as marker of tumor vessel-associated mural cells, expression of which may reflect the non-normalized phenotype of the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Christian
- Department of Vascular Oncology and Metastatis, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Fitzpatrick F, Sheridan M, O'Reilly P, Christian S, Savage T. WITHDRAWN: Seven Years of Urinary CMV Deaff Testing in A Maternity Hospital - What Happened Next? J Infect 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fiedler U, Christian S, Koidl S, Kerjaschki D, Emmett MS, Bates DO, Christofori G, Augustin HG. The sialomucin CD34 is a marker of lymphatic endothelial cells in human tumors. Am J Pathol 2006; 168:1045-53. [PMID: 16507917 PMCID: PMC1606520 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis have been increasingly understood in recent years. Yet, the contribution of lymphangiogenesis versus lymphatic cooption in human tumors and the functionality of tumor lymphatics are still controversial. Furthermore, despite the identification of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers such as Prox1, podoplanin, LYVE-1, and VEGFR-3, no activation marker for tumor-associated LECs has been identified. Applying double-staining techniques with established LEC markers, we have screened endothelial cell differentiation antigens for their expression in LECs. These experiments identified the sialomucin CD34 as being exclusively expressed by LECs in human tumors but not in corresponding normal tissues. CD34 is expressed by LYVE-1(+)/podoplanin(+)/Prox1(+) tumor-associated LECs in colon, breast, lung, and skin tumors. More than 60% of analyzed tumors contained detectable intratumoral lymphatics. Of these, more than 80% showed complete co-localization of CD34 with LEC markers. In contrast, LECs in all analyzed normal organs did not express CD34. Corresponding analyses of experimental tumors revealed that mouse tumor-associated LECs do not express CD34. Taken together, these experiments identify CD34 as the first differentially expressed LEC antigen that is selectively expressed by tumor-associated LECs. The data warrant further exploration of CD34 in tumor-associated LECs as a prognostic tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Fiedler
- Department of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis Research, Tumor Biology Center, Breisacher Strasse 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Christian S, Pilch J, Akerman ME, Porkka K, Laakkonen P, Ruoslahti E. Nucleolin expressed at the cell surface is a marker of endothelial cells in angiogenic blood vessels. J Cell Biol 2003; 163:871-8. [PMID: 14638862 PMCID: PMC2173679 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200304132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 10/07/2003] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A tumor-homing peptide, F3, selectively binds to endothelial cells in tumor blood vessels and to tumor cells. Here, we show that the cell surface molecule recognized by F3 is nucleolin. Nucleolin specifically bound to an F3 peptide affinity matrix from extracts of cultured breast carcinoma cells. Antibodies and cell surface biotin labeling revealed nucleolin at the surface of actively growing cells, and these cells bound and internalized fluorescein-conjugated F3 peptide, transporting it into the nucleus. In contrast, nucleolin was exclusively nuclear in serum-starved cells, and F3 did not bind to these cells. The binding and subsequent internalization of F3 were blocked by an antinucleolin antibody. Like the F3 peptide, intravenously injected antinucleolin antibodies selectively accumulated in tumor vessels and in angiogenic vessels of implanted "matrigel" plugs. These results show that cell surface nucleolin is a specific marker of angiogenic endothelial cells within the vasculature. It may be a useful target molecule for diagnostic tests and drug delivery applications.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blood Vessels/cytology
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/blood supply
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Endocytosis/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism
- Humans
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Phosphoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Nucleolin
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Christian
- Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037-3198, USA
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Christian S, Lampe A, Rumpold G, Geser W, Noisternig B, Chamson E, Schatz D, König P, Fuchs D, Schüssler G. [The influence of daily psychosocial stressors and associated emotions on the dynamic course of urine cortisol and urine neopterin in systemic lupus erythematosus: Experience taken from two "integrative single-case studies"]. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2002; 47:58-79. [PMID: 11593454 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2001.47.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by flare-ups, the cause of which is unknown. According to new stress concepts, two "integrative single-case studies" have been conducted in order to gather evidence about whether daily stressful incidents and associated emotions interfere with the dynamics of urine cortisol and urine neopterin in SLE. Patients under study collected their urine at home, for a period of at least 50 days, on a daily basis, divided into day and night urine. Additionally, patients filled out questionnaires twice a day to determine their emotional state, life style and disease activity. Each week, patients were examined clinically and interviewed to identify the past week's stressors using the Incidents and Hassles Inventory (IHI, Brown and Harris). Statistical analysis of the serial data was performed using time-series analysis according to Box and Jenkins. In both "integrative single-case studies" we were able to demonstrate that stressful incidents predicted an increase in urine neopterin 36 hours (Case 1) to 60 hours (Case 2) later (p < 0.05). Additionally, in Case 1 the neopterin levels were highly associated with stress resulting from the weekly examinations and interviews. Furthermore, in Case 2 it turned out that depending on their predictability stressful incidents were preceded by a decrease in urine cortisol 12 hours earlier or were followed by a decrease in urine cortisol 36 hours later. And finally, emotional irritation was highly correlated with the course of urine-neopterin. In Case 2 irritation led to an increase in urine neopterin 84 hours later. There were no clinical signs of SLE during both prospective studies. In conclusion, our results validate the idea of "integrative single-case studies" as a new "bio-psycho-social" approach in psychoneuroimmunology. Further studies with SLE patients as well as with healthy probands will be necessary in order to both strengthen and generalize these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christian
