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Debray R, Socolar Y, Kaulbach G, Guzman A, Hernandez CA, Curley R, Dhond A, Bowles T, Koskella B. Water stress and disruption of mycorrhizas induce parallel shifts in phyllosphere microbiome composition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:2018-2031. [PMID: 34668201 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water and nutrient acquisition are key drivers of plant health and ecosystem function. These factors impact plant physiology directly as well as indirectly through soil- and root-associated microbial responses, but how they in turn affect aboveground plant-microbe interactions are not known. Through experimental manipulations in the field and growth chamber, we examine the interacting effects of water stress, soil fertility, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on bacterial and fungal communities of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) phyllosphere. Both water stress and mycorrhizal disruption reduced leaf bacterial richness, homogenized bacterial community composition among plants, and reduced the relative abundance of dominant fungal taxa. We observed striking parallelism in the individual microbial taxa in the phyllosphere affected by irrigation and mycorrhizal associations. Our results show that soil conditions and belowground interactions can shape aboveground microbial communities, with important potential implications for plant health and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Debray
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yvonne Socolar
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Griffin Kaulbach
- Department of Environmental Studies, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA
| | - Aidee Guzman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Catherine A Hernandez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rose Curley
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Dhond
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Timothy Bowles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Martin FM, Dickie I, Lindahl BD, Lennon S, Öpik M, Polle A, Requena N, Selosse MA, Koide RT, Jakobsen I, Watts-Williams SJ, Cavagnaro TR. A tribute to Sally E. Smith. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:397-402. [PMID: 33460160 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Martin
- Lab of Excellence ARBRE, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes', INRAE, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Ian Dickie
- College of Science, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Lennon
- New Phytologist Central Office, Bailrigg House, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YE, UK
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Buesgen-Institute and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Natalia Requena
- Molecular Phytopathology Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz Haber-Weg 4, Geb. 30.43, 2. OG, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 ISYEB CP 50, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Roger T Koide
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Iver Jakobsen
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stephanie J Watts-Williams
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine and the Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
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Lindsay PL, Williams BN, MacLean A, Harrison MJ. A Phosphate-Dependent Requirement for Transcription Factors IPD3 and IPD3L During Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Medicago truncatula. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1277-1290. [PMID: 31070991 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-19-0006-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, activation of a symbiosis signaling pathway induces gene expression necessary for accommodation of AM fungi. Here, we focus on pathway components Medicago truncatula INTERACTING PROTEIN OF DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 3 (IPD3) and IPD3 LIKE (IPD3L), which are potential orthologs of Lotus japonicus CYCLOPS, a transcriptional regulator essential for AM symbiosis. In the double mutant ipd3 ipd3l, hyphal entry through the epidermis and overall colonization levels are reduced relative to the wild type but fully developed arbuscules are present in the cortex. In comparison with the wild type, colonization of ipd3 ipd3l is acutely sensitive to higher phosphate levels in the growth medium, with a disproportionate decrease in epidermal penetration, overall colonization, and symbiotic gene expression. When constitutively expressed in ipd3 ipd3l, an autoactive DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 3 induces the expression of transcriptional regulators REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA 1 and REQUIRED for ARBUSCULE DEVELOPMENT 1, providing a possible avenue for arbuscule development in the absence of IPD3 and IPD3L. An increased sensitivity of ipd3 ipd3l to GA3 suggests an involvement of DELLA. The data reveal partial redundancy in the symbiosis signaling pathway, which may ensure robust signaling in low-phosphorus environments, while IPD3 and IPD3L maintain signaling in higher-phosphorus environments. The latter may buffer the pathway from short-term variation in phosphorus levels encountered by roots during growth in heterogeneous soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope L Lindsay
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Prihatna C, Larkan NJ, Barbetti MJ, Barker SJ. Tomato CYCLOPS/IPD3 is required for mycorrhizal symbiosis but not tolerance to Fusarium wilt in mycorrhiza-deficient tomato mutant rmc. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:495-507. [PMID: 29948410 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis requires several common symbiosis genes including CYCLOPS/IPD3. The reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) tomato mutant has a deletion of five genes including CYCLOPS/IPD3, and rmc is more susceptible to Fusarium wilt than its wild-type parental line. This study investigated the genetic defects leading to both fungal interaction phenotypes and whether these were separable. Complementation was performed in rmc to test the requirement for CYCLOPS/IPD3 in mycorrhiza formation and Fusarium wilt tolerance. Promoter analysis via GFP expression in roots was conducted to determine the role of native regulatory elements in the proper functioning of CYCLOPS/IPD3. CYCLOPS/IPD3 regulated by its native promoter, but not a 2×35S promoter, restores mycorrhizal association in rmc. GFP regulated by the 2×35S promoter is not expressed in epidermal cells of roots, indicating that expression of CYCLOPS/IPD3 in these cells is required for colonisation by the fungi utilised in this research. CYCLOPS/IPD3 did not restore Fusarium wilt tolerance, however, showing that the genetic requirements for mycorrhizal association and Fusarium wilt tolerance are different. Our results confirm the expected role of CYCLOPS/IPD3 in mycorrhizal symbiosis and suggest that Fusarium tolerance is conferred by one of the other four genes affected by the deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cahya Prihatna
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
- PT Wilmar Benih Indonesia, Jalan Jababeka X Blok F No. 9, Bekasi, Jawa Barat, 17530, Indonesia.
