1
|
Staubli F, Imola L, Dauphin B, Molinier V, Pfister S, Piñuela Y, Schürz L, Sproll L, Steidinger BS, Stobbe U, Tegel W, Büntgen U, Egli S, Peter M. Hidden fairy rings and males-Genetic patterns of natural Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) populations reveal new insights into its life cycle. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:6376-6391. [PMID: 35837848 PMCID: PMC10084442 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Burgundy truffles are heterothallic ascomycetes that grow in symbiosis with trees. Despite their esteemed belowground fruitbodies, the species' complex lifecycle is still not fully understood. Here, we present the genetic patterns in three natural Burgundy truffle populations based on genotyped fruitbodies, ascospore extracts and ectomycorrhizal root tips using microsatellites and the mating-type locus. Distinct genetic structures with high relatedness in close vicinity were found for females (forming the fruitbodies) and males (fertilizing partner as inferred from ascospore extracts), with high genotypic diversity and annual turnover of males, suggesting that ephemeral male mating partners are germinating ascospores from decaying fruitbodies. The presence of hermaphrodites and the interannual persistence of a few males suggest that persistent mycelia may sporadically also act as males. Only female or hermaphroditic individuals were detected on root tips. At one site, fruitbodies grew in a fairy ring formed by a large female individual that showed an outward growth rate of 30 cm per year, with the mycelium decaying within the ring and being fertilized by over 50 male individuals. While fairy ring structures have never been shown for truffles, the genetics of Burgundy truffle populations support a similar reproductive biology as those of other highly prized truffles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Staubli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Lea Imola
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Dauphin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Pfister
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Yasmine Piñuela
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia, Solsona, Spain
| | - Laura Schürz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Brian S Steidinger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Büntgen U, Peter M, Tegel W, Stobbe U, Elburg R, Sproll L, Molinier V, Čejka T, Isaac EL, Egli S. Eco-archaeological excavation techniques reveal snapshots of subterranean truffle growth. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:951-961. [PMID: 34776232 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite its status as a highly-prized and coveted fungi in gastronomy, many aspects of the subterranean life cycle of the Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum) are still unknown, because in situ observations of the formation and maturation of truffle fruitbodies remain difficult. Here, we adopted a suite of archaeological fine-scale excavating techniques to provide unique spatiotemporal snapshots of Burgundy truffle growth at three sites in southern Germany. We also recorded the relative position, fresh weight, maturity level and genotype composition of all excavated fruitbodies. Varying by a factor of thousand, the fresh weight of 73 truffle ranged from 0.1 to 103.2 g, with individual maturity levels likely representing different life cycle stages from completely unripe to fully ripe and even decaying. While only a slightly positive relationship between fruitbody weight and maturity level was found, our results suggest that genetically distinct specimens can exhibit different life cycle stages at the same period of time and under the same environmental conditions. We therefore argue that truffles are likely able to grow, mature and ripe simultaneously between early summer and late winter of the following year. Our case study should encourage further eco-archaeological truffle excavations under different biogeographic settings and at different seasons of the year to gain deeper insights into the fungi's subterranean ecology. The expected cross-disciplinary findings will help truffle hunters and farmers to improve their harvest practices and management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK; Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic; Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| | | | - Rengert Elburg
- Archaeological Heritage Office Saxony, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Čejka
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth L Isaac
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Piñuela Y, Alday JG, Oliach D, Castaño C, Bolaño F, Colinas C, Bonet JA. White mulch and irrigation increase black truffle soil mycelium when competing with summer truffle in young truffle orchards. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:371-382. [PMID: 33515357 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) and the summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) are two of the most appreciated edible fungi worldwide. The natural distributions of both species partially overlap. However, the interspecific interactions between these truffles and how irrigation and mulching techniques impact the dynamics between them are still unknown. Here, an experimental truffle plantation with Quercus ilex was established in Maials (Catalonia, Spain), combining three soil mulch treatments (white mulch, black mulch and bare soil as a control) and two irrigation regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated as a control) to investigate truffle mycelial dynamics in soil when both truffle species co-occur. The development of truffle mycelium in two different seasons (spring and autumn) in two consecutive years (2017 and 2018) was quantified using qPCR. Truffle mycelia of both species showed greatest development under white mulch. When mycelia of both truffle species co-occurred in soil, irrigation combined with white mulch resulted in greater quantities of T. melanosporum mycelial biomass, whereas the control irrigation treatment favoured the development of T. aestivum. Mulch treatments were also advantageous for seedling growth, which was expressed as root collar diameter and its increment during the study period. Significant relationships between root collar diameter and root growth and the amount of mycelial biomass in the soil were observed for both truffle species. Our results indicate the potential advantages of using white mulch to support irrigation in truffle plantations located in areas with dry Mediterranean climatic conditions to promote the development of Tuber mycelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Piñuela
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
- Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Crta. Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280, Solsona, Spain.
