1
|
Takai E, Nakamura H, Chiku S, Kubo E, Ohmoto A, Totoki Y, Shibata T, Higuchi R, Yamamoto M, Furuse J, Shimizu K, Takahashi H, Morizane C, Furukawa T, Yachida S. Whole-exome Sequencing Reveals New Potential Susceptibility Genes for Japanese Familial Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg 2022; 275:e652-e658. [PMID: 32826389 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to identify novel genes that predispose people in the Japanese population to FPC. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Familial history of pancreatic cancer is an important risk factor but, to date, few genes predisposing individuals to increased risk of developing FPC have been identified. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing of germline DNA from 81 Japanese FPC patients. We also investigated somatic gene alterations in 21 matched tumor tissues through whole-exome sequencing and copy number analysis. RESULTS Our germline variants identified previously known FPC susceptibility genes such as ATM and BRCA2, and several novel tumor suppressor genes with potentially deleterious variants for FPC. Interestingly, somatic whole-exome analysis demonstrated that most tumor samples with suspicious loss of heterozygosity of candidate genes were KRAS wild-types, implying that these cases may not have required KRAS activation as a driver event for carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that FPC patients harbor potentially deleterious causative germline variants in tumor suppressor genes, which are known to acquire somatic mutations in pancreatic cancer, and that somatic loss of heterozygosity of some FPC susceptibility genes may contribute to the development of FPC in the absence of somatic KRAS-activating mutation. Genetic testing for a wider variety of FPC-predisposition genes could provide better screening approach for high-risk groups of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erina Takai
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakamura
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suenori Chiku
- Information and Communication Research Division, Mizuho Information and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Kubo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohmoto
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Higuchi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Furuse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takahashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chigusa Morizane
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Furukawa
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duvvuri A, Bandla H, Thoguluva VC, Dasari C, Desai M, Nutalapati V, Moole V, Anvesh N, Harsh P, Gress F, Sharma P, Kohli DR. Comparing accuracy of high-risk features for detecting advanced neoplasia in pancreatic cystic lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Gastroenterol 2021; 34:743-750. [PMID: 34475747 PMCID: PMC8375658 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2021.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The American Gastroenterological Association recommends endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for evaluating pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL) with ≥2 high-risk features (HRF), whereas the American College of Gastroenterology recommends EUS for ≥1 HRF. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the diagnostic accuracy of using ≥1 vs. ≥2 HRF for assessing the risk of advanced neoplasia (AN) and performing EUS in PCL. Methods An electronic database search was performed for eligible studies. AN was defined as pancreatic adenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm or mucinous cystadenoma with high-grade dysplasia, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. HRF included cyst size ≥3 cm, solid component, and dilated pancreatic duct ≥5 mm. The primary outcome was the sensitivity and specificity of using ≥1 vs. ≥2 HRF as an indication for EUS to detect AN in PCL. Results Of 38 studies initially screened, 8 were included in the final analysis. Seven studies assessed the accuracy of ≥2 HRF and 4 studies assessed ≥1 HRF. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of EUS for detecting AN were 41.7% (95% confidence interval 19.5-67.8%), 90.8% (81.9-95.5%), 30.4% (19.4-44.2%) and 94.3% (89.6-97.0%) with ≥2HRFs, and 77.1% (66.1-85.3%), 72.7% (50.4-87.5%), 17.95% (10.3-29.4%), 98.1% (90.8-99.6%), respectively, with ≥1 HRF. Conclusion Performing EUS for PCL with ≥1 HRF could offer greater sensitivity in detecting AN compared to ≥2 HRF, with a similar negative predictive value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhiram Duvvuri
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Chandra Dasari, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Prateek Sharma, Divyanshoo Rai Kohli).,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Patel Harsh)
| | - Harikrishna Bandla
- Saint Peter's University Hospitals, New Brunswick, NJ (Harikrishna Bandla)
| | - Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Chandra Dasari, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Prateek Sharma, Divyanshoo Rai Kohli).,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Patel Harsh)
| | - Chandra Dasari
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Chandra Dasari, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Prateek Sharma, Divyanshoo Rai Kohli)
| | - Madhav Desai
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Chandra Dasari, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Prateek Sharma, Divyanshoo Rai Kohli).,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Patel Harsh)
| | - Venkat Nutalapati
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Chandra Dasari, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Prateek Sharma, Divyanshoo Rai Kohli).,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Patel Harsh)
| | - Vishnu Moole
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL (Vishnu Moole)
| | - Narimiti Anvesh
- Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA (Narimiti Anvesh), USA
| | - Patel Harsh
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Patel Harsh)
| | - Frank Gress
- Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (Frank Gress)
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Chandra Dasari, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Prateek Sharma, Divyanshoo Rai Kohli)
| | - Divyanshoo Rai Kohli