| | | | - Martin John Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Susan Jane Barker
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Prihatna C, Barbetti MJ, Barker SJ. A Novel Tomato Fusarium Wilt Tolerance Gene. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1226. [PMID: 29937759 PMCID: PMC6003170 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduced mycorrhizal colonization (rmc) tomato mutant is unable to form mycorrhiza and is more susceptible to Fusarium wilt compared with its wild-type isogenic line 76R. The rmc mutant has a chromosomal deletion affecting five genes, one of which is similar to CYCLOPS. Loss of this gene is responsible for non-mycorrhizality in rmc but not enhanced Fusarium wilt susceptibility. Here, we describe assessment of a second gene in the rmc deletion, designated Solyc08g075770 that is expressed in roots. Sequence analyses show that Solyc08g075770 encodes a small transmembrane protein with putative phosphorylation and glycosylation sites. It is predicted to be localized in the plasma membrane and may function in transmembrane ion transport and/or as a cell surface receptor. Complementation and knock-out strategies were used to test its function. Some putative CRISPR/Cas-9 knock-out transgenic events exhibited Fusarium wilt susceptibility like rmc and some putative complementation lines were 76R-like, suggesting that the tomato Solyc08g075770 functions in Fusarium wilt tolerance. This is the first study to demonstrate that Solyc08g075770 is the contributor to the Tfw locus, conferring tolerance to Fusarium wilt in 76R which was lost in rmc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cahya Prihatna
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Research and Development for Biotechnology, PT Wilmar Benih Indonesia, Bekasi, Indonesia
| | - Martin J. Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Susan J. Barker
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Bowles TM, Jackson LE, Cavagnaro TR. Mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant nutrient acquisition and modulate nitrogen loss with variable water regimes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e171-e182. [PMID: 28862782 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will alter both the amount and pattern of precipitation and soil water availability, which will directly affect plant growth and nutrient acquisition, and potentially, ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling and losses as well. Given their role in facilitating plant nutrient acquisition and water stress resistance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may modulate the effects of changing water availability on plants and ecosystem functions. The well-characterized mycorrhizal tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotype 76R (referred to as MYC+) and the mutant mycorrhiza-defective tomato genotype rmc were grown in microcosms in a glasshouse experiment manipulating both the pattern and amount of water supply in unsterilized field soil. Following 4 weeks of differing water regimes, we tested how AM fungi affected plant productivity and nutrient acquisition, short-term interception of a 15NH4+ pulse, and inorganic nitrogen (N) leaching from microcosms. AM fungi enhanced plant nutrient acquisition with both lower and more variable water availability, for instance increasing plant P uptake more with a pulsed water supply compared to a regular supply and increasing shoot N concentration more when lower water amounts were applied. Although uptake of the short-term 15NH4+ pulse was higher in rmc plants, possibly due to higher N demand, AM fungi subtly modulated NO3- leaching, decreasing losses by 54% at low and high water levels in the regular water regime, with small absolute amounts of NO3- leached (<1 kg N/ha). Since this study shows that AM fungi will likely be an important moderator of plant and ecosystem responses to adverse effects of more variable precipitation, management strategies that bolster AM fungal communities may in turn create systems that are more resilient to these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Bowles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Louise E Jackson
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Kamel L, Keller-Pearson M, Roux C, Ané JM. Biology and evolution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in the light of genomics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:531-536. [PMID: 27780291 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
531 I. 531 II. 532 III. 532 IV. 534 V. 534 535 References 535 SUMMARY: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associate with the vast majority of land plants, providing mutual nutritional benefits and protecting hosts against biotic and abiotic stresses. Significant progress was made recently in our understanding of the genomic organization, the obligate requirements, and the sexual nature of these fungi through the release and subsequent mining of genome sequences. Genomic and genetic approaches also improved our understanding of the signal repertoire used by AM fungi and their plant hosts to recognize each other for the initiation and maintenance of this association. Evolutionary and bioinformatic analyses of host and nonhost plant genomes represent novel ways with which to decipher host mechanisms controlling these associations and shed light on the stepwise acquisition of this genetic toolkit during plant evolution. Mining fungal and plant genomes along with evolutionary and genetic approaches will improve understanding of these symbiotic associations and, in the long term, their usefulness in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Kamel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge-Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Agronutrition SA, rue Pierre et Marie Curie Immeuble Biostep, 31670, Labège, France