| | - Josu G Alday
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Daniel Oliach
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Crta. Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280, Solsona, Spain
| | - Carles Castaño
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Francesc Bolaño
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Crta. Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280, Solsona, Spain
| | - Carlos Colinas
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Crta. Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280, Solsona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bonet
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC - AGROTECNIO, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Řezáčová V, Řezáč M, Gryndlerová H, Wilson GWT, Michalová T. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi favor invasive Echinops sphaerocephalus when grown in competition with native Inula conyzae. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20287. [PMID: 33219310 PMCID: PMC7679399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In a globalized world, plant invasions are common challenges for native ecosystems. Although a considerable number of invasive plants form arbuscular mycorrhizae, interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and invasive and native plants are not well understood. In this study, we conducted a greenhouse experiment examining how AM fungi affect interactions of co-occurring plant species in the family Asteracea, invasive Echinops sphaerocephalus and native forb of central Europe Inula conyzae. The effects of initial soil disturbance, including the effect of intact or disturbed arbuscular mycorrhizal networks (CMNs), were examined. AM fungi supported the success of invasive E. sphaerocephalus in competition with native I. conyzae, regardless of the initial disturbance of CMNs. The presence of invasive E. sphaerocephalus decreased mycorrhizal colonization in I. conyzae, with a concomitant loss in mycorrhizal benefits. Our results confirm AM fungi represent one important mechanism of plant invasion for E. sphaerocephalus in semi-natural European grasslands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Řezáčová
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Řezáč
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Gryndlerová
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Gail W T Wilson
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Tereza Michalová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hujslová M, Gryndlerová H, Bystrianský L, Hršelová H, Gryndler M. Biofilm and planktonic microbial communities in highly acidic soil (pH < 3) in the Soos National Nature Reserve, Czech Republic. Extremophiles 2020; 24:577-591. [PMID: 32449144 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a typical life strategy used by microorganisms populating acidic water systems. The same strategy might be used by microbes in highly acidic soils that are, however, neglected in this regard. In the present study, the microbial community in such highly acidic soil in the Soos National Nature Reserve (Czech Republic) has been investigated using high-throughput DNA sequencing and the organisms associated with biofilm life mode and those preferring planktonic life were distinguished using the biofilm trap technique. Our data show the differences between biofilm and planktonic microbiota fraction, although the majority of the organisms were capable of using both life modes. The by far most abundant prokaryotic genus was Acidiphilium and fungi were identified among the most abundant eukaryotic elements in biofilm formations. On the other hand, small flagellates from diverse taxonomical groups predominated in plankton. The application of cellulose amendment as well as the depth of sampling significantly influenced the composition of the detected microbial community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hujslová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Gryndlerová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Bystrianský
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, České mládeže 8, 40096, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, České mládeže 8, 40096, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schelm S, Siemt M, Pfeiffer J, Lang C, Tichy HV, Fischer M. Food Authentication: Identification and Quantitation of Different Tuber Species via Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040501. [PMID: 32316117 PMCID: PMC7230311 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffles are hypogeous fungi mainly found in Europe and Asia. Due to their special aroma and taste, some truffle species are sold on the international market at an extremely high price. Among the economically relevant species, the white Alba truffle (Tuber magnatum) and the black Périgord truffle (T. melanosporum) are the most appreciated species. The fruiting bodies of the Asian black truffle are morphologically very similar to T. melanosporum, and those of the Bianchetto truffle (T. albidum Pico) are similar to T. magnatum, but are of little economic value. Highly valued species are adulterated with cheaper ones, especially. Because of this problem, the aim of this study was the development of methods for detecting possible admixtures to protect consumers from fraud. This study is based on seven different truffle species (117 fruiting bodies) from different growing regions. Additionally, selected truffle products were included. Using this material, a real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assay allowing the detection and quantitation of Asian black truffles in T. melanosporum up to 0.5% was developed. In addition, a capillary gel electrophoresis assay was designed, which allows the identification and quantitation of different species. The methods can be used to ensure the integrity of truffle products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schelm
