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Role of the Ghrelin System in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105380. [PMID: 35628187 PMCID: PMC9141034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ghrelin system contains several components (e.g., ghrelin with growing number of alternative peptides, growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-Rs), and ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase (GOAT) and participates in regulation of a number of key processes of gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer progression, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. However, its exact role in promoting or inhibiting cancer progression is still unclear. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common human malignancies worldwide. Molecular studies suggest an autocrine/paracrine mechanism for the secretion of ghrelin in colorectal carcinogenesis and its contribution to its initial stages. However, the signalling pathways of CRC development involving the ghrelin system are poorly understood. Potential mechanisms of colon carcinogenesis involving components of the ghrelin system were previously described in an animal model and in in vitro studies. However, the diagnostic–prognostic role of serum ghrelin concentrations, tissue expression, or genetic changes of this system in various stages of CRC progression remains an open case. Thus, the aim of this study is to discuss the role of the ghrelin system in colon carcinogenesis, diagnostics and CRC prognostics, as well as the results of studies on the use of ghrelin and its analogues in the therapy of CRC-related syndromes (e.g., cachexia and sarcopenia).
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Choi E, Roland JT, Barlow BJ, O’Neal R, Rich AE, Nam KT, Shi C, Goldenring JR. Cell lineage distribution atlas of the human stomach reveals heterogeneous gland populations in the gastric antrum. Gut 2014; 63:1711-20. [PMID: 24488499 PMCID: PMC4117823 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The glands of the stomach body and antral mucosa contain a complex compendium of cell lineages. In lower mammals, the distribution of oxyntic glands and antral glands define the anatomical regions within the stomach. We examined in detail the distribution of the full range of cell lineages within the human stomach. DESIGN We determined the distribution of gastric gland cell lineages with specific immunocytochemical markers in entire stomach specimens from three non-obese organ donors. RESULTS The anatomical body and antrum of the human stomach were defined by the presence of ghrelin and gastrin cells, respectively. Concentrations of somatostatin cells were observed in the proximal stomach. Parietal cells were seen in all glands of the body of the stomach as well as in over 50% of antral glands. MIST1 expressing chief cells were predominantly observed in the body although individual glands of the antrum also showed MIST1 expressing chief cells. While classically described antral glands were observed with gastrin cells and deep antral mucous cells without any parietal cells, we also observed a substantial population of mixed type glands containing both parietal cells and G cells throughout the antrum. CONCLUSIONS Enteroendocrine cells show distinct patterns of localisation in the human stomach. The existence of antral glands with mixed cell lineages indicates that human antral glands may be functionally chimeric with glands assembled from multiple distinct stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Choi
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Joseph T. Roland
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Brittney J. Barlow
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Ryan O’Neal
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Amy E. Rich
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 120-752
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,Correspondence to: James R. Goldenring, M.D., Ph.D. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Section of Surgical Sciences, Epithelial Biology Center, 10435G MRB-IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-2733, USA, TEL: (615) 936-3726, FAX: (615) 343-1591,
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Mitrović O, Čokić V, Đikić D, Budeč M, Vignjević S, Subotički T, Diklić M, Ajtić R. Ghrelin receptors in human gastrointestinal tract during prenatal and early postnatal development. Peptides 2014; 57:1-11. [PMID: 24768902 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the appearance, density and distribution of ghrelin cells and GHS-R1a and GHS-R1b in the human stomach and duodenum during prenatal and early postnatal development. We examined chromogranin-A and ghrelin cells in duodenum, and GHS-R1a and GHS-R1b expression in stomach and duodenum by immunohistochemistry in embryos, fetuses, and infants. Chromogranin-A and ghrelin cells were identified in the duodenum at weeks 10 and 11 of gestation. Ghrelin cells were detected individually or clustered within the base of duodenal crypts and villi during the first trimester, while they were presented separately within the basal and apical parts of crypts and villi during the second and third trimesters. Ghrelin cells were the most numerous during the first (∼11%) and third (∼10%) trimesters of gestation development. GHS-R1a and GHS-R1b were detected at 11 and 16 weeks of gestation, showed the highest level of expression in Brunner's gland and in lower parts of duodenal crypts and villi during the second trimester in antrum, and during the third trimester in corpus and duodenum. Our findings demonstrated for the first time abundant duodenal expression of ghrelin cells and ghrelin receptors during human prenatal development indicating a role of ghrelin in the regulation of growth and differentiation of human gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladan Čokić
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Mirela Budeč
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Vignjević
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Miloš Diklić
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rastko Ajtić
- Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes the past year's literature, basic science and clinical, regarding the neural, paracrine, hormonal, and intracellular regulation of gastric acid secretion. RECENT FINDINGS Gastric acid facilitates the digestion of protein as well as the absorption of iron, calcium, vitamin B(12), and certain medications (e.g. thyroxin). It also kills ingested microorganisms and prevents bacterial overgrowth, enteric infection, and possibly spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Stimulants of acid secretion include histamine, gastrin, acetylcholine, and ghrelin. Inhibitors include somatostatin, nefstatin-1, interleukin-11, and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Helicobacter pylori stimulates or inhibits acid secretion depending upon the time course of infection and the area of the stomach predominantly infected. Acute infection activates calcitonin gene-related peptide sensory neurons coupled to inhibition of histamine and acid secretion. Serum chromogranin A, a marker for neuroendocrine tumors, is elevated in patients taking proton pump inhibitors. SUMMARY Progress continues in our understanding of the regulation of gastric acid secretion in health and disease, as well as the function of gastric neuroendocrine cells. The recognition that gastrin is not only a secretagogue but also a trophic hormone has led to new research into the role of gastrin and its receptor (cholecystokinin-2 receptor) in carcinogenesis and the development of cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonists.
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