| | - Michelle Keller-Pearson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christophe Roux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge-Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Bowles TM, Barrios-Masias FH, Carlisle EA, Cavagnaro TR, Jackson LE. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on tomato yield, nutrient uptake, water relations, and soil carbon dynamics under deficit irrigation in field conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1223-1234. [PMID: 27266519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant strategies to cope with future droughts may be enhanced by associations between roots and soil microorganisms, including arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. But how AM fungi affect crop growth and yield, together with plant physiology and soil carbon (C) dynamics, under water stress in actual field conditions is not well understood. The well-characterized mycorrhizal tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotype 76R (referred to as MYC+) and the mutant nonmycorrhizal tomato genotype rmc were grown in an organic farm with a deficit irrigation regime and control regime that replaced evapotranspiration. AM increased marketable tomato yields by ~25% in both irrigation regimes but did not affect shoot biomass. In both irrigation regimes, MYC+ plants had higher plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations (e.g. 5 and 24% higher N and P concentrations in leaves at fruit set, respectively), 8% higher stomatal conductance (gs), 7% higher photosynthetic rates (Pn), and greater fruit set. Stem water potential and leaf relative water content were similar in both genotypes within each irrigation regime. Three-fold higher rates of root sap exudation in detopped MYC+ plants suggest greater capacity for water uptake through osmotic driven flow, especially in the deficit irrigation regime in which root sap exudation in rmc was nearly absent. Soil with MYC+ plants also had slightly higher soil extractable organic C and microbial biomass C at anthesis but no changes in soil CO2 emissions, although the latter were 23% lower under deficit irrigation. This study provides novel, field-based evidence for how indigenous AM fungi increase crop yield and crop water use efficiency during a season-long deficit irrigation and thus play an important role in coping with increasingly limited water availability in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Bowles
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Felipe H Barrios-Masias
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Eli A Carlisle
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5065, Australia
| | - Louise E Jackson
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Groten K, Nawaz A, Nguyen NHT, Santhanam R, Baldwin IT. Silencing a key gene of the common symbiosis pathway in Nicotiana attenuata specifically impairs arbuscular mycorrhizal infection without influencing the root-associated microbiome or plant growth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2398-416. [PMID: 25923645 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
While the biochemical function of calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is well studied, and plants impaired in the expression of CCaMK are known not to be infected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in glasshouse studies, the whole-plant and ecological consequences of CCaMK silencing are not well understood. Here we show that three independently transformed lines of Nicotiana attenuata plants silenced in CCaMK (irCCaMK) are neither infected by Rhizophagus irregularis in the glasshouse nor by native fungal inoculum in the field. The overall fungal community of field-grown roots did not differ significantly among empty vector (EV) and the transgenic lines, and the bacterial communities only showed minor differences, as revealed by the alpha-diversity parameters of bacterial OTUs, which were higher in EV plants compared with two of the three transformed lines, while beta-diversity parameters did not differ. Furthermore, growth and fitness parameters were similar in the glasshouse and field. Herbivory-inducible and basal levels of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid did not differ among the genotypes, suggesting that activation of the classical defence pathways are not affected by CCaMK silencing. Based on these results, we conclude that silencing of CCaMK has few, if any, non-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nam H T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rakesh Santhanam