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Melanie Siemt
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Janin Pfeiffer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Christina Lang
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
| | | | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (J.P.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-4042-838-43-57
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schneider-Maunoury L, Deveau A, Moreno M, Todesco F, Belmondo S, Murat C, Courty PE, Jąkalski M, Selosse MA. Two ectomycorrhizal truffles, Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum, endophytically colonise roots of non-ectomycorrhizal plants in natural environments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2542-2556. [PMID: 31733103 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Serendipitous findings and studies on Tuber species suggest that some ectomycorrhizal fungi, beyond their complex interaction with ectomycorrhizal hosts, also colonise roots of nonectomycorrhizal plants in a loose way called endophytism. Here, we investigate endophytism of T. melanosporum and T. aestivum. We visualised endophytic T. melanosporum hyphae by fluorescent in situ hybridisation on nonectomycorrhizal plants. For the two Tuber species, microsatellite genotyping investigated the endophytic presence of the individuals whose mating produced nearby ascocarps. We quantified the expression of four T. aestivum genes in roots of endophyted, non-ectomycorrhizal plants. Tuber melanosporum hyphae colonised the apoplast of healthy roots, confirming endophytism. Endophytic Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum contributed to nearby ascocarps, but only as maternal parents (forming the flesh). Paternal individuals (giving only genes found in meiotic spores of ascocarps) were not detected. Gene expression of T. aestivum in non-ectomycorrhizal plants confirmed a living status. Tuber species, and likely other ectomycorrhizal fungi found in nonectomycorrhizal plant roots in this study, can be root endophytes. This is relevant for the ecology (brûlé formation) and commercial production of truffles. Evolutionarily speaking, endophytism may be an ancestral trait in some ectomycorrhizal fungi that evolved from root endophytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Schneider-Maunoury
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- INRA, UMR IAM, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Myriam Moreno
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Flora Todesco
- INRA, UMR IAM, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Simone Belmondo
- INRA, UMR IAM, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Claude Murat
- INRA, UMR IAM, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 17 rue Sully, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Marcin Jąkalski
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, SU, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Borovička J, Konvalinková T, Žigová A, Ďurišová J, Gryndler M, Hršelová H, Kameník J, Leonhardt T, Sácký J. Disentangling the factors of contrasting silver and copper accumulation in sporocarps of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita strobiliformis from two sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133679. [PMID: 31400682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amanita strobiliformis (European Pine Cone Lepidella) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus of the Amanitaceae family known to hyperaccumulate Ag in the sporocarps. Two populations (ecotypes) of A. strobiliformis collected from two urban forest plantations in Prague, Czech Republic, were investigated. The concentrations of Ag, Cu, Cd, and Zn were determined in the mushrooms. The metal mobility and fractionation in the soils was investigated by single extractions and sequential extraction. The soil distribution of A. strobiliformis mycelium was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The metal uptake from the soil into the mushroom sporocarps was traced by Pb isotopic fingerprinting. The findings suggested that A. strobiliformis (i) accumulates primarily Ag from the topsoil layer (circa 12cm deep) and (ii) accumulates Ag associated with the "reducible soil fraction". The concentrations of all metals, particularly Ag and Cu, were significantly higher in the A. strobiliformis sporocarps from one of the investigated sites (Klíčov). The elevated concentrations of Ag in the sporocarps from Klíčov can possibly be attributed to the higher Ag content in the topsoil layer found at this site. However, the simultaneously elevated concentrations of Cu in A. strobiliformis from Klíčov cannot be explained by the differences in the geochemical background and should be attributed to biological factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Konvalinková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Žigová
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ďurišová
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, České mládeže 8, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kameník