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO (Abhiram Duvvuri, Vivek Chandrasekar Thoguluva, Chandra Dasari, Madhav Desai, Venkat Nutalapati, Prateek Sharma, Divyanshoo Rai Kohli)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan M, Brusgaard K, Gerdes AM, Mortensen MB, Detlefsen S, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Joergensen MT. Cohort profile and heritability assessment of familial pancreatic cancer: a nation-wide study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:965-971. [PMID: 34165379 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1937697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial Pancreatic Cancer (FPC) is responsible for up to 10% of all cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Individuals predisposed for FPC have an estimated lifetime risk of 16-39% of developing PDAC. While heritability of PDAC has been estimated to be 36% in a Nordic twin study, no heritability estimate specific on FPC has been reported. METHODS A national cohort of Danish families with predisposition for FPC is currently included in a screening program for PDAC at Odense University Hospital. Family members included in the screening program were interviewed for pedigree data including: cases of PDAC among first-degree relatives (FDRs) and number of affected/unaffected siblings. Heritability for FPC in the predisposed families was assessed by doubling the estimated intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) from a random intercept logistic model fitted to data on FDRs. RESULTS Among families with predisposition for FPC, 83 cases of PDAC were identified. The median age at diagnosis of PDAC was 66 years, and median time from diagnosis to death was 7.6 months. A total of 359 individuals were found as unaffected FDRs of the 83 PDAC cases. The retrieved FDRs included a total of 247 individuals in sibship and 317 individuals in parent-offspring relatedness. We estimated an ICC of 0.25, corresponding to a narrow sense additive heritability estimate of 0.51 in the FPC family cohort. CONCLUSION We have established a nation-wide cohort of FPC families to facilitate clinical and genetic studies on FPC. The estimated heritability of 51% prominently underlines a strong genetic background of FPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brusgaard
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Bau Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sönke Detlefsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ove B Schaffalitzky de Muckadell
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maiken Thyregod Joergensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Odense Pancreas Center (OPAC), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feng Q, Nickels E, Muskens IS, de Smith AJ, Gauderman WJ, Yee AC, Ricker C, Mack T, Leavitt AD, Godley LA, Wiemels JL. Increased burden of familial-associated early-onset cancer risk among minority Americans compared to non-Latino Whites. eLife 2021; 10:e64793. [PMID: 34155975 PMCID: PMC8219377 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of race/ethnicity in genetic predisposition of early-onset cancers can be estimated by comparing family-based cancer concordance rates among ethnic groups. Methods We used linked California health registries to evaluate the relative cancer risks for first-degree relatives of patients diagnosed between ages 0 and 26, and the relative risks of developing distinct second primary malignancies (SPMs). From 1989 to 2015, we identified 29,631 cancer patients and 62,863 healthy family members. We calculated the standardized incident ratios (SIRs) of early-onset primary cancers diagnosed in proband siblings and mothers, as well as SPMs detected among early-onset patients. Analyses were stratified by self-identified race/ethnicity. Results Given probands with cancer, there were increased relative risks of any cancer for siblings and mothers (SIR = 3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.85-3.85) and of SPMs (SIR = 7.27; 95% CI: 6.56-8.03). Given a proband with solid cancer, both Latinos (SIR = 4.98; 95% CI: 3.82-6.39) and non-Latino Blacks (SIR = 7.35; 95% CI: 3.36-13.95) exhibited significantly higher relative risk of any cancer in siblings and mothers when compared to non-Latino White subjects (SIR = 3.02; 95% CI: 2.12-4.16). For hematologic cancers, higher familial risk was evident for Asian/Pacific Islanders (SIR = 7.56; 95% CI: 3.26-14.90) compared to non-Latino whites (SIR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.62-4.20). Conclusions The data support a need for increased attention to the genetics of early-onset cancer predisposition and environmental factors in race/ethnic minority families in the United States. Funding This work was supported by the V Foundation for funding this work (Grant FP067172).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianxi Feng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Eric Nickels
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
- Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ivo S Muskens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - W James Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Amy C Yee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Charite Ricker
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Thomas Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Andrew D Leavitt
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thompson ED, Roberts NJ, Wood LD, Eshleman JR, Goggins MG, Kern SE, Klein AP, Hruban RH. The genetics of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in the year 2020: dramatic progress, but far to go. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:2544-2563. [PMID: 32704031 PMCID: PMC8375585 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The publication of the "Pan-Cancer Atlas" by the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium, a partnership formed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), provides a wonderful opportunity to reflect on where we stand in our understanding of the genetics of pancreatic cancer, as well as on the opportunities to translate this understanding to patient care. From germline variants that predispose to the development of pancreatic cancer, to somatic mutations that are therapeutically targetable, genetics is now providing hope, where there once was no hope, for those diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James R Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael G Goggins
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott E Kern
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matsubayashi H, Kiyozumi Y, Ishiwatari H, Uesaka K, Kikuyama M, Ono H. Surveillance of Individuals with a Family History of Pancreatic Cancer and Inherited Cancer Syndromes: A Strategy for Detecting Early Pancreatic Cancers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:E169. [PMID: 31683730 PMCID: PMC6963266 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A family history of pancreatic cancer (PC) is a risk factor of PC, and risk levels increase as affected families grow in number and/or develop PC at younger ages. Familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) is defined as a client having at least two PC cases in a first degree relatives. In the narrow sense, FPC does not include some inherited cancer syndromes that are known to increase the risks of PC, such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), hereditary pancreatitis (HP), hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC), and so on. FPC accounts for 5%-10% of total PC diagnoses and is marked by several features in genetic, epidemiological, and clinicopathological findings that are similar to or distinct from conventional PC. Recent advances in genetic medicine have led to an increased ability to identify germline variants of cancer-associated genes. To date, high-risk individuals (HRIs) in many developed countries, including FPC kindreds and inherited cancer syndromes, are screened clinically to detect and treat early-stage PC. This article highlights the concept of FPC and the most recent data on its detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Matsubayashi
- Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan.
- Division of Genetic Medicine Promotion, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Kiyozumi
- Division of Genetic Medicine Promotion, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan.
| | | | - Katsuhiko Uesaka
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan.
| | - Masataka Kikuyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-0021, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|