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Watts-Williams SJ, Cavagnaro TR. Using mycorrhiza-defective mutant genotypes of non-legume plant species to study the formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhiza: a review. MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:587-97. [PMID: 25862569 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge facing the study of arbuscular mycorrhiza is the establishment of suitable non-mycorrhizal treatments that can be compared with mycorrhizal treatments. A number of options are available, including soil disinfection or sterilisation, comparison of constitutively mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plant species, comparison of plants grown in soils with different inoculum potential and the comparison of mycorrhiza-defective mutant genotypes with their mycorrhizal wild-type progenitors. Each option has its inherent advantages and limitations. Here, the potential to use mycorrhiza-defective mutant and wild-type genotype plant pairs as tools to study the functioning of mycorrhiza is reviewed. The emphasis of this review is placed on non-legume plant species, as mycorrhiza-defective plant genotypes in legumes have recently been extensively reviewed. It is concluded that non-legume mycorrhiza-defective mutant and wild-type pairs are useful tools in the study of mycorrhiza. However, the mutant genotypes should be well characterised and, ideally, meet a number of key criteria. The generation of more mycorrhiza-defective mutant genotypes in agronomically important plant species would be of benefit, as would be more research using these genotype pairs, especially under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Watts-Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
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Larkan NJ, Lydiate DJ, Yu F, Rimmer SR, Borhan MH. Co-localisation of the blackleg resistance genes Rlm2 and LepR3 on Brassica napus chromosome A10. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:387. [PMID: 25551287 PMCID: PMC4302512 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protection of canola (Brassica napus) crops against blackleg disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, is largely mediated by race-specific resistance genes (R-genes). While many R-genes effective against blackleg disease have been identified in Brassica species, information of the precise genomic locations of the genes is limited. RESULTS In this study, the Rlm2 gene for resistance to blackleg, located on chromosome A10 of the B. napus cultivar 'Glacier', was targeted for fine mapping. Molecular markers tightly linked to the gene were developed for use in mapping the resistance locus and defining the physical interval in B. napus. Rlm2 was localised to a 5.8 cM interval corresponding to approximately 873 kb of the B. napus chromosome A10. CONCLUSION The recently-cloned B. napus R-gene, LepR3, occupies the same region of A10 as Rlm2 and analysis of the putative B. napus and B. rapa genes in the homologous region identified several additional candidate defense-related genes that may control Rlm2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Larkan
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N 0X2 SK Canada
| | - Derek J Lydiate
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N 0X2 SK Canada
| | - Fengqun Yu
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N 0X2 SK Canada
| | - S Roger Rimmer
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N 0X2 SK Canada
| | - M Hossein Borhan
- Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N 0X2 SK Canada
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12
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Arthikala MK, Sánchez-López R, Nava N, Santana O, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. RbohB, a Phaseolus vulgaris NADPH oxidase gene, enhances symbiosome number, bacteroid size, and nitrogen fixation in nodules and impairs mycorrhizal colonization. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:886-900. [PMID: 24571730 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by respiratory burst oxidative homologs (Rbohs) are involved in numerous plant cell signaling processes, and have critical roles in the symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Previously, down-regulation of RbohB in Phaseolus vulgaris was shown to suppress ROS production and abolish Rhizobium infection thread (IT) progression, but also to enhance arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization. Thus, Rbohs function both as positive and negative regulators. Here, we assessed the effect of enhancing ROS concentrations, by overexpressing PvRbohB, on the P. vulgaris--rhizobia and P. vulgaris--AMF symbioses. We estimated superoxide concentrations in hairy roots overexpressing PvRbohB, determined the status of early and late events of both Rhizobium and AMF interactions in symbiont-inoculated roots, and analyzed the nodule ultrastructure of transgenic plants overexpressing PvRbohB. Overexpression of PvRbohB significantly enhanced ROS production, the formation of ITs, nodule biomass, and nitrogen-fixing activity, and increased the density of symbiosomes in nodules, and the density and size of bacteroides in symbiosomes. Furthermore, PvCAT, early nodulin, PvSS1, and PvGOGAT transcript abundances were elevated in these nodules. By contrast, mycorrhizal colonization was reduced in roots that overexpressed RbohB. Overexpression of PvRbohB augmented nodule efficiency by enhancing nitrogen fixation and delaying nodule senescence, but impaired AMF colonization.
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MESH Headings
- Biomass
- Cloning, Molecular
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Models, Biological
- Mycorrhizae/growth & development
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Nitrogen Fixation/genetics
- Phaseolus/enzymology
- Phaseolus/genetics
- Phaseolus/microbiology
- Phaseolus/ultrastructure
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Rhizobium/physiology
- Root Nodules, Plant/growth & development
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Root Nodules, Plant/ultrastructure
- Symbiosis/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Rosana Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
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