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Todesco F, Belmondo S, Guignet Y, Laurent L, Fizzala S, Le Tacon F, Murat C. Soil temperature and hydric potential influences the monthly variations of soil Tuber aestivum DNA in a highly productive orchard. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12964. [PMID: 31506577 PMCID: PMC6736833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuber aestivum, also known as the summer or Burgundy truffle, is an ectomycorrhizal Ascomycete associated with numerous trees and shrubs. Its life cycle occurs in the soil, and thus soil parameters such as temperature and water availability could influence it. T. aestivum cultivation has started in several countries, but ecological and agronomic requirements for the establishment and management of orchards are largely unknown. The aims of this work were: 1) to design a specific qPCR protocol using genomic data to trace and quantify T. aestivum DNA in the soil; and 2) to assess the monthly soil DNA dynamic according to soil parameters (i.e. soil hydric potential and temperature) in this orchard. The study was conducted in a highly productive T. aestivum orchard (hazels, oaks, pines, lime and hornbeam). The production started five years after the plantation and then increased exponentially to reach a maximum of 320 kg/ha in 2017. The soil hydric potential and temperature partially explained the monthly T. aestivum soil DNA variability. The data presented here offer new insights into T. aestivum ecology and cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Todesco
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Simone Belmondo
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Yoann Guignet
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Liam Laurent
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Sandrine Fizzala
- Chambre d'Agriculture de la Charente, ZE ma Campagne, 16016, Angoulême Cedex, France
| | - François Le Tacon
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Claude Murat
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, UMR IAM, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, 54000, Nancy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meng L, Li X, Cheng X, Zhang H. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals a Shift in the Microbiota of Diaphorina citri During the Psyllid Life Cycle. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1948. [PMID: 31507561 PMCID: PMC6716071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) is a major pest of citrus trees as it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). The composition of a host’s microbiota can affect the evolution and ecological distribution of the host. This study monitored the compositional shifts in the citrus psyllid microbiota through all the life stages (egg, nymph 1–5 stages, and adult) by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and quantitative real-time PCR. There were clear differences in both α- and β-diversity of microbiota through the psyllid life stages. Microbiota diversity was markedly higher in the nymph 2–5 stages than in the adult, egg, and nymph 1 stages. Proteobacteria were dominant in all the life stages of D. citri, representing >97.5% of the total bacterial community, and Candidatus Profftella armature was the dominant genus in all the life stages. Data from the qPCR analysis showed an exponential increase in the populations of three D. citri endosymbionts: Candidatus Profftella armature, Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, and Wolbachia. The gut bacterium Pantoea was present in all the life stages, but it was markedly higher in the nymph 2–5 stages. The microbiota composition substantially differed among the egg–nymph 1, nymphs 2–5, and adult stages. Therefore, we successfully characterized the microbiota dynamics and thus identified a microbiota shift during the life cycle of D. citri by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested that D. citri acquired the ability to bear CLas in the nymph 1 stage. This study enhances our understanding of microbial establishment in the developing D. citri and provides a reference resource for the identification of potential biocontrol approaches against this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Plant Science and Technology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Plant Science and Technology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Plant Science and Technology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Plant Science and Technology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bukovská P, Bonkowski M, Konvalinková T, Beskid O, Hujslová M, Püschel D, Řezáčová V, Gutiérrez-Núñez MS, Gryndler M, Jansa J. Utilization of organic nitrogen by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-is there a specific role for protists and ammonia oxidizers? MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:269-283. [PMID: 29455336 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can significantly contribute to plant nitrogen (N) uptake from complex organic sources, most likely in concert with activity of soil saprotrophs and other microbes releasing and transforming the N bound in organic forms. Here, we tested whether AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) extraradical hyphal networks showed any preferences towards certain forms of organic N (chitin of fungal or crustacean origin, DNA, clover biomass, or albumin) administered in spatially discrete patches, and how the presence of AM fungal hyphae affected other microbes. By direct 15N labeling, we also quantified the flux of N to the plants (Andropogon gerardii) through the AM fungal hyphae from fungal chitin and from clover biomass. The AM fungal hyphae colonized patches supplemented with organic N sources significantly more than those receiving only mineral nutrients, organic carbon in form of cellulose, or nothing. Mycorrhizal plants grew 6.4-fold larger and accumulated, on average, 20.3-fold more 15N originating from the labeled organic sources than their nonmycorrhizal counterparts. Whereas the abundance of microbes (bacteria, fungi, or Acanthamoeba sp.) in the different patches was primarily driven by patch quality, we noted a consistent suppression of the microbial abundances by the presence of AM fungal hyphae. This suppression was particularly strong for ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Our results indicate that AM fungi successfully competed with the other microbes for free ammonium ions and suggest an important role for the notoriously understudied soil protists to play in recycling organic N from soil to plants via AM fungal hyphae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bukovská
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674, Köln, Germany
| | - Tereza Konvalinková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Beskid
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hujslová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - David Püschel
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Řezáčová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - María Semiramis Gutiérrez-Núñez
- Institute of Ecosystems and Sustainability Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro, 8701, C.P, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Queralt M, Parladé J, Pera J, DE Miguel AM. Seasonal dynamics of extraradical mycelium and mycorrhizas in a black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) plantation. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:565-576. [PMID: 28547294 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal dynamics of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) extraradical mycelium as well as the associated mycorrhizal community have been evaluated in a 16-year-old plantation with productive and non-productive trees. Mycelium biomass was seasonally quantified by real-time PCR over two consecutive years and the correlation with environmental variables explored. Extraradical mycelium biomass varied seasonally and between the two consecutive years, being correlated with the precipitation that occurred 1 month before sampling. In addition, productive trees had more mycelium in the brûlé area than non-productive trees did. The ectomycorrhizal community composition inside the burnt areas was seasonally evaluated during a year. Ten mycorrhizal morphotypes were detected; T. melanosporum was the most abundant in productive and non-productive trees. Black truffle mycorrhizas were more abundant (mycorrhizal tips per unit of soil volume) in productive trees, and no seasonal variation was observed. The occurrence of black truffle mycorrhizas was significantly and positively correlated with the biomass of extraradical mycelium. The mycorrhizal community within the brûlé areas was significantly different between productive and non-productive trees, and no variation was detected between seasons. The assessment of the fungal vegetative structures in a mature plantation is of paramount importance to develop trufficulture methods based on the knowledge of the biological cycle of the fungus and its relationships with the associated ectomycorrhizal communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Queralt
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Navarra, 31080, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Javier Parladé
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pera
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María DE Miguel
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Navarra, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gryndler M, Šmilauer P, Šťovíček V, Nováková K, Hršelová H, Jansa J. Truffle biogeography-A case study revealing ecological niche separation of different Tuber species. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4275-4288. [PMID: 28649340 PMCID: PMC5478065 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecology of hypogeic mycorrhizal fungi, such as truffles, remains largely unknown, both in terms of their geographical distribution and their environmental niches. Occurrence of true truffles (Tuber spp.) was therefore screened using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and subsequent PCR amplicon sequencing in tree roots collected at 322 field sites across the Czech Republic. These sites spanned a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. The sampling was a priori restricted to areas thought to be suitable for Tuber spp. inasmuch as they were characterized by weakly acidic to alkaline soils, warmer climate, and with tree species previously known to host true truffles. Eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) corresponding to Tuber aestivum, T. borchii, T. foetidum, T. rufum, T. indicum, T. huidongense, T. dryophilum, and T. oligospermum were detected. Among these, T. borchii was the OTU encountered most frequently. It was detected at nearly 19% of the sites. Soil pH was the most important predictor of Tuber spp. distribution. Tuber borchii preferred weakly acidic soils, T. foetidum and T. rufum were most abundant in neutral soils, and T. huidongense was restricted to alkaline soils. Distribution of T. aestivum was mainly dictated by climate, with its range restricted to the warmest sites. Host preferences of the individual Tuber spp. were weak compared to soil and climatic predictors, with the notable exception that T. foetidum appeared to avoid oak trees. Our results open the way to better understanding truffle ecology and, through this new knowledge, also to better-informed trufficulture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Gryndler
- Faculty of SciencesJan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad LabemÚstí nad LabemCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Václav Šťovíček
- Faculty of SciencesJan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad LabemÚstí nad LabemCzech Republic
| | - Kristýna Nováková
- Faculty of SciencesJan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad LabemÚstí nad LabemCzech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Laboratory of Fungal BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Castaño C, Parladé J, Pera J, Martínez de Aragón J, Alday JG, Bonet JA. Soil drying procedure affects the DNA quantification of Lactarius vinosus but does not change the fungal community composition. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:799-808. [PMID: 27317489 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Drying soil samples before DNA extraction is commonly used for specific fungal DNA quantification and metabarcoding studies, but the impact of different drying procedures on both the specific fungal DNA quantity and the fungal community composition has not been analyzed. We tested three different drying procedures (freeze-drying, oven-drying, and room temperature) on 12 different soil samples to determine (a) the soil mycelium biomass of the ectomycorrhizal species Lactarius vinosus using qPCR with a specifically designed TaqMan® probe and (b) the fungal community composition and diversity using the PacBio® RS II sequencing platform. Mycelium biomass of L. vinosus was significantly greater in the freeze-dried soil samples than in samples dried at oven and room temperature. However, drying procedures had no effect on fungal community composition or on fungal diversity. In addition, there were no significant differences in the proportions of fungi according to their functional roles (moulds vs. mycorrhizal species) in response to drying procedures. Only six out of 1139 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) had increased their relative proportions after soil drying at room temperature, with five of these OTUs classified as mould or yeast species. However, the magnitude of these changes was small, with an overall increase in relative abundance of these OTUs of approximately 2 %. These results suggest that DNA degradation may occur especially after drying soil samples at room temperature, but affecting equally nearly all fungi and therefore causing no significant differences in diversity and community composition. Despite the minimal effects caused by the drying procedures at the fungal community composition, freeze-drying resulted in higher concentrations of L. vinosus DNA and prevented potential colonization from opportunistic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Castaño
- Forest Bioengineering Solutions S.A., Ctra. de Sant Llorenç de Morunys, Km. 2, 25280, Solsona, Spain.
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Av. Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Javier Parladé
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pera
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Martínez de Aragón
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, CTFC-CEMFOR, Ctra. de Sant. Llorenç de Morunys Km. 2, 25280, Solsona, Spain
| | - Josu G Alday
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Av. Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bonet
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Av. Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, CTFC-CEMFOR, Ctra. de Sant. Llorenç de Morunys Km. 2, 25280, Solsona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cejpková J, Gryndler M, Hršelová H, Kotrba P, Řanda Z, Synková I, Borovička J. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals, metalloids, and chlorine in ectomycorrhizae from smelter-polluted area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:176-185. [PMID: 27569718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi contribute to the survival of host trees on metal-rich soils by reducing the transfer of toxic metals into roots. However, little is known about the ability of ECM fungi to accumulate elements in ectomycorrhizae (ECMs). Here we report Ag, As, Cd, Cl, Cu, Sb, V, and Zn contents in wild-grown Norway spruce ECMs collected in a smelter-polluted area at Lhota near Příbram, Czech Republic. The ECMs data were compared with the element concentrations determined in the corresponding non-mycorrhizal fine roots, soils, and soil extracts. Bioaccumulation factors were calculated to differentiate the element accumulation ability of ECMs inhabited by different mycobionts, which were identified by ITS rDNA sequencing. Among the target elements, the highest contents were observed for Ag, Cl, Cd, and Zn; Imleria badia ECMs showed the highest capability to accumulate these elements. ECMs of Amanita muscaria, but not of other species, accumulated V. The analysis of the proportions of I. badia and A. muscaria mycelia in ECMs by using species-specific quantitative real-time PCR revealed variable extent of the colonization of roots, with median values close to 5% (w/w). Calculated Ag, Cd, Zn and Cl concentrations in the mycelium of I. badia ECMs were 1 680, 1 510, 2 670, and 37,100 mg kg-1 dry weight, respectively, indicating substantial element accumulation capacity of hyphae of this species in ECMs. Our data strengthen the idea of an active role of ECM fungi in soil-fungal-plant interactions in polluted environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Cejpková
- Nuclear Physic Institute, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 130, CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic; Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, J. E. Purkyně University, České mládeže 8, CZ-40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, CZ-16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Řanda
- Nuclear Physic Institute, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 130, CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Synková
- Nuclear Physic Institute, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 130, CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic; Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Nuclear Physic Institute, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 130, CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic; Institute of Geology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Burgundy Truffle (Tuber aestivum syn. uncinatum): A Truffle Species with a Wide Habitat Range over Europe. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Janoušková M, Püschel D, Hujslová M, Slavíková R, Jansa J. Quantification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal DNA in roots: how important is material preservation? MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:205-214. [PMID: 25186648 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring populations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in roots is a pre-requisite for improving our understanding of AMF ecology and functioning of the symbiosis in natural conditions. Among other approaches, quantification of fungal DNA in plant tissues by quantitative real-time PCR is one of the advanced techniques with a great potential to process large numbers of samples and to deliver truly quantitative information. Its application potential would greatly increase if the samples could be preserved by drying, but little is currently known about the feasibility and reliability of fungal DNA quantification from dry plant material. We addressed this question by comparing quantification results based on dry root material to those obtained from deep-frozen roots of Medicago truncatula colonized with Rhizophagus sp. The fungal DNA was well conserved in the dry root samples with overall fungal DNA levels in the extracts comparable with those determined in extracts of frozen roots. There was, however, no correlation between the quantitative data sets obtained from the two types of material, and data from dry roots were more variable. Based on these results, we recommend dry material for qualitative screenings but advocate using frozen root materials if precise quantification of fungal DNA is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Janoušková
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Praha 4 - Krč, Czech Republic,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Iotti M, Leonardi M, Lancellotti E, Salerni E, Oddis M, Leonardi P, Perini C, Pacioni G, Zambonelli A. Spatio-temporal dynamic of Tuber magnatum mycelium in natural truffle grounds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115921. [PMID: 25535741 PMCID: PMC4275250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuber magnatum produces the world's most expensive truffle. This fungus produces very rare ectomycorrhizas which are difficult or even impossible to detect in the field. A “real-time” PCR assay was recently developed to quantify and to track T. magnatum mycelium in soil. Here, this technique was used to investigate the spatial distribution of T. magnatum extra-radical mycelium in soil productive patches and its dynamic across seasons. This study was carried out in four different natural T. magnatum truffle grounds located in different Italian regions. During the fruiting seasons, the amount of T. magnatum mycelium was significantly higher around the fruiting points and decreased going farther away from them. Moreover, T. magnatum mycelium inside the productive patches underwent seasonal fluctuations. In early spring, the amount of T. magnatum mycelium was significantly higher than in summer. In summer, probably due to the hot and dry season, T. magnatum mycelium significantly decreased, whereas in autumn it increased again and was concentrated at the putative fruiting points. These results give new insights on T. magnatum ecology and are useful to plan the most appropriate sampling strategy for evaluating the management of a truffle ground.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Iotti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Elena Salerni
- Department of Life Science, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Marilena Oddis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Perini
- Department of Life Science, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gryndler M, Cerná L, Bukovská P, Hršelová H, Jansa J. Tuber aestivum association with non-host roots. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:603-10. [PMID: 24756631 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi provide direct and functional interconnection of soil environment with their host plant roots. Colonization of non-host plants have occasionally been described, but its intensity and functional significance in complex plant communities remain generally unknown. Here, the abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber aestivum was measured in the roots of host and non-host (non-ectomycorrhizal) plants in a naturally occurring T. aestivum colony using a quantitative PCR approach. The roots of non-host plant species found inside the brûlé area were extensively colonized by T. aestivum mycelium, although the levels were significantly lower than those found in host Carpinus betulus roots. However, fungal biomass concentration in the non-host roots was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that in the surrounding soil. This indicates existence of an important biotic interaction between T. aestivum mycelium and the non-host, mostly herbaceous plants. Roots, either host or non-host, thus probably constitute hot spots of T. aestivum activity in the soil ecosystem with as yet uncovered functional significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Gryndler
- Faculty of Sciences, J.E. Purkinje University, České mládeže 8, Ústí nad Labem, 400 96, Czech Republic,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|