- Universitätsklinik für Medizinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Sonnenburgstrasse 9, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Christian S, Ahorn H, Novatchkova M, Garin-Chesa P, Park JE, Weber G, Eisenhaber F, Rettig WJ, Lenter MC. Molecular cloning and characterization of EndoGlyx-1, an EMILIN-like multisubunit glycoprotein of vascular endothelium. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48588-95. [PMID: 11559704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106152200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
EndoGlyx-1, the antigen identified with the monoclonal antibody H572, is a pan-endothelial human cell surface glycoprotein complex composed of four different disulfide-bonded protein species with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 500 kDa. Here, we report the purification and peptide analysis of two EndoGlyx-1 subunits, p125 and p140, and the identification of a common, full-length cDNA with an open reading frame of 2847 base pairs. The EndoGlyx-1 cDNA encodes a protein of 949 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 105 kDa, found as an entry for an unnamed protein with unknown function in public data bases. A short sequence tag matching the cDNA of this gene was independently discovered by serial analysis of gene expression profiling as a pan-endothelial marker, PEM87. Bioinformatic evaluation classifies EndoGlyx-1 as an EMILIN-like protein composed of a signal sequence, an N-terminal EMI domain, and a C-terminal C1q-like domain, separated from each other by a central coiled-coil-rich region. Biochemical and carbohydrate analysis revealed that p125, p140, and the two additional EndoGlyx-1 subunits, p110 and p200, are exposed on the cell surface. The three smaller subunits show a similar pattern of N-linked and O-linked carbohydrates, as shown by enzyme digestion. Because the two globular domains of EndoGlyx-1 p125/p140 show structural features shared by EMILIN-1 and Multimerin, two oligomerizing glycoproteins implicated in cell-matrix adhesion and hemostasis, it will be of interest to explore similar functions for EndoGlyx-1 in human vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christian
- Department of Oncology Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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49
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Christian S, Ahorn H, Koehler A, Eisenhaber F, Rodi HP, Garin-Chesa P, Park JE, Rettig WJ, Lenter MC. Molecular cloning and characterization of endosialin, a C-type lectin-like cell surface receptor of tumor endothelium. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:7408-14. [PMID: 11084048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009604200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosialin, the antigen identified with monoclonal antibody FB5, is a highly restricted 165-kDa cell surface glycoprotein expressed by tumor blood vessel endothelium in a broad range of human cancers but not detected in blood vessels or other cell types in many normal tissues. Functional analysis of endosialin has been hampered by a lack of information about its molecular structure. In this study, we describe the purification and partial amino acid sequencing of endosialin, leading to the cloning of a full-length cDNA with an open reading frame of 2274 base pairs. The endosialin cDNA encodes a type I membrane protein of 757 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 80.9 kDa. The sequence matches with an expressed sequence tag of unknown function in public data bases, named TEM1, which was independently linked to tumor endothelium by serial analysis of gene expression profiling. Bioinformatic evaluation classifies endosialin as a C-type lectin-like protein, composed of a signal leader peptide, five globular extracellular domains (including a C-type lectin domain, one domain with similarity to the Sushi/ccp/scr pattern, and three EGF repeats), followed by a mucin-like region, a transmembrane segment, and a short cytoplasmic tail. Carbohydrate analysis shows that the endosialin core protein carries abundantly sialylated, O-linked oligosaccharides and is sensitive to O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase, placing it in the group of sialomucin-like molecules. The N-terminal 360 amino acids of endosialin show homology to thrombomodulin, a receptor involved in regulating blood coagulation, and to complement receptor C1qRp. This structural kinship may indicate a function for endosialin as a tumor endothelial receptor for as yet unknown ligands, a notion now amenable to molecular investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christian
- Department of Oncology Research and the Genomics Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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Kwang J, Yang S, Osorio FA, Christian S, Wheeler JG, Lager KM, Low S, Chang L, Doster AR, White A, Wu CC. Characterization of antibody response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ORF5 product following infection and evaluation of its diagnostic use in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 11:391-5. [PMID: 12968750 DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity and specificity of recombinant open reading frame 5 products used in the Western blotting assay for confirmation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) serologic status were evaluated. The recombinant antigen-based assays were specifically compared with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PRRSV antibodies using 1) PRRSV antibody-negative reference sera (n = 30), 2) naturally infected pig sera (n = 40), 3) sequential sera obtained from 24 experimentally infected pigs, and 4) sera submitted to 3 state diagnostic laboratories (n = 200). The recombinant antigen assay yielded an average increased sensitivity of 10% over the commercial PRRSV ELISA. The negative controls (group 1 sera) showed no difference between the 2 assays. This comparison confirmed that the recombinant antigen-specific assay was more sensitive than the commercial ELISA and is well suited for routine confirmation of the presence of PRRSV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kwang
- USDA